Kashewa a Amurka
 Kashewa a Amurka | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
lynching (en)  |
| Fuskar |
discrimination in the United States (en) |
| Ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka |
| Nada jerin |
list of lynching victims in the United States (en) |
Lynching shine faruwar kisan kai wanda ya fara ne a Amurka kafin Yakin basasa na Kudu a cikin shekarun 1830, ya ragu a lokacin Yunkurin kare hakkin bil'adama a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960, kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa 1981. Kodayake wadanda aka Kashewa sun kasance mambobi ne na kabilun daban-daban, bayan kimanin 'yan Afirka miliyan 4 da aka Bautar da su, sun zama manyan manufofi na fararen mutanen Kudu. Lynchings a Amurka sun kai tsawo daga shekarun 1890 zuwa 1920, kuma sun fi azabtar da 'yan tsiraru. Yawancin kisan gilla sun faru ne a Kudancin Amurka, kamar yadda yawancin ''Yan Afirka na Afirka ke zaune a can, amma kisan gashin gilla ya faru ne a Midwest da jihohin iyaka na Kudu maso Yamma, inda Mexicans galibi ke fama da kisan gashi.[1] A shekara ta 1891, an yi kisan kiyashi mafi girma (11) a tarihin Amurka a New Orleans a kan Baƙi na Italiya.[2]
Lynchings ya bi Ba-Amurke tare da Babban Hijira ( c. 1916–1970 ) daga Kudancin Amurka, kuma galibi ana yin su ne don tilasta wa fararen fata fata fata da kuma tsoratar da tsirarun kabilu tare da sauran ayyukan ta'addanci na launin fata. An tuhumi wani adadi mai yawa na kisan gilla da kisan kai ko yunƙurin kisan kai . Fyade, yunƙurin fyade, ko wasu nau'ikan cin zarafi na jima'i sune zargi na biyu da aka fi yawan sabawa; Ana amfani da waɗannan zarge-zargen a matsayin hujja don lalata Ba'amurke Ba'amurke waɗanda aka zarge su da keta da'a na zamanin Jim Crow ko kuma shiga gasar tattalin arziki da fararen fata.. Ɗaya daga cikin binciken ya gano cewa akwai "4,467 jimlar wadanda aka kashe daga 1883 zuwa 1941. Daga cikin wadanda aka kashe, 4,027 maza ne, 99 mata ne, kuma 341 sun kasance na jinsin da ba a san su ba (ko da yake mai yiwuwa namiji); 3,265 sun kasance Baƙar fata, 1,082 fararen fata, 71 'yan China, Mexico, 3 'yan asalin Amurka ne, Mexico, 1 0 kuma 'yan asalin Mexico 1. Jafananci." [3]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rikicin jama'a sanannen bangare ne na yanayin shari'ar Amurka na farko, tare da tashin hankali na rukuni a cikin mulkin mallaka na Amurka yawanci ba mai kisa ba ne a cikin niyya da sakamako. A cikin karni na 17, a cikin mahallin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Masarauta Uku a cikin Tsibirin Burtaniya da yanayin zamantakewa da siyasa a cikin yankunan Amurka, lynchings ya zama nau'i na "mulkin adalci" lokacin da aka ga hukumomi a matsayin marasa aminci. A Amurka, a cikin shekarun da suka gabata bayan Yaƙin basasa, 'yan Afirka na Afirka sune manyan wadanda ke fama da kisan kai na launin fata, amma a Kudu maso Yammacin Amurka,' yan Amurka na Mexico suma sun kasance wadanda aka yi niyya.
A farkon rikodin kisan gilla, a St. Louis a 1835, an kama wani baƙar fata mai suna McIntosh (wanda ya kashe mataimakin sheriff yayin da aka kai shi kurkuku), an ɗaure shi da sarƙoƙi a kan itace, kuma an ƙone shi har ya mutu a wani kusurwa a cikin gari a gaban taron mutane sama da 1,000.
