Kashewa mai daraja a Pakistan
 Kashewa mai daraja a Pakistan | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | Kashewa da girmamawa |
| Ƙasa | Pakistan |
Ana kiran kisan gillar girmamawa a Pakistan[1] a cikin gida da karo-kari (Urdu: کاروکاری).[2] A cewar Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Pakistan, an bayar da rahoton kisan gillar girmamawa sama da 470 a Pakistan a shekarar 2021. Amma masu kare hakkin dan adam sun kiyasta cewa ana kashe mata kusan 1,000 da sunan girmamawa kowace shekara.[3][4] Kisan girmamawa shine kisan wani memba na wata kungiyar zamantakewa da wasu membobi suka yi, saboda imanin cewa wanda aka kashe ya jawo rashin mutunci ga iyali ko al'umma.[5] Ana kallon mutuwar wanda aka kashe a matsayin wata hanya ta dawo da suna da mutuncin iyali.[6]
Wataƙila kisan girmamawa ya kasance al'ada a Pakistan na shekaru da yawa, kuma, duk da sauye-sauyen shari'a na baya-bayan nan, ya kasance al-ada ce a Pakistan a yau. [1] Dukkanin masu gwagwarmayar kasa da kasa da Pakistan da kungiyoyin masu gwagwa suna turawa don kawo karshen aikin, kodayake wasu suna cewa canji ba zai faru da gaske ba sai dai idan jama'a suka zaɓi yin Allah wadai da aikin.[2]
Kisan girmamawa wani aiki ne na kisan kai, inda aka kashe mutum saboda halin da ya yi. Irin wannan "halayyar lalata" na iya ɗaukar nau'in rashin aminci na aure, ƙin miƙa wuya ga auren da aka shirya, neman saki, nuna halin kwarkwasa da kuma fyade.[3] : 44 Tsoro da zarge-zarge kawai sun isa sau da yawa don lalata darajar iyali sabili da haka ya isa ya ba da izinin kashe matar.[3]
A cikin al'adun ubanni kamar Pakistan, ana tsara rayuwar mata ta hanyar kiyaye ƙa'<i id="mwRA">izat</i> girmamawa. Don adana tsabtar mata, dole ne mata su bi al'adun al'adu na zamantakewa da suka shafi matsayin mata da izzat na iyali, ko girmamawa, kamar aikin purdah, rarrabe jinsi.[3] : 41 Kashe-kashen girmamawa sau da yawa sun fi rikitarwa fiye da uzuri da aka bayyana na masu aikata laifin. Sau da yawa, kisan yana da alaƙa da matsalolin gado, warware rikici, ko kuma kawar da matar, misali don sake yin aure. Hukumomin kare hakkin dan adam a Pakistan sun jaddada akai-akai cewa wadanda abin ya shafa galibi mata ne da ke son yin aure da yardarsu. A irin waɗannan lokuta, wadanda abin ya shafa suna da kadarorin da maza na iyalansu ba sa so su rasa idan mace ta zaɓi yin aure a waje da iyali.
Wani rahoto na Amnesty International na 1999 ya ja hankalin musamman ga "rashin nasarar da hukumomi suka samu na hana wadannan kisan kai ta hanyar bincike da kuma azabtar da masu aikata laifin".[4] A cewar masu ba da shawara kan 'Yancin mata, ra'ayoyin mata a matsayin dukiya da girmamawa suna da zurfi a cikin zamantakewa, siyasa da tattalin arziki na Pakistan cewa gwamnati, a mafi yawancin, ta yi watsi da abubuwan da ke faruwa yau da kullun na mata da iyalansu ke kashewa da kuma nakasa. Gaskiyar cewa yawancin yankunan kabilun Pakistan suna da ɗan cin gashin kansu kuma shugabannin masu tsatstsauran ra'ayi ne ke mulkin su yana sa tilasta tilasta tarayya ya zama da wahala lokacin da aka yi ƙoƙari. A lokuta na kisan kai, ana ba wa dangin wanda aka azabtar damar gafarta wa masu aikata laifin, ko kuma cimma matsaya ta kudi. Wadanda suka aikata laifin suna da 'yanci daga gurfanar da su da kuma yanke musu hukunci.[5]
Kalmomin da suka shafi kisan girmamawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dukansu Appiah da Jafri sun bayyana muhimmancin tarihi na karo-kari (Urdu: کاروکاری) a cikin Pakistan. Karo za a iya fassara shi kai tsaye a matsayin "baƙar fata [ko 'baƙar fata' maza" da kari a matsayin "mace baƙar fata [ ko 'baƙar kasa] kuma yana nufin jima'i a waje da alaƙar aure. Kalmar karo-kari ana amfani da ita azaman ma'anar girmama kisan kai, [6] musamman a yankin Sindh na Pakistan.
