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Kashe Muammar Gaddafi

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Infotaula d'esdevenimentKashe Muammar Gaddafi

Map
 31°11′44″N 16°31′17″E / 31.1956°N 16.5214°E / 31.1956; 16.5214
Iri Mutuwa
frontier justice (en) Fassara
Bangare na Libyan Civil War (en) Fassara
Kwanan watan 20 Oktoba 2011
Wuri Sirte (en) Fassara
Ƙasa Libya
Wanda ya rutsa da su Muammar Gaddafi (murder victim (en) Fassara, torture victim (en) Fassara, shooting victim (en) Fassara)

Muammar Gaddafi ya kashe shi ne ta Majalisar Canjin Kasa (NTC) a ranar 20 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2011 bayan Yaƙin Sirte . Gaddafi, shugaban da aka tsige na Libya, sojojin NTC ne suka kama shi kuma suka kashe shi jim kadan bayan haka.

NTC da farko ta yi iƙirarin cewa Gaddafi ya mutu ne saboda raunin da ya samu a cikin wuta lokacin da sojojin masu biyayya suka yi ƙoƙari su 'yantar da shi, kodayake bidiyon lokutan karshe ya nuna mayakan 'yan tawaye suna doke shi kuma daya daga cikinsu yana lalata da shi da bindiga kafin a harbe shi sau da yawa.

An soki kisan Gaddafi a matsayin keta dokar kasa da kasa.[1][2] Amnesty International da Human Rights Watch sun yi kira ga Binciken gawa mai zaman kansa da bincike kan yadda Gaddafi ya mutu.

Abubuwan da suka faru

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Bayan faduwar Tripoli ga sojojin adawa na NTC a watan Agustan shekarar 2011, Gaddafi da iyalinsa sun tsere daga babban birnin Libya. An yi jita-jita cewa ya nemi mafaka a kudancin kasar. A zahiri, Gaddafi ya gudu a cikin ƙaramin motar zuwa Sirte a ranar da Tripoli ta fadi. Ɗansa, Mutassim Gaddafi, ya biyo baya a cikin motar ta biyu.

A ranar 19 ga Oktoba shekarar 2011, Firayim Minista Libya, Mahmoud Jibril, ya ce an yi imanin Gaddafi yana cikin hamada ta kudu, yana sake kafa gwamnatinsa tsakanin kabilun da ke goyon bayan Gaddafi a yankin. A wannan lokacin, NTC ta mallaki garin Bani Walid mai goyon bayan Gaddafi kuma suna kusa da karɓar ikon garin Gaddafi, ƙabilar Sirte, gabashin Tripoli. A cewar mafi yawan asusun, Gaddafi ya kasance tare da masu goyon bayan gwamnatin da ke dauke da makamai a cikin gine-gine da yawa a Sirte na watanni da yawa yayin da sojojin NTC suka kwace birnin. Mansour Dhao, memba na ƙungiyar Gaddafi ta ciki kuma shugaban Tsaron Jama'a na gwamnatin, ya ce Gaddafi "yaudara ce sosai" kuma ya koka game da rashin wutar lantarki da ruwa. An yi watsi da yunkurin shawo kansa ya tsere daga kasar kuma ya daina mulki. Yayin da Gundumar Sirte ta ƙarshe ta fadi, Gaddafi da sauran mambobin gwamnati sun yi ƙoƙari su gudu.

Kimanin 08:30 lokacin gida (06:30 UTC) a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 2011, Gaddafi, shugaban sojojinsa Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr, shugaban tsaronsa Mansour Dhao, da ƙungiyar masu biyayya sun yi ƙoƙari su tsere a cikin motar motoci 75. Wani Royal Air Force Panavia Tornado a lokacin aikin leken asiri ya hango motar da ke motsawa da sauri, bayan sojojin NATO sun tsayar da kiran wayar tauraron dan adam da Gaddafi ya yi.

