Kashewa da yawa
 Kashewa da yawa | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
killing (en)  da masifa |
| Karatun ta |
genocide studies (en) |
Kisan kiyashi wani ra'ayi ne wanda malaman kisan kare dangi suka gabatar da shi waɗanda suke so su bayyana abubuwan da suka faru na kisan kiyashi wanda gwamnati ko jihar ke yi. Ana bayyana kisan kiyashi a matsayin kisan mambobin rukuni ba tare da niyyar kawar da dukan rukuni ba, [1] ko kuma kisan mutane da yawa ba tare da cikakken memba ba. [2]
Yawancin malaman kisan kare dangi suna amfani da kisan kare hakkin bil'adama saboda kisan kare kare dangi (ma'anarsa mai tsauri) ba ya rufe abubuwan kisan kiyashi wanda ba a yi niyya da takamaiman kabilanci ko ƙungiyoyin addini ba, ko abubuwan da masu aikata ba su da niyyar kawar da dukkan kungiyoyi ko manyan sassa na su. Masana kisan kare dangi suna amfani da samfuran daban-daban don bayyanawa da hango farkon abubuwan da suka faru na kisan kiyashi. Akwai ƙananan yarjejeniya kuma babu kalmomin da aka yarda da su gaba ɗaya, wanda ya sa masana, kamar Anton Weiss-Wendt, [3] su bayyana yunkurin kwatanta gazawar.[4][5][6] Kwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwayoyin cuta ba sa bayyana a cikin manyan mujallu na horo.[7]
Kalmomin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana amfani da kalmomi daban-daban don bayyana kisan da gangan na adadi mai yawa na wadanda ba masu yaƙi ba, amma babu wata yarjejeniya ko ƙamus da aka yarda da shi gaba ɗaya.[5][3][4][6][7] Kisan kiyashi ya fito ne a matsayin "mafi sauki" fiye da kisan kare dangi ko kisan Siyasa.[8] Masana kisan kare dangi sun ba da shawarar kisan kiyashi a ƙoƙarin tattara bayanan duniya na abubuwan kisan kiyashin kiyashi da kuma gano tsarin kididdiga don tsinkaya game da farawar kisan kiyayi. Atsushi Tago da Frank Wayman sun ambaci kisan kiyashi kamar yadda Valentino ya bayyana kuma sun bayyana cewa ko da tare da ƙananan ƙofar (10,000 aka kashe a kowace shekara, 1,000 aka kashe a shekara, ko ma 1), "mulkin mulkin mallaka, musamman kwaminisanci, suna da saurin kashe jama'a gabaɗaya, amma ba su da karfi sosai (watau ba su da ƙididdiga sosai) zuwa ga kisan kiyashin siyasa. " Sauran da yawa suka yi amfani da su don bayyana kisan kiyasta na wadanda ba sun haɗa da:[9]
- Classicide - "kisan kiyashi da aka yi niyya ga dukan zamantakewar al'umma", wanda masanin zamantakewa Michael Mann ya yi la'akari da ya fi dacewa fiye da kisan kare dangi don bayyana kisan kai tare da niyyar murkushe bourgeoisie a cikin Jihohin kwaminisanci. [10][11]
- Gendercide - kisan kai na musamman na membobin takamaiman jinsi. [12]
- Democide - masanin kimiyyar siyasa Rudolph Rummel ya bayyana democide a matsayin "kisan da gangan na mutum mara makami ko mara makami ta jami'an gwamnati da ke aiki a cikin ikon su kuma bisa ga manufofin gwamnati ko babban umurni"; a cewar Rummel, wannan ma'anar ta rufe mutuwar da yawa, gami da aikin tilas da wadanda ke fama da sansanin fursunoni, kisan kai da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ba bisa ka'ida ba da kisan kiyashi da kisan kai a cikin yunwa da kisan da kisan gami da kisan gillar da kisan gwamnati, misali kisan da aka yi da kisan basasa.[13][14] Manufar dimokuradiyya ta Rummel tana kama da kisan siyasa, amma akwai muhimman bambance-bambance guda biyu. Na farko, wani muhimmin abu da ake buƙata don kisan siyasa shine niyyar gwamnati ta hallaka takamaiman rukuni.[15] Sabanin haka, kisan dimokuradiyya yana hulɗa da shari'o'i masu yawa, gami da shari'ar da gwamnatoci ke shiga cikin kisan kai tsaye ko kuma saboda ayyukan aikata laifuka da sakaci.[13] Na biyu, yayin da akwai wasu ƙananan ƙofar don a yi la'akari da kisan kai na siyasa, babu ƙofar ƙanƙara don kisan dimokuradiyya wanda ke rufe duk wani kisan kai ga kowane mutum da kowace gwamnati ta yi.[13]
