Kasa Afrika

Kasa Afrika
	mulkin mallaka
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	Mulkin mallaka na Afirka
Fuskar	colonization (en) da Mulkin mallaka na Afirka
Lokacin farawa	1885
Lokacin gamawa	1914
Contributing factor of (en)	Yakin Duniya na I
Wuri

Kasa Afirka ko Faɗa kan Afirka (a Turance: Scramble for Africa) yana nufin zamanin da manyan ƙasashen Turai suka mamaye kuma suka raba yankunan nahiyar Afirka tsakaninsu daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 zuwa farkon ƙarni na 20. Wannan lokaci ne da ake kira da Zamanin Mulkin Mallaka, inda aka mamaye yawancin Afirka ba tare da la’akari da ra’ayin mutanen yankunan ba.

An fara wannan rabon nahiyar a hukumance ne bayan taron Taron Berlin na shekarar 1884 zuwa 1885, inda manyan ƙasashen Turai suka amince da ƙa’idojin mamaye yankunan Afirka ba tare da faɗa tsakaninsu ba.^[1] ^[2] ^[3]^[4]

Asalin Rabon Afirka

Kafin ƙarni na 19, ƙasashen Turai suna da 'yan wurare kaɗan a bakin tekun Afirka don ciniki, musamman da bayi, zinariya da kayan lambu. Sai dai daga baya, saboda cigaban fasaha, aikin injiniya, da bukatar sabbin kasuwanni da albarkatu, ƙasashen Turai suka nuna ƙarfi wajen mallakar ƙasashen Afirka.^[5]

Wani babban abin da ya ƙarfafa wannan rabon shine gasar siyasa da tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen Turai kamar:

Taron Berlin (1884–1885)

Taron Berlin wanda aka gudanar daga 15 Nuwamba 1884 zuwa 26 Fabrairu 1885, ya tattaro wakilan ƙasashen Turai domin su cimma matsaya kan yadda za a raba Afirka ba tare da faɗa ba. Jagoran taron shine Firayim Ministan Jamus Otto von Bismarck.

A wannan taro ne aka kafa ƙa’idoji da suka haɗa da:

Duk ƙasa da ke son mamaye wani yanki dole ta sanar da sauran ƙasashe
Dole ne ƙasa ta tabbatar da iko da yankin ta hanyar kafa gwamnati ko sansani
Kariya ga kasuwanci da hanyoyin ruwa kamar kogin Kongo da Neja

Taron bai haɗa da wani ɗan Afirka ba, kuma bai ɗauki al’adu ko iyakokin ƙabilanci da ke Afirka ba.

Ƙasashen da suka fi mamaye Afirka

Contemporary French propaganda poster hailing Major Marchand's trek across Africa toward Fashoda in 1898

A ƙarshen rabon, kusan kashi 90 cikin 100 na Afirka ya shiga ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka na Turai. Wannan tebur ya nuna yadda aka raba nahiyar:^[6]^[7]^[8]

Ƙasa	Yawan ƙasashen da ta mallaka
Birtaniya	Najeriya, Ghana, Sudan, Kenya, Misira, Afirka ta Kudu, Uganda, da sauransu
Faransa	Senegal, Mali, Cote d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Nijar, Chadi, Algeria, da sauransu
Jamus	Togo, Cameroon, Namibia, Tanzaniya (ta baya)
Belgium	Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo
Portugal	Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau
Spain	Equatorial Guinea, Sifaniyar Sahara

Tasirin Rabon Afirka

Rabon Afirka ya bar manyan tasiri a siyasa, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki har zuwa yau:

Raba ƙabilu: Iyakokin da Turawa suka zana sun raba ƙabilu ɗaya zuwa ƙasashe daban-daban.
Gasar iko da yaƙe-yaƙe: Ƙasashen Turai sun fafata domin mallakar yankuna, wanda ya jawo faɗace-faɗace kamar Yaƙin Majinjam, Yaƙin Sudan da sauransu.
Rashin ci gaba: Albarkatun Afirka sun fi amfanar Turawa fiye da mutanen yankin.
Tilasta aiki: An tilasta wa Afirka ayyuka kamar aikin noma, hakar ma’adinai da gina hanyoyi.
Canjin al’adu: Addinin Kiristanci da harshen Turawa sun mamaye wuraren da aka mulka.
Haskaka wayewar Turawa: A karkashin mission civilisatrice, Turawa sun ɗauka cewa su ke da hakkin wayar da Afirka.

Ƙin amincewar 'yan Afirka

Yayinda Turawa ke rabon nahiyar, da yawa daga cikin shugabannin Afirka sun yi ƙoƙarin kare yankunansu. Wasu daga cikinsu sun hada da:

Sultan Samori Ture (Guinea)
Oba Ovonramwen na Benin (Najeriya)
Shugaba Menelik II na Habasha – wanda ya kayar da Italiya a Yaƙin Adwa
Sarkin Zulu Cetshwayo (Afirka ta Kudu)

Sai dai a ƙarshe yawancin waɗannan suka sha kashi ko aka ci nasara a kansu ta hanyar yaƙi ko dabaru.