Wani jirgin saman NATO ya harbe 21 daga cikin motocin, ya lalata daya. Wani jirgin sama na Amurka mai suna Predator wanda aka sarrafa daga wani tushe kusa da Las Vegas ya harbe makamai masu linzami na farko a cikin motar, ya buga burinsa kusan kilomita 3 (2 yammacin Sirte. Bayan wani lokaci, jiragen yaki na Mirage 2000D na Sojojin Sama na Faransa sun ci gaba da fashewar bam.[3] Harin bam na NATO ya dakatar da yawancin rundunar kuma ya kashe mayakan masu goyon baya da yawa. Bayan yajin aikin farko, rundunar ta rabu zuwa kungiyoyi da yawa, tare da yajin aikin da ya biyo baya ya lalata motoci 11. Rukunin 'yan tawaye a ƙasa sun kuma kai hari kan rundunar.

Ba a san ko jirgin NATO ya shiga cikin kama Gaddafi da sojojin Libya a ƙasa ba. A cewar sanarwarsu, NATO ba ta san a lokacin yajin aikin cewa Gaddafi yana cikin motar ba. NATO ta bayyana cewa, daidai da ƙudurin Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 1973, ba ta yi niyya ga mutane ba, amma kawai kayan soja da ke haifar da barazana. NATO daga baya ta koyi "daga kafofin budewa da kuma bayanan sirri na Allied" cewa Gaddafi yana cikin motar kuma cewa yajin aikin na iya taimakawa wajen kama shi sabili da haka mutuwarsa.[4]

Bayan harin jirgin sama, wanda ya lalata motar a gaban motar Muammar Gaddafi, shi da dansa Mutassim, tare da tsohon ministan tsaro Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr, sun nemi mafaka a wani gidan da ke kusa, wanda sojojin NTC suka harbe shi.

Mutassim ya dauki mayakan 20 kuma ya tafi neman motoci marasa lalacewa, bayan ya shawo kan mahaifinsa ya zo shi ma. "Ƙungiyar ta yi tafiya cikin ciki zuwa yashi", a cewar rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka buga a watan Maris na shekara ta 2012, sannan ta hanyar bututu biyu kuma ta kafa matsayi na tsaro.

Ɗaya daga cikin masu tsaron Gaddafi ya jefa grenade a kan 'yan tawaye da ke ci gaba a kan hanyar da ke sama, amma ya buga bango na kankare sama da bututu kuma ya fadi a gaban Gaddafi. Mai tsaron ya yi ƙoƙari ya karbe shi, amma ya fashe, ya kashe mai tsaron da Yunis Jabr.

Kamawa da kashewa

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Gaddafi ya nemi mafaka a cikin babban bututun ruwa tare da masu tsaron gida da yawa. Wani rukuni na mayakan NTC da ke kusa da su ya bude wuta, ya ji wa Gaddafi rauni a kafa da baya. A cewar wani mayaƙin NTC da ba a san sunansa ba, daya daga cikin masu goyon bayan Gaddafi ya harbe shi, a bayyane yake don kare shi daga kama shi. Wani rukuni na 'yan tawaye sun kusanci bututun inda Gaddafi ke ɓoyewa kuma sun umarce shi ya fito, wanda ya yi a hankali. Daga nan aka ja shi zuwa ƙafafunsa yayin da 'yan tawaye suka yi ihu "Muammar, Muammar!"

Wani rahoto na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka buga a watan Maris na 2012 ya ba da labarin daban game da kama Gaddafi. Gaddafi ya ji rauni ta hanyar raguwar grenade da daya daga cikin mutanensa ya jefa, wanda ya tashi daga bango kuma ya fadi a gaban Gaddafi, yana fashe jakarsa. Ya zauna a ƙasa ya firgita kuma yana zubar da jini daga rauni a haikalin hagu. Sa'an nan kuma daya daga cikin ƙungiyarsa ya yi amfani da fararen turban don mika wuya.

