Kashewa a fili
 Kashewa a fili | |
|---|---|
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| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
execution (en)  |
Kashewa na jama'a wani nau'i ne na hukuncin kisa wanda "membobin jama'a na iya halarta da son rai. " [1] Wannan ma'anar ta cire kasancewar ƙananan shaidu da aka kira don tabbatar da lissafin zartarwa. [2] Manufar irin wannan nune-nunen a tarihi shine don hana mutane ƙin dokoki ko hukumomi. An karfafa halartar irin waɗannan abubuwan a tarihi kuma wani lokacin ma tilas ne.
Yawancin ƙasashe sun soke hukuncin kisa gaba ɗaya, ko dai a cikin doka ko a aikace. Duk da yake a yau yawancin ƙasashe suna kallon kisan jama'a da ƙyama, an yi su a wani lokaci a tarihi kusan ko'ina. A lokuta da yawa a baya, an fi son kashe-kashen jama'a ga kashe-kulle a bayan rufe ƙofofi saboda ikon su na hanawa. Koyaya, ana jayayya game da ainihin tasirin wannan nau'in ta'addanci. Sun kuma ba wa wanda aka yanke masa hukunci damar yin jawabi na ƙarshe, sun ba jihar damar nuna ikonta a gaban waɗanda suka fada ƙarƙashin ikonta, kuma sun ba jama'a abin da aka ɗauka babban wasan kwaikwayo. Har ila yau, hukuncin kisa na jama'a ya ba jihar damar nuna fifiko a kan abokan adawar siyasa.[3][4] An kashe mutane a fili don jama'a su ga sakamakon aikata laifi.
Zamanin Dā
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]_-_James_Tissot.jpg)
An gicciye mutane a tsohuwar Makidoniya, Farisa, Urushalima, Phoenicia, Roma, da Carthage.[5]
China
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kashe-kashen jama'a sun zama ruwan dare a kasar Sin daga akalla Daular Tang.
Turai ta Tsakiya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rubuce-rubucen kisa na jama'a sun samo asali ne daga akalla ƙarshen zamanin da, kuma sun kai kololuwa a ƙarshen karni na sha shida. Wannan mafi girma ya kasance saboda wani bangare na gwajin maƙaryaci na farkon zamani. A ƙarshen Zamanin Tsakiya, masu kisa sun yi amfani da hanyoyin da suka fi tsanani waɗanda aka tsara don haifar da ciwo ga wanda aka azabtar yayin da yake da rai da kuma samar da wasan kwaikwayo don hana wasu aikata laifuka. Rashin tausayi na yanayin kisa (ciki har da adadin da aka azabtar kafin ainihin kisa) ya kasance mafi tsanani ko žasa dangane da laifin da kansa. Hukunce-hukunce sau da yawa suna kiran ikon "tsarkakewa" na ƙasa (binnewa), ruwa (nutsar da ruwa), da wuta (ƙonewa da rai). An kuma yanke kawunan wadanda abin ya shafa, an raba su, an rataye su, kuma an yi musu duka. Sau da yawa ana nuna jikoki ko sassan jiki a wuraren jama'a kuma hukumomi sun yi ƙoƙari su tabbatar da cewa ragowar za ta kasance a bayyane har tsawon lokacin da zai yiwu. [6][7]
Koyaya, ba a yi amfani da hukuncin kisa a duk sassan Turai ba. Vladimir the Great ya soke hukuncin kisa a Kievan Rus' bayan juyowa zuwa Kiristanci a cikin 988.
Zamanin zamani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Afirka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Laberiya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A cikin shekarun 1970s, shugaban Liberia William Tolbert ya yi amfani da ratayewa a cikin jama'a a matsayin abin hana aikata laifuka, tare da masu kisan kai goma sha shida da aka rataye tsakanin 1971 da 1979. Kashewar jama'a na Harper Bakwai a cikin 1979 a kan jerin kisan kiyashi masu alaƙa da maita sun ja hankalin mutane.