Ƙarshen Rabon Afirka

Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Farko da kuma na biyu, hankalin duniya ya fara sauyawa. An fara samun ƙungiyoyin fafutuka da ke neman 'yancin kai a ƙasashen Afirka. Wannan ya haifar da:

Ƙungiyoyin ‘yan gwagwarmaya
Faɗuwar ƙasashen mulkin mallaka daga 1950s zuwa 1970s
Samun ‘yancin kai na ƙasashe da dama

Wasu ƙasashen da suka guje wa mulkin mallaka

Habasha (Ethiopia) — ta doke Italiya a Yaƙin Adwa (1896)
Liberia — ƙasar da aka kafa don sabbin ‘yantattu daga Amurka

Duba kuma

Manazarta

Pakenham, Thomas. The Scramble for Africa. London: Abacus, 1991.
Boahen, A. Adu. African Perspectives on Colonialism. Heinemann, 1987.
Asiwaju, A. I. Partitioned Africans. Lagos: University of Lagos Press, 1985.
BBC Hausa. “Rabon Afirka: Yadda aka raba nahiyar ba tare da izinin Afirka ba.” 2022.

Hanyoyin waje

↑ Association, Cheke Cultural Writers (1994). "Chapter 14: The Kolongongo War Against the Portuguese". The history and cultural life of the Mbunda speaking peoples (in Turanci). The Association. ISBN 9789982030069.
↑ Bassil, Noah R. (2006-12-01). "The Rise and Demise of the Keira Sultanate of Dar Fur". The Journal of North African Studies. 11 (4): 347–364. doi:10.1080/13629380601036098. ISSN 1362-9387.
↑ Williams, Frieda-Nela (1991). Precolonial Communities of Southwestern Africa: A history of Owambo Kingdoms 1600–1920 (PDF). National Archives of Namibia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-03-07. Retrieved 2024-03-07.
↑ Fokkens, Andries (2023). "The ovamboland expedition of 1917: the deposing of King Mandume". Small Wars & Insurgencies. 34 (2): 382–421. doi:10.1080/09592318.2022.2153468.
↑ Compare: Killingray, David (1998). "7: The War in Africa". In Strachan, Hew (ed.). The Oxford Illustrated History of the First World War: New Edition (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press (published 2014). p. 101. ISBN 978-0-19-164040-7. Retrieved 2017-02-21. In 1914 the only independent states in Africa were Liberia and Abyssinia.
↑ Langer, William A; Bureau of International Research of Harvard University and Radcliffe College (1935). The Diplomacy of Imperialism, 1890–1902. 1. New York and London: Alfred A Knopf.
↑ Darwin, John. "Imperialism and the Victorians: The dynamics of territorial expansion." English Historical Review (1997) 112#447 pp. 614–42. http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/content/CXII/447/614.full.pdf+html Archived 2012-01-14 at the Wayback Machine
↑ Gjersø, Jonas Fossli (2015). "The Scramble for East Africa: British Motives Reconsidered, 1884–95". Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 43 (5): 831–860. doi:10.1080/03086534.2015.1026131. S2CID 143514840.

[cheke-1] Association, Cheke Cultural Writers (1994). "Chapter 14: The Kolongongo War Against the Portuguese". The history and cultural life of the Mbunda speaking peoples (in Turanci). The Association. ISBN 9789982030069.

[2] Bassil, Noah R. (2006-12-01). "The Rise and Demise of the Keira Sultanate of Dar Fur". The Journal of North African Studies. 11 (4): 347–364. doi:10.1080/13629380601036098. ISSN 1362-9387.

[frieda-3] Williams, Frieda-Nela (1991). Precolonial Communities of Southwestern Africa: A history of Owambo Kingdoms 1600–1920 (PDF). National Archives of Namibia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-03-07. Retrieved 2024-03-07.

[4] Fokkens, Andries (2023). "The ovamboland expedition of 1917: the deposing of King Mandume". Small Wars & Insurgencies. 34 (2): 382–421. doi:10.1080/09592318.2022.2153468.

[5] Compare: Killingray, David (1998). "7: The War in Africa". In Strachan, Hew (ed.). The Oxford Illustrated History of the First World War: New Edition (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press (published 2014). p. 101. ISBN 978-0-19-164040-7. Retrieved 2017-02-21. In 1914 the only independent states in Africa were Liberia and Abyssinia.

[6] Langer, William A; Bureau of International Research of Harvard University and Radcliffe College (1935). The Diplomacy of Imperialism, 1890–1902. 1. New York and London: Alfred A Knopf.

[7] Darwin, John. "Imperialism and the Victorians: The dynamics of territorial expansion." English Historical Review (1997) 112#447 pp. 614–42. http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/content/CXII/447/614.full.pdf+html Archived 2012-01-14 at the Wayback Machine

[8] Gjersø, Jonas Fossli (2015). "The Scramble for East Africa: British Motives Reconsidered, 1884–95". Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 43 (5): 831–860. doi:10.1080/03086534.2015.1026131. S2CID 143514840.

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