An kashe Gaddafi jim kadan bayan haka. Akwai labarai masu yawa masu rikitarwa game da cikakkun bayanai da yanayin kisan da ya yi. A cewar wani mayaƙin 'yan tawaye na Misratan, lokacin da ya tambayi Gaddafi game da lalacewar da sojojinsa suka yi wa Misrata, ya musanta duk wani shiga tsakani kuma a hankali ya nemi masu kama shi kada su kashe shi. Ɗaya daga cikin mayaƙan ya bukaci Gaddafi ya tsaya, kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi hakan. Ana iya jin Gaddafi a cikin bidiyon daya yana cewa "Allah ya haramta wannan" da kuma "Shin kun san daidai daga kuskure?" lokacin da masu kama shi suka yi ihu. A cikin bidiyon kama shi ana iya ganinsa yana kwance a kan motar mota, wanda mayakan 'yan tawaye ke riƙe da shi. Wani babban jami'in NTC ya ce ba a ba da umarni don kashe Gaddafi ba.[5] A cewar wani majiyar NTC, "sun kama shi da rai kuma yayin da ake dauke shi, sai suka doke shi sannan suka kashe shi".[5] Koyaya, Firayim Minista na NTC Mahmoud Jibril ya ba da labarin da ya sabawa, yana mai cewa "lokacin da motar ke motsawa an kama shi a cikin wuta tsakanin masu juyin juya hali da sojojin Gaddafi wanda harsashi ya buge shi a kai".

An nuna bidiyo da yawa da suka shafi mutuwar a talabijin kuma an rarraba su a intanet. Na farko ya nuna hoton Gaddafi da rai, fuskarsa da rigarsa sun zubar da jini, suna tuntuɓewa kuma ana ja su zuwa motar asibiti ta hanyar mayakan da ke dauke da makamai suna rera "Allah ya fi girma" a cikin Larabci. Bidiyo ya nuna Gaddafi ana lalata shi da bindiga.[6] Wani ya nuna Gaddafi, wanda aka cire shi zuwa wuyansa, yana fama da raunin harbin bindiga a kai, kuma a cikin jini, tare da mayakan farin ciki da ke harba makamai na atomatik a cikin iska.[7][8] Bidiyo na uku, wanda aka sanya a YouTube, ya nuna mayakan "yana yawo a kusa da jikinsa marar rai, yana nuna hotuna kuma yana jan kansa sama da ƙasa da gashi". [7] [8][9] Wani bidiyon ya nuna cewa masu kama shi suna cire shi tsirara kuma suna cin zarafin baki.

An kai gawar Gaddafi zuwa Misrata, inda binciken likita ya tabbatar da cewa an harbe shi a kai da ciki.

Nuna Jama'a

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Hukumar rikon kwarya ta Libiya ta yanke shawarar ajiye gawar Gaddafi "na 'yan kwanaki", kamar yadda ministan man fetur na NTC, Ali Tarhouni, ya bayyana, "domin tabbatar da cewa kowa ya san cewa ya mutu".[10] An mayar da gawar zuwa dakin sanyi na masana'antu inda aka ba jama'a damar gani.[11][12] Wannan ya ci gaba har zuwa 24 October.[13] Wani bidiyo ya nuna gawar Gaddafi a tsakiyar dakin sanyi a Misrata.[14] Wasu mutane sun yi tafiyar daruruwan kilomita don ganin hujjar mutuwarsa.[15] Wani rahoto ya bayyana alamun harbin bindiga kusa da jikin gawar.[16]

An gabatar da gawar Gaddafi tare da ta ɗansa, Mutassim, wanda aka kashe bayan kama shi a Sirte a ranar 20 October 2011. An cire gawar Mutassim daga sanyi don a binne shi tare da mahaifinsa a ranar 24 October 2011.[17]

Binnewa

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Ko da yake wani mai magana da yawun NTC ya ce za a dawo da gawar Gaddafi ga iyalinsa tare da umarnin a ɓoye wurin binne bayan an yi gwajin autopsy, kwamitin sojan Misrata ya ce za a binne shi da gaggawa ba tare da gwajin ba.[18][19] Kungiyar Amnesty International da Human Rights Watch sun nemi a yi gwajin autopsy mai zaman kansa da bincike kan yadda Gaddafi ya mutu,[20] amma Jibril ya ce ba bu bukata.[21] Ko da yake NTC ta ƙi yin autopsy, ta yi alkawarin bincike.[22]