Asiya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cewar Amnesty International, a cikin 2012 "an san cewa an aiwatar da kisan gilla a Iran, Koriya ta Arewa, Saudi Arabia da Somaliya. " Amnesty International ba ta haɗa da Siriya, Afghanistan, da Yemen a cikin jerin kasashe masu kisan gashin jama'a ba, amma akwai rahotanni na kisan gungun jama'a da aka gudanar a can ta hanyar 'yan wasan jihohi da wadanda ba na gwamnati ba, kamar ISIL.[8][9]
Iran
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kuwait
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kuwait wani lokacin tana kashe mutane a fili. Ana kai fursunoni a kan gungume kuma da zarar babban jami'in 'yan sanda ya ba da takardar izinin da aka sanya hannu, ana rataye fursunoni.[10]
Saudi Arabia
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kashe-kashen jama'a ya kasance abin da ake yi akai-akai a Saudi Arabia har zuwa 2022; tun daga wannan lokacin, ana aiwatar da kisa a Saudi Arabia a cikin sirri. Deera Square ya kasance sanannen wurin kisa na jama'a a babban birnin Riyadh, amma tun daga 2019 an dakatar da shi a matsayin wurin kisa.
Koriya ta Arewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Turai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin karni na sha bakwai, amfani da azabtarwa kafin mutuwa ya ragu; a maimakon haka an ƙazantar da gawawwakin bayan mutuwa kuma don dalilai na nunawa. A farkon karni na goma sha takwas, adadin hukuncin kisa a yammacin Turai ya ragu da kusan 85% daga karni na baya yayin da tsarin shari'a ya canza zuwa wanda yayi la'akari da hakkin ɗan adam da kuma hanyar da ta fi dacewa don aikata laifuka wanda ya shafi gano mafi kyawun hanyoyin da za a iya hanawa. [11] [12] Duk da haka, an sami farfadowa da yawa a cikin ƙarni na goma sha takwas da na sha tara, musamman a lokutan tashin hankali na zamantakewa. [11] Masu tunani na wayewa na ƙarni na goma sha takwas sun la'anci kisa kamar Jeremy Bentham da Cesare Beccaria . [13] Masu tunani na haskakawa ba su kasance masu adawa da kisa na jama'a ba - yawancin masu nazarin halittu sun sami kisa da amfani saboda sun ba da sassan jiki masu lafiya don yin nazari da gwaji. [14] Har ila yau, mutane sun sami azabtarwa bayan mutuwa (wanda yawanci ɓangare ne na kisa na jama'a) rashin girmamawa ga matattu kuma sun yi imanin cewa zai iya hana wanda aka azabtar ya shiga sama. [11]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Hood, Roger. "Capital punishment". Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
- ↑ Blum, Steven A. (Winter 1992). "Public Executions: Understand the "Cruel and Unusual Punishments" Clause" (PDF). Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly. 19 (2): 415. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-26.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedCawthorne - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named1948- 2011 - ↑ Plutarch (1916). "Lives. Fabius Maximus". doi:10.4159/dlcl.plutarch-lives_fabius_maximus.1916. Retrieved 2022-09-19. Cite journal requires
|journal=(help) - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedWard 2015 - ↑ Ruff, Julius R.; Spierenburg, Pieter (June 1986). "The Spectacle of Suffering: Executions and the Evolution of Repression; From a Preindustrial Metropolis to the European Experience". The American Historical Review. 91 (3): 652. doi:10.2307/1869169. ISSN 0002-8762. JSTOR 1869169.
- ↑ "ISIS extremist reportedly kills his mother in public execution in Syria". Fox News. 2016-01-08. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
- ↑ "Video: Taliban shoot woman 9 times in public execution as men cheer". CNN. 2012-07-09. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
- ↑ "Kuwait executes three for murder (WARNING GRAPHIC IMAGES)". 2 April 2013. Retrieved 2024-02-08.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedWard 20152 - ↑ Maestro, Marcello (1973). "A Pioneer for the Abolition of Capital Punishment: Cesare Beccaria". Journal of the History of Ideas. 34 (3): 463–468. doi:10.2307/2708966. ISSN 0022-5037. JSTOR 2708966.
- ↑ Bedau, Hugo (1983-01-01). "Bentham's Utilitarian Critique of the Death Penalty". Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 74 (3): 1033–1065. doi:10.2307/1143143. JSTOR 1143143.
- ↑ Marland, Hilary; Richardson, Ruth (February 1990). "Death, Dissection, and the Destitute". The American Historical Review. 95 (1): 119–120. doi:10.2307/2163011. ISSN 0002-8762. JSTOR 2163011. PMC 5379396.