Kashewa da aka yi a Eastbourne
 Kashewa da aka yi a Eastbourne | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
manslaughter (en)  da legal case (en) | ||||
| Bayanai | ||||
| Ƙasa | Birtaniya | |||
| Kwanan wata | 1860 | |||
| Defendant (en) |
Thomas Hopley (en) | |||
| Wuri | ||||
| ||||
R da Hopley (wanda aka fi sani da kisan kiyashi na Eastbourne) shari'ar shari'a ce ta 1860 a Eastbourne, Sussex, Ingila . Shari'ar ta shafi mutuwar Reginald Cancellor mai shekaru 15 (wasu kafofin sun ba da sunansa a matsayin Chancellor da shekarunsa 13 ko 14) [1] a hannun malaminsa, Thomas Hopley . Hopley ya yi amfani da azabtarwa ta jiki tare da niyyar shawo kan abin da ya ɗauka a matsayin taurin kai a bangaren Cancellor, amma a maimakon haka ya doke yaron har ya mutu.
Bincike game da mutuwar Cancellor ya fara ne lokacin da ɗan'uwansa ya nemi a yi bincike. A sakamakon binciken an kama Hopley kuma an tuhume shi da kisan kai. An same shi da laifi a lokacin shari'a kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru hudu a kurkuku, kodayake ya nace cewa ayyukansa sun dace kuma ba shi da laifi. Jaridar Victorian ta ba da labari game da shari'ar kuma ta haifar da muhawara game da amfani da azabtarwa a makarantu. Bayan da aka saki Hopley da kuma shari'ar kisan aure da ta biyo baya, ya ɓace daga rikodin jama'a. Shari'ar ta zama muhimmiyar doka a Burtaniya don tattaunawa game da azabtar da jiki a makarantu da kuma iyakokin da suka dace akan horo.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Thomas Hopley, mai shekaru 41 a lokacin da lamarin ya faru, ya kasance malamin makaranta a Eastbourne wanda ke gudanar da makarantar kwana mai zaman kanta daga gidansa a 22 Grand Parade. Ya kasance mai ilimi sosai kuma ya fito ne daga dangin matsakaicin matsayi, ɗan ƙarami na likitan Royal Navy kuma ɗan'uwan mai zane Edward Hopley, marubuciya Catherine C. Hopley, da editan John Hopley. Gidan Hopley yana da wadata sosai, kuma shi da matarsa (Fanny) sun ci gaba da yin ma'aikata da yawa.[2] Yana da 'ya'ya biyu, na farko daga cikinsu yana da lalacewar kwakwalwa - "mashahuriyar jita-jita" ta zargi wannan a kan "ra'ayoyin da ba a saba da su ba game da Kula da jarirai".
Marubucin Algernon Charles Swinburne ya bayyana Hopley a matsayin "mutumin da ya sami babban matsayi da kuma halin da ba a iya zargi ba". Ya bayyana ra'ayoyin ilimi na "Utopia" da yawancin masu ilimin ilimi na Victorian suka raba.[2] Ya rubuta Littattafai a kan batutuwan ilimi [3] wanda ya haɗa da "Laccoci kan Ilimi na Mutum", "Taimakon ga inganta jiki, ilimi da ɗabi'a na kowane nau'i na al'umma", da kuma "Rashin da ke kuka don gyarawa" yana ba da shawarar kawar da aikin yara. [4]
Mutuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An sami Cancellor ya mutu a cikin ɗakinsa a safiyar 22 ga Afrilu 1860. An rufe jikinsa, tare da dogon takalma a kan ƙafafunsa da safofin hannu a hannunsa. Abinda kawai yake bayyane a jikinsa shine fuskarsa. Wani likita na Hopley mai suna Roberts ya bayyana cewa yaron ya mutu ne sakamakon halitta. Lokacin da aka tambaye shi, Hopley ya ba da shawarar cewa Cancellor ya mutu daga Cutar zuciya kuma ya yi jayayya cewa ya kamata a binne shi nan da nan. Ya rubuta wa mahaifin yaron yana neman a cire jikin nan da nan kuma a binne shi.[2] Bayan kallon jikin ɗansa, mahaifin Cancellor ya yarda da ikirarin Roberts game da mutuwar kuma ya amince da binnewar.[5]
An fara yada jita-jita tsakanin bayin Hopleys, suna nuna cewa matar Hopley ta kwashe dare kafin ganowar jikin tana tsaftace shaidar bugun mijinta na yaron. Babban ɗan'uwan Reginald, Reverend John Henry Cancellor Junior (1834-1900), ya isa Eastbourne daga Send, Surrey, a ranar 25 ga Afrilu. Ya lura da bambance-bambance a cikin rahotanni game da mutuwar ɗan'uwansa kuma ya nemi a bincika jikin mutum.[2] Hopley ya tambayi fitaccen likita Sir Charles Locock, wanda ya saba da dangin Cancellor kuma Likitan haihuwa ga Sarauniya, don bincika jikin kuma ya tabbatar da mutuwar ta hanyar dalilai na halitta; Locock ya yi imanin cewa Hopley ne ke da alhakin mutuwar.[5]
Shari'a
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An kama Hopley a farkon watan Mayu kuma, bayan sauraron sa'o'i bakwai na farko, an sake shi a ranar 16 ga Yuni a kan beli na £ 2,000 (daidai da £ 237,000 a 2023). Shi da matarsa mai ciki a lokacin sun kwashe lokacin tsakanin sauraron farko da shari'ar a Uckfield. Hopley ya amince da cewa ba za a same shi da laifi. Ya fara rubuta wata takarda mai taken Facts Bearing on the Death of Reginald Channell Cancellor, wanda za a buga bayan shari'ar; wani abokin Hopley ne ya buga shi bayan da aka yanke masa hukunci kuma ya ba da cikakken bayani game da bayanin Hopley game da mutuwar Cancellor da kuma tabbatar da yadda ya bi da yaron.[6] 'Yan jarida sun kasance masu tsananin ƙiyayya, suna kira da a ɗora masa zargin kisan kai. Ya sami Wasikar ƙiyayya mai yawa daga membobin jama'a da ba a san su ba.[7]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Booth, Penny (2006). "The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Punishment of Children Under English Law – Public and Private Vices?". Liverpool Law Review. 27 (3): 395–416. doi:10.1007/s10991-006-9008-8.
- 1 2 3 4 Middleton, Jacob (November 2005). "Thomas Hopley and mid-Victorian attitudes to corporal punishment". History of Education. 34 (6): 599–615. doi:10.1080/00467600500313898 – via Taylor & Francis Online. Cite error: Invalid
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<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedburn - ↑ Mackay, DP Leinster (January 1977). "Regina v Hopley: Some Historical Reflections on Corporal Punishment". Journal of Educational Administration and History. 9 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1080/0022062770090101.
- 1 2 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedodnb - ↑ Middleton, Jacob (November 2005). "Thomas Hopley and mid-Victorian attitudes to corporal punishment". History of Education. 34 (6): 599–615. doi:10.1080/00467600500313898 – via Taylor & Francis Online.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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