A ranar 25 October 2011, wakilan NTC suka sanar da cewa gawar Gaddafi an binne ta a wani ɓoyayyen kabari cikin hamada da sassafe, tare da ta ɗansa da ministan tsaro na gwamnatinsa.[23][24][25] Tashar talabijin ta Al Aan TV ta nuna bidiyon jana’izar da aka karanta addu’ar Musulunci.[26][27] Ministan bayanai na Libya, Mahmoud Shammam, ya ce an fitar da fatwa cewa "Gaddafi ba za a binne shi a makabartar Musulunci ba kuma kada a bayyana wurin binne shi don kauce wa fitina".[17]

Shiga na ƙasashen waje

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Lokacin da aka ba da rahoto cewa an kashe Gaddafi, Fox News ta wallafa wani labari mai taken "Jirgin saman U.S. Drone ya halarci harin ƙarshe a kan Qaddafi, yayin da Obama ke murnar ƙarshen mulkin",[28] inda aka bayyana cewa jirgin Predator na Amurka ya halarci harin sama a kan gungun motocin Gaddafi kafin mutuwarsa. Wani jami'in Amurka da ba a bayyana sunansa ba daga baya ya bayyana manufarsu da cewa "jagoranci daga baya".[29]

Saboda ‘yan tawayen Libya sun ci gaba da bayyana cewa ba sa son tallafin soja na waje a bayyane don kifar da Gaddafi, an yi amfani da taimakon soja a ɓoye (ciki har da aikawa da makamai zuwa ga ‘yan adawar). Shirin bayan mutuwar Gaddafi shi ne a fara bai wa gabashin Libya taimakon jin kai nan take, sannan a ci gaba da zuwa yammacin Libya, domin alamar zai da muhimmanci matuƙa. Majiyoyin Amurka sun jaddada cewa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci su "hanyar hana Turkiyya, Italiya da sauran ƙasashe yin hanzari su zarce su".[30]

Kama ko mutuwar dangi da abokan hulɗa a lokaci guda

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Jami'an Majalisar Sauyin Mulki ta ƙasa sun sanar da cewa ɗaya daga cikin ‘ya’yan Gaddafi, Mutassim, wanda ya kasance mai ba da shawara a fannin tsaro na ƙasa, an kashe shi a Sirte a ranar guda. Daga baya wani bidiyo ya bayyana yana nuna gawar Mutassim a cikin motar asibiti.[31] Wani bidiyo da aka watsa a talabijin Al Arrai ya nuna Mutassim yana da rai kuma yana magana da masu tsare shi. Ba a san cikakken yanayin mutuwarsa ba.[32]

Wani ɗan Gaddafi, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, an kama shi kusan wata guda bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, a ƙoƙarinsa na tserewa zuwa Najeriya.[33]

Bidiyo ya bayyana a baya a ranar 20 Oktoba 2011 yana nuna gawar Ministan tsaron Gaddafi, Yunis Jabr. Abdul Hakim Al Jalil, kwamandan rundunar Majalisar Sauyin Mulki ta 11, ya bayyana cewa tsohon mai magana da yawun Gaddafi, Moussa Ibrahim, an kama shi a kusa da Sirte. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa Ahmed Ibrahim, ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan uwansa Gaddafi, an kama shi ma.[34]

Abubuwan da suka biyo baya

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Kiraye-kirayen bincike

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Kungiyoyi da dama, ciki har da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da gwamnatocin Amurka da Birtaniya, sun nemi a gudanar da bincike kan yadda aka kashe Gaddafi.[35] Saboda fargabar cewa kisan da aka yi masa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne kuma ya sabawa dokokin yaki.[36][37] Kwamishinan kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Navi Pillay, ta ce dole a gudanar da bincike mai zurfi.[38]

Mai magana da yawun Ofishin kare hakkin bil'adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ce yana sa ran kwamiti da ke binciken take hakkin dan adam a Libya zai yi nazari kan wannan lamari.[32] Waheed Burshan, daya daga cikin mambobin NTC, ya ce a gudanar da bincike.[39]