- Kisan kare dangi - a karkashin Yarjejeniyar Kisan kare deangi, laifin kisan kare doki gabaɗaya ya shafi Kisan kiyashi na kabilanci maimakon siyasa ko ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa.[16] An kawar da kariya ga kungiyoyin siyasa daga ƙudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya bayan zabe na biyu saboda jihohi da yawa sun yi tsammanin wannan sashi don amfani da iyakokin da ba a buƙata ba ga haƙƙinsu na murkushe rikice-rikicen cikin gida.[21] Kisan kare dangi kuma sanannen lokaci ne don kisan gillar siyasa wanda ake nazarin shi a ilimi kamar kisan dimokuradiyya da kisan siyasa.[9]
- Kashe-kashen jama'a - suna ambaton ma'anar da ta gabata, Joan Esteban, Massimo Morelli, da Dominic Rohner sun bayyana kisan kiyashi a matsayin "kisan kiyashi na yawan mutane, lokacin da ba a yayin aikin soja a kan sojojin da aka bayyana ba, a ƙarƙashin yanayin mahimmancin rashin tsaro da rashin taimako na wadanda abin ya shafa". Valentino ya bayyana kalmar a matsayin "kashewar kisan kiyashin yawancin wadanda ba mayaƙa ba", inda "ƙan adadi mai yawa" shine akalla mutuwar da aka yarda da aka karɓa a cikin shekaru biyar. [17][4][18][9]
- Kisan kiyashi - wasu malaman kisan kiyashi sun ba da shawarar manufar kisan kiyashin siyasa don bayyana kisan kiyasta kungiyoyin da ba za a rufe su da Yarjejeniyar kisan kiyadi ba.[19] Barbara Harff tana nazarin kisan kare dangi da kisan siyasa, wani lokacin ana taƙaita shi a matsayin kisan Kashe Siyasa, don haɗawa da kisan kiyashi na siyasa, tattalin arziki, kabilanci, da al'adu.[9]
A Amurka, Dokar Taimako ta Bincike don Laifukan Rikicin 2012, ta wuce bayan harin da aka yi a makarantar firamare ta Sandy Hook a Newtown, Connecticut, ta bayyana ikon doka ga hukumomin tilasta bin doka na tarayya don samar da taimakon bincike ga jihohi, kuma ta ba da umarni a duk faɗin hukumomin tarayya, gami da Ma'aikatar Shari'a da Tsaro na Gida, ma'anar "kisan jama'a" a matsayin kisan kai uku ko fiye a lokacin da ya faru, yayin da ba ta yi magana game da zabar makami ba.[20]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Staub 1989.
- ↑ Staub 2011.
- 1 2 Krain 1997.
- 1 2 3 Valentino 2004.
- 1 2 Stone 2008.
- 1 2 Weiss-Wendt 2008.
- 1 2 Verdeja 2012.
- ↑ Ott 2011.
- 1 2 3 4 Tago & Wayman 2010.
- ↑ Mann 2005.
- ↑ Sémelin 2007.
- ↑ La Puma, John (1987-05-01). "Gendercide: The Implications of Sex Selection". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 257 (17): 2362. doi:10.1001/jama.1987.03390170118043. ISSN 0098-7484.
- 1 2 3 Harff 2017.
- ↑ Harff 1996.
- ↑ Harff 2003.
- ↑ Curthoys & Docker 2008.
- ↑ Esteban, Morelli & Rohner 2010.
- ↑ Bach-Lindsday, Huth & Valentino 2004.
- ↑ Gurr & Harff 1988.
- ↑ Booty, Marisa; O'Dwyer, Jayne; Webster, Daniel; McCourt, Alex; Crifasi, Cassandra (2019). "Describing a "mass shooting": the role of databases in understanding burden". Injury Epidemiology. 6 (47): 47. doi:10.1186/s40621-019-0226-7. PMC 6889601. PMID 31828004.