A cewar masanin tarihi Michael J. Pfeifer, yaduwar kisan gilla a bayan yakin basasa na Amurka ya nuna rashin amincewar mutane a cikin "tsari da ya dace" na tsarin shari'a na Amurka. Ya danganta raguwar kisan gilla a farkon karni na 20 zuwa "hawan hukuncin kisa na zamani", kuma ya yi jayayya cewa "masu ba da doka sun sabunta hukuncin kisa... saboda damuwa kai tsaye game da madadin tashin hankali". Tsakanin 1901 da 1964, Georgia ta rataye kuma ta kashe mutane 609 da wutar lantarki. Kashi tamanin da biyu cikin dari na wadanda aka kashe baƙar fata ne, duk da cewa Georgia ta kasance mafi yawan fararen fata. Pfeifer ya kuma ambaci "na zamani, yawan launin fata na dakarun 'yan sanda na birane a karni na ashirin da kuma bayan" a matsayin halayen da ke ɗauke da kisan kai.[4]
Lynching a matsayin hanyar ci gaba da fifiko ga fararen fata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Lines na ci gaba daga bautar zuwa yanzu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Babban dalilin da ya sa aka kashe mutane, musamman a Kudu, shine kokarin fararen fata na kula da fifiko na fararen fata bayan 'yancin bayi bayan Yaƙin basasar Amurka. Lynchings sun hukunta laifuffuka na al'adu, daga baya aka kafa su a matsayin Dokokin Jim Crow, wanda ya ba da umarnin rarrabe launin fata na fararen fata da baƙi, da kuma matsayi na biyu ga baƙi. Wata takarda ta 2017 ta gano cewa wasu yankuna masu rarrabe launin fata sun fi zama wuraren da Whites ke gudanar da kisan kai.[5]
Lynchings ya jaddada sabon tsarin zamantakewa wanda aka gina a ƙarƙashin Jim Crow; White sun yi aiki tare, suna ƙarfafa ainihin su tare da rashin daidaito na baƙi ta hanyar waɗannan ayyukan tashin hankali.[6]
Lynchings kuma an yi niyya (a wani bangare) a matsayin kayan aikin murkushe masu jefa kuri'a. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2019 ya gano cewa kisan gilla ya faru akai-akai a kusa da zabe, musamman a yankunan da Jam'iyyar Democrat ta fuskanci kalubale.[7]
Kididdiga
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kididdigar kisan gilla ta al'ada ta fito ne daga tushe uku da farko, babu wani daga cikinsu da ya rufe duk lokacin tarihi na kisan gashin gilla a Amurka. Kafin 1882, ba a tattara kididdigar zamani a matakin kasa ba. A cikin 1882, jaridar Chicago Tribune ta fara tsara shirye-shiryen kisan gilla a cikin ƙasa. A cikin 1908, Cibiyar Tuskegee ta fara tattara rahotanni na lynching a karkashin jagorancin Monroe Work a Ma'aikatar Rubuce-rubuce, wanda aka samo asali daga rahotanni. Monroe Work ya buga rubutun kansa na farko a cikin 1910, kodayake rahotonsa ya koma farkon shekara ta 1882. A ƙarshe, a cikin 1912, Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci gaban Mutanen Launi ta fara rikodin kai tsaye na lynchings. Adadin lynchings daga kowane tushe ya bambanta dan kadan, tare da adadi na Cibiyar Tuskegee da wasu masana tarihi ke ɗaukar "masu ra'ayin mazan jiya".[8]
Dangane da tushen, lambobin sun bambanta dangane da waɗanne tushe ne aka ambata, shekarun da waɗancan tushe ke la'akari da su, da kuma ma'anar da aka ba takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru ta waɗancan kafofin. Cibiyar Tuskegee ta yi rikodin kisan gillar baƙi 3,446 da kisan gillar fararen fata 1,297, dukansu sun faru ne tsakanin 1882 da 1968, tare da mafi girma da ya faru a cikin shekarun 1890, a lokacin damuwa na tattalin arziki a Kudu da karuwar murkushewar siyasa na baƙi.[9] Wani binciken shekaru shida da aka buga a shekarar 2017 ta hanyar Equal Justice Initiative ya gano cewa baƙar fata maza, mata, da yara 4,084 sun sha wahala daga "kisan kai na ta'addanci" a jihohi goma sha biyu na Kudancin tsakanin 1877 da 1950, ban da 300 da suka faru a wasu jihohi. A wannan lokacin, kisan gilla 654 na Mississippi ya haifar da kisan gashin da ya faru a duk jihohin Kudancin.[10][11]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror" (3rd ed.). Equal Justice Initiative. 2017. Archived from the original on May 10, 2018.
- ↑ Barbata Jackson, Jessica. "Before the Lynching: Reconsidering the Experience of Italians and Sicilians in Louisiana, 1870s-1890s" (PDF).
- ↑ Seguin, Charles; Rigby, David (2019). "National Crimes: A New National Data Set of Lynchings in the United States, 1883 to 1941". Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World. 5. doi:10.1177/2378023119841780. ISSN 2378-0231. S2CID 164388036.
- ↑ Pfeifer 2004.
- ↑ Cook, Lisa D.; Logan, Trevon D.; Parman, John M. (September 2017). "Racial Segregation and Southern Lynching". NBER Working Paper No. 23813. doi:10.3386/w23813.
- ↑ Smångs, Mattias (2016). "Doing Violence, Making Race: Southern Lynching and White Racial Group Formation". American Journal of Sociology. 121 (5): 1329–1374. doi:10.1086/684438. PMID 27092388. S2CID 10753622.
- ↑ White, Paul; Strickler, Ryan; Witko, Christopher; Epperly, Brad (2019). "Rule by Violence, Rule by Law: Lynching, Jim Crow, and the Continuing Evolution of Voter Suppression in the U.S." Perspectives on Politics. 18 (3): 756–769. doi:10.1017/S1537592718003584.
- ↑ Gibson, Robert A. "The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States,1880–1950". Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute. Archived from the original on July 22, 2010. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
- ↑ "Lynchings: By State and Race, 1882–1968". University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law. Archived from the original on June 29, 2010. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
Statistics provided by the Archives at Tuskegee Institute.
- ↑ "As Study Finds 4,000 Lynchings in Jim Crow South, Will U.S. Address Legacy of Racial Terrorism?". Democracy Now!. February 11, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
- ↑ "Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror" (3rd ed.). Equal Justice Initiative. 2017. Archived from the original on May 10, 2018.