A ranar 24 ga Oktoba 2011, NTC ta bayyana cewa ta umurci a gudanar da bincike sakamakon kiraye-kirayen da aka yi na kasa da kasa[13] kuma za a gurfanar da wadanda suka kashe Gaddafi idan binciken ya tabbatar ya mutu bayan kama shi.[40] Kusan shekara guda bayan haka, a ranar 17 Oktoba 2012, Human Rights Watch ta bayyana sabbin shaidun da ke nuna an yi kisan gilla a wajen da Gaddafi ya mutu.[41]

Tasirin yankin

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Bayan mutuwar Gaddafi, an yi hasashen cewa hakan zai iya tasiri sosai a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya, a matsayin wani bangare na "Tashin hankalin Larabawa".[42][43] Tsohon mai nazarin CIA Bruce Riedel ya yi hasashen mutuwar Gaddafi za ta kara barkewar zanga-zanga a Syria da Yemen. Jami'an Faransa sun ce suna lura da halin da ake ciki a Algeria.[44]

Ramuwar gayya

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Omran Shaban, dan yaki daga Misrata wanda ya gano Gaddafi a rami da ya dauki hotuna da bindigar zinariyar Gaddafi, an kama shi da sojojin Green Resistance a Bani Walid. An kuma azabtar da shi har ya zama nakasasshe. Shugaban rikon kwarya na Libya ya tabbatar da sakin sa amma ya rasu daga raunin da ya samu a Faransa.[45][46]

Zargin hannu daga gwamnatin Syria

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Kimanin shekara guda bayan mutuwar Gaddafi, tsohon shugaban hulda da kasashen waje na NTC, Rami el-Obeidi, ya yi zargin cewa tsohon shugaban Syria Bashar al-Assad ya ba Faransa lambobin wayar Gaddafi, wanda hakan ya sa aka bi sawunsa aka kashe shi. El-Obeidi ya ce "a madadin wannan bayanin, Assad ya samu alkawarin jinkiri daga Faransa da rage matsin lamba na siyasa – wanda hakan ya faru".[47] Sai dai The Telegraph, wadda ta fara ruwaito labarin, ba ta iya tabbatar da ikirarin El-Obeidi.[47] Bugu da kari, masanin tsaro na Faransa kuma tsohon jami’in leken asiri, Eric Dénécé, ya bayyana zargin a matsayin "badakala", yana mai cewa "a watan Nuwamba 2011, matsayin Faransa kan Syria ya kara tsananta, inda Paris ta kasance kasa ta farko da ta amince da majalisar 'yan adawa ta Syria".[48]

Martani

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Na Cikin Gida

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Firayim Minista Mahmoud Jibril ya ce yana fatan da Gaddafi ya rayu domin a gurfanar da shi gaban kuliya kan laifukan cin zarafin ɗan adam,[49] yana mai cewa yana son zama mai gabatar da ƙara a kansa,[50] amma yanzu da ya mutu, Libya tana bukatar tsari mai kyau na sauya zuwa dimokuraɗiyya.[51]

Shugaban gwamnatin rikon kwarya da ba a zaɓa ba ya ce, "Ƙoƙarin dakarunmu na hana Gaddafi ya ƙare lafiya da taimakon Allah." Ya ayyana Libya a matsayin "ƙasa mai ‘yanci" a wata bukin da aka yi a Benghazi a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, kwana uku bayan rasuwar Gaddafi.[52]

Jami’in NTC Ali Tarhouni ya ce a ranar 22 ga Oktoba ya umurci kwamitin soja na Misrata da su ajiye gawar Gaddafi a cikin firiji na kasuwanci na wasu kwanaki "don tabbatar da cewa kowa ya san cewa ya mutu".[53] Bayan kwana biyu, Tarhouni ya amince cewa an aikata cin zarafin ɗan Adam a yakin Sirte, wanda ya ce NTC ta la’anta, sannan ya bayyana cewa hukumar zartarwa "ba ta so a kashe wannan mai mulkin danniya ba kafin a gurfanar da shi a kotu kuma a sa shi ya amsa tambayoyin da ke damun 'yan Libya tun da daɗe".[54]