Asalin, karo da kari sun kasance kalmomi ne na kwatanci don zina da zina, amma an yi amfani da shi game da nau'o'i da yawa na halayyar lalata. Da zarar an lakafta mace a matsayin kari, 'yan uwa suna ɗaukar kansu a matsayin waɗanda aka ba su izinin kashe ta da karo da ake zargi don dawo da girmamawar iyali. A mafi yawan lokuta, wanda aka kai wa hari mace ce tare da masu kai mata hari maza ne na iyalinta ko al'umma.[3]
Matsi na al'adu don kisan kai a Pakistan
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Pakistan ƙungiya ce ta rukuni, ta ubanni, sabili da haka iyakokin zamantakewa da kulawar al'umma sun dogara ne akan girmamawa; a cikin wannan halin, girmamawa ta dogara ne akan halayyar dangi ko membobin wani rukuni. Wani karin magana na mutanen Pakistan ya bayyana muhimmancin al'adu na girmamawa: "Daulat khonay pur kuch naheen khota,__wol____wol____wol__ khonay pur ch kho jaata hai, "Lokacin da dukiya ta ɓace babu wani abu da ya ɓace; lokacin da lafiya ya ɓace wani abu ya ɓace, lokacin da girmamawa ya ɓace komai ya ɓace").[6] A Pakistan, girmamawa ta fi mayar da hankali kan fahimtar al'umma da ainihin shaidar.[6] Daraja tana da mahimmanci ga mata da maza su riƙe; mata suna kare girmamawa ta hanyar tawali'u da maza ta hanyar namiji.[6] Halin al'adu a bayan girmamawa shine cewa idan mace ta yi wani abu da al'umma ta ɗauka a matsayin mara ladabi to maza a cikin iyalinta dole ne su tabbatar da namiji kuma su sake samun girmamawar iyali ta hanyar kashe mace.[6] Idan ba a kammala wannan aikin ba kunya da rashin mutunci na iya wucewa fiye da dangin da ke kusa da dukan zuriya, ko ma ga dukan al'umma.[6] Akwai wasu halaye na al'adu da yawa waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga girmamawa ciki har da ƙyamar mutuwa.[6] Saboda haka, wanda ya aikata kisan gilla yana da daraja sosai a cikin al'umma saboda ƙarfin hali da kuma saboda abin da suka jimre ta hanyar kisan wani ya fi muni fiye da mutuwa kanta.[6] Mata da yawa suna shan wahala daga danginsu saboda rashin amincewarsu da tsammanin iyali game da soyayya da aure. Wannan yunkuri na tashin hankali ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar karuwar halin da ake ciki zuwa ga ra'ayin mazan jiya. Rahotanni na baya-bayan nan daga Gidauniyar Aurat ta yankin sun nuna karuwar kashi 70 cikin 100 a cikin kisan gilla tsakanin 2016 - 2017.[7]
Yaduwar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kamar yadda yake a wasu ƙasashe, ba a san ainihin adadin kisan gilla ba. Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Pakistan ta lissafa shari'o'i 460 na kashe-kashen girmamawa a cikin 2017, tare da maza 194 da mata 376 a matsayin wadanda abin ya shafa.[1] Daga cikin wadannan kisan kai, 253 sun haifar da rashin amincewa da dangantakar haramtacciya da 73 ta hanyar rashin amincewa ga zaɓin aure.[1] Bugu da ƙari, daga cikin sanannun dangantakar da ake zargi da wadanda abin ya shafa, sama da kashi 93% dangantakar iyali ce.[1] Kodayake waɗannan wataƙila kawai samfurin ainihin kisan gilla ne na girmamawa wanda aka kammala a cikin 2017, har yanzu yana ba da haske game da halaye na kisan gella a Pakistan. Tushen ba su yarda da ainihin adadin ta shekara ba, amma a cewar Human Rights Watch, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu / kungiyoyi masu ba da agaji a yankin sun kiyasta cewa ana aiwatar da kusan kashe-kashen girmamawa 1,000 a kowace shekara a Pakistan.[2]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Ijaz, Saroop (2017-09-25). "'Honor' Killings Continue in Pakistan Despite New Law". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 2018-03-01.
- ↑ Siddiqi, Muhammad Khursheed. "The Punjab Protection of Women against Violence Act 2016: A Legislative Review" (PDF). LUMS Law Journal. 3: 100–118. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-04-26. Retrieved 2018-05-03.
- 1 2 3 4 Khan, Ayesha (November 1999). "Mobility of women and access to health and family planning services in Pakistan". Reproductive Health Matters. 7 (14): 39–48. doi:10.1016/S0968-8080(99)90005-8.
- ↑ "Pakistan: Honour killings of women and girls". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 2015-01-23.
- ↑ Bhanbhro, Sadiq (2022-03-03). "Pakistan again faces questions over 'honour' killings as brother acquitted of social media star's murder". The Conversation (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-07-22.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:0 - ↑ Ijaz, Saroop (2017-09-25). "'Honor' Killings Continue in Pakistan Despite New Law". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 2018-03-01.