Mai magana da yawun kwamitin soja na Misrata, Fathi Bashagha, ya bayyana cewa sun tabbata Gaddafi ya mutu ne sakamakon raunin da ya samu yayin fada kafin a kama shi.[55]

Saadi Gaddafi, ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan Gaddafi da ke gudun hijira a Nijar, ya bayyana ta bakin lauya cewa yana "shakku da fusata" bisa yadda aka yi wa mahaifinsa da ɗan uwansa Mutassim, yana mai cewa kisan ya nuna sabon shugabancin Libya ba zai iya gudanar da shari’a ta gaskiya ba.[56]

Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa

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Shugabannin kasashen yammacin duniya da ministocin harkokin waje da dama sun bayyana mutuwar Gaddafi a matsayin ci gaba mai kyau ga Libya. Bayan kisan, Vatican ta amince da majalisar rikon kwarya a hukumance a matsayin gwamnati halastacciya ta Libya.[57] Firayim Ministan Italiya Silvio Berlusconi[58] da Firayim Ministan Ostareliya Julia Gillard[59] sun nuna cewa mutuwar Gaddafi na nufin yakin basasar Libya ya ƙare. Wasu jami’ai kamar Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Birtaniya William Hague, sun nuna ba su ji daɗin cewa ba a kama Gaddafi da rai ba don a yi masa shari’a.[60] A lokacin wata hira da aka yi da ita a talabijin, Hillary Clinton, wadda take Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka a lokacin, ta ce da dariya "Mun zo. Mun gani. Ya mutu." – wani nau’in karin magana daga Romawa da ke nuni da nasarar soja cikin gaggawa.[61]

Martani daga ƙawayen Gaddafi da dama ciki har da Cuba, Venezuela da Nicaragua sun kasance masu ƙin amincewa.[62][63][64] Shugaban Venezuela Hugo Chávez ya bayyana mutuwar Gaddafi a matsayin "kisa" da kuma "abun takaici",[65] yayin da shugaban Nicaragua Daniel Ortega ya kira kisan Gaddafi da "laifi" yayin rantsar da shi a ranar 10 Janairu 2012.[66] Jami'an gwamnati da 'yan siyasa a Iran sun yi martani mabambanta inda Shugaba Mahmoud Ahmadinejad ya zargi kasashen yamma da karkacewa da dukiyar Libya.[67][68]

Shugaban Siriya Bashar al-Assad ya la’anci kisan Gaddafi a matsayin ta’addanci kuma laifi ne.[69]

Kisan ya bar gagarumin tasiri a zuciyar shugaban Rasha Vladimir Putin. Wani jakadan Amurka da ya taba aiki a Moscow a lokacin gwamnatin Obama ya bayyana cewa "Putin ya firgita da yadda aka kashe Gaddafi",[70] har ya kalla bidiyon mutuwar Gaddafi har sau uku, wanda ke nuna an yi masa dukan tsiya da suka hada da tsoma masa baayonet a gabansa.[70] Dangane da matsin lambar da Amurka ta yi a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don kai farmaki, wani rahoton leken asiri daga Amurka ya bayyana cewa Putin yana ganin ya yi kuskure da bai taka rawa a bayan fage ba, kuma hakan ka iya sa ya yanke shawarar shiga yaki a Siriya domin kare Bashar al-Assad daga irin halin da Gaddafi ya shiga.[70] A yayin wani taron kamfen kafin zaben shugaban kasa na 2012 a Rasha, Putin ya bayyana "ƙiyayyarsa" da yadda aka nuna kisan Gaddafi a talabijin, yana cewa: "Sun nuna yadda aka kashe shi a gaban duniya; jini yana ko’ina. Wannan shi ne abin da suke kira dimokuraɗiyya?".[71][72]

Nan da nan bayan mutuwar Gaddafi, NATO ta fitar da sanarwa tana musanta sanin cewa Gaddafi na cikin jerin motocin da suka kai hari. Admiral James G. Stavridis, babban jami’in NATO, ya bayyana cewa mutuwar Gaddafi na nufin NATO za ta kawo ƙarshen ayyukanta a Libya.[73] Anders Fogh Rasmussen, babban sakataren NATO, ya ce NATO za ta "kawo ƙarshen aikinta da haɗin gwiwa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Majalisar Rikon Kwarya ta Libya".[60]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "The Illegality of Military Support to Rebels in the Libyan War: Aspects of jus contra bellum and jus in bello". Oxford Academic. 2013.
  2. ↑ "The Rule of Law and the Extrajudicial Killing of Muammar Gaddafi". jurist.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  3. ↑ "How Gaddafi's convoy was stopped by U.S. drone and French Air force fighter aircraft Mirage 2000 2210111". airrecognition.com. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Blitz
  5. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named reuters-who
  6. ↑ "GlobalPost: Qaddafi apparently sodomized after capture – World Watch – CBS News". CBS News. 2011-11-02. Archived from the original on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 2023-03-13.
  7. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named AP
  8. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NYT
  9. ↑ "Footage shows Gaddafi's bloodied body". Al Jazeera. 20 October 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  10. ↑ "Libya delays burial plans for Muammar Gaddafi". BBC. 21 October 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
  11. ↑ "Gaddafi, in meat locker, still divides Libya". Reuters. 21 October 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
  12. ↑ Gatehouse, Gabriel (2016-02-03). "My search for Gaddafi's golden gun" (in Turanci). BBC News. Retrieved 2023-04-08.
  13. 1 2 "Libya's NTC orders probe into Gaddafi killing". Al Jazeera. 24 October 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
  14. ↑ Kim, Kyle (21 October 2011). "Gaddafi's body "packed in shopping center freezer" (VIDEO) (GRAPHIC)". GlobalPost. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
  15. ↑ "Libya "liberated" but Gaddafi still unburied". Reuters. 24 October 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
  16. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named reuters.com
  17. 1 2 "Muammar Gaddafi 'buried in desert grave at dawn'". London: BBC News. 25 October 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
  18. ↑ "Muammar Gaddafi family demands body, Nato ends Libya war". The Times of India. 22 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  19. ↑ "22 October 2011". Al Jazeera.
  20. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
  21. ↑ McElroy, Damien (22 October 2011). "Libya to greet dawn of new era". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  22. ↑ "Gaddafi's end clears road to a new Libya". 23 October 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  23. ↑ "Gaddafi buried in unknown location, reports say". The Guardian. London. 25 October 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  24. ↑ "Gaddafi buried in secret location at dawn". ABC News. 25 October 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  25. ↑ "NTC says Gaddafi buried in secret grave". Al Jazeera. 25 October 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  26. ↑ Mousa, Jenan. تجهيز جثمان القذافي للدفن في الصحراء الليبية – صور حصرية. Akhbar Alaan (in Larabci). Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
  27. ↑ Richardson, Clare (26 October 2011). "Gaddafi Funeral Video: Footage Claims To Show Secret Ceremony". Huffington Post. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
  28. ↑ "U.S. Drone Involved in Final Qaddafi Strike, as Obama Heralds Regime's 'End'". Fox News. 26 Maris 2015. Retrieved 16 Mayu 2016. Check date values in: |access-date= and |date= (help)
  29. ↑ Mardell, Mark (20 Oktoba 2011). "Gaddafi killed: A new kind of US foreign policy success". BBC News. Retrieved 16 Mayu 2016. Check date values in: |access-date= and |date= (help)
  30. ↑ "WikiLeaks". Retrieved 16 Mayu 2016. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  31. ↑ "Mutassim's body". Retrieved 22 Oktoba 2011 – via YouTube. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  32. 1 2 "UN calls for probe into Gaddafi's death". Al Jazeera. 22 October 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
  33. ↑ "Saif al-Islam Gaddafi arrested in Libya". Al JazeeraEnglish. 19 Nuwamba 2011. Retrieved 9 Disamba 2012. Check date values in: |access-date= and |date= (help)
  34. ↑ "Muammar Gaddafi killed as Sirte falls". Al Jazeera. 20 Oktoba 2011. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  35. ↑ Karin Laub (24 October 2011). "Calls grow for full investigation into Gaddafi's death". Business Day. South Africa. Archived from the original on 3 April 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2025.
  36. ↑ "Pressure grows for Gaddafi death investigation". ABC News. 22 October 2011.
  37. ↑ "UN calls for probe into Gaddafi's death". Al Jazeera. 22 October 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  38. ↑ "Muammar Gaddafi: How he died". BBC News. 31 October 2011.
  39. ↑ "Doubts cast on official Gaddafi death account". Al Jazeera. 22 October 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
  40. ↑ "Libya Vows to Prosecute Gadhafi Killers". Voice of America. 27 October 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
  41. ↑ "Libya: New Proof of Mass Killings at Gaddafi Death Site". Human Rights Watch. 17 October 2012.
  42. ↑ "Arab Spring domino effect: Gaddafi is gone, will Syria's al-Assad be the next Arab autocrat toppled?". 21 October 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
  43. ↑ "Arab Spring: timeline of the African and Middle East rebellions". The Daily Telegraph. London. 21 October 2011. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
  44. ↑ "Which Middle East Dictator Is Going Down Next?" World News – The Daily Beast - 20 October 2011 – 20 October 2011.
  45. ↑ George Grant (25 September 2012). "Libyan revolutionary who captured Qaddafi dies in Paris". Libya Herald. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  46. ↑ "Omran Shaban Dead: Rebel Who Helped Catch Gaddafi Dies After Being Captured And Tortured". Huffington Post. Reuters. 26 September 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
  47. 1 2 Bashar al-Assad 'betrayed Col Gaddafi to save his Syrian regime'. The Telegraph
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  49. ↑ "Autopsy: Qaddafi was killed by shot to head". CBS News. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  50. ↑ "Libyan PM: I wish Gaddafi had not been killed". The First Post. 23 October 2011. Archived from the original on 24 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  51. ↑ "Remember years of agony in Libya, says Mahmoud Jibril". The Scotsman. 22 October 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  52. ↑ Daragahi, Borzou (23 October 2011). "Libya declares liberation after Gaddafi's death". Financial Times. London. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  53. ↑ "Libya delays burial plans for dictator". BBC News. 22 October 2011. Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
  54. ↑ "NTC vows to probe rights abuses, control arms". Magharebia. 26 October 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
  55. ↑ Cave, Peter (21 October 2011). "Misurata militia says it still has Gaddafi's body". ABC News. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  56. ↑ "Sun, 23 Oct 2011, 21:02 GMT+3 – Libya". Al Jazeera Blogs. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  57. ↑ Satter, Raphael (20 October 2011). "World looks warily to Libya's future post-Gadhafi". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  58. ↑ "News of Gadhafi's Death Met With Relief". VOA News. Associated Press Reuters. 20 October 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
  59. ↑ "Gaddafi death brings 'relief' to Libya: Gillard". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 21 October 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
  60. 1 2 Cloud, David S. (20 October 2022). "NATO commander expected to recommend ending Libya airstrikes". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  61. ↑ Hillary Clinton."We Came, We Saw, He Died"
  62. ↑ "Fidel Castro calls NATO "brutal" for Libya role". Reuters. 24 October 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  63. ↑ "Gadhafi's friend to the death, Chavez calls Libyan leader 'a martyr'". CNN. 20 October 2011.[permanent dead link]
  64. ↑ "Nicaragua's Ortega condemned killing of Gaddafi and offered a prayer for Hussein". MercoPress. 12 January 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  65. ↑ "As it happened: Libya's Col Gaddafi killed". BBC. 20 October 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
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  67. ↑ "Iran's Ahmadinejad says West set to plunder Libya". Reuters. 25 October 2011.
  68. ↑ "Иран похвалил ливийцев за устранение Каддафи". lenta.ru. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
  69. ↑ "Syria's Assad doesn't fear Gaddafi or Mubarak fate". Reuters. 9 July 2012.
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  72. ↑ Deng Shasha (15 December 2011). "Putin slams U.S. on Gaddafi killing". Xinhua. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  73. ↑ "NATO commander to recommend Libya mission end" (21 October 2011). Associated Press.
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