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Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika

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Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika
aspect of history (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na slave trade (en) Fassara da triangular trade (en) Fassara
Bangare na triangular trade (en) Fassara
Fuskar slave trade (en) Fassara
Significant place (en) Fassara Afirka ta Tsakiya da Afirka ta Yamma
Has contributing factor (en) Fassara colonial empire (en) Fassara
Sake buga takardar shedar tallan gwanjon bayi a Charleston, lardin South Carolina na Burtaniya, a shekara ta 1769

Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika ko cinikin bayi na transatlantic ya haɗa da jigilar masu cinikin bayi na mutanen Afirka waɗanda ke bauta zuwa Amurka. Jiragen bautar Turai a kai a kai suna yin amfani da hanyar ciniki mai kusurwa uku da ta Tsakiya. Turawa sun kafa cinikin bayi a bakin teku a ƙarni na 15, kuma cinikin bayi zuwa ƙasashen Amurka ya fara ne a ƙarni na 16, wanda ya wuce ƙarni na 19. Yawancin waɗanda aka yi jigilar su a cikin cinikin bayi na transatlantic sun fito ne daga Afirka ta Tsakiya da Afirka ta Yamma kuma ’yan kasuwar bayi na Afirka ta Yamma sun sayar da su ga ’yan kasuwar bayi na Turai, [1] yayin da wasu ‘yan kasuwar bayi suka kama kai tsaye a hare-haren bakin teku. [2] [3] Masu fataucin bayi na Turawa sun taru suka ɗaure bayi a garu a gabar tekun Afirka sannan suka kai su Amurka. [4] [5] Wasu mutanen Portugal da Turawa sun shiga hare-haren bayi. Kamar yadda National Museums Liverpool ta bayyana: "Yan kasuwan Turai sun kama wasu 'yan Afirka a hare-haren da suka kai a bakin teku, amma sun sayi mafi yawansu daga dillalan Afirka ko Afirka-Turai." [6] Yawancin dillalan bayi na Turai gabaɗaya ba su shiga cikin hare-haren bayi ba saboda tsawon rayuwar Turawa a yankin Saharar Afirka bai wuce shekara ɗaya ba a lokacin cinikin bayi saboda zazzabin cizon sauro da ke yaɗuwa a nahiyar Afirka. [7] Maharan gabar tekun Portuguese sun gano cewa harin bayi yana da tsada sosai kuma galibi ba shi da tasiri kuma sun zaɓi kafa dangantakar kasuwanci. [8]

Tattalin arzikin Kudancin Atlantika da Caribbean da suka yi mulkin mallaka sun dogara musamman kan aikin sayar da bayi don samar da rake da sauran kayayyaki. [9] [10] Waɗancan ƙasashen Yammacin Turai waɗanda ke yunƙurin samar da daulolin ketare na kallon hakan a matsayin mai mahimmanci. [11] Turawan Portugal, a ƙarni na 16, su ne suka fara jigilar bayi ta tekun Atlantika. A cikin shekarar 1526, sun kammala balaguron farko na bayi zuwa Brazil, kuma wasu Turawa suka biyo baya. [12] Masu sufurin jiragen ruwa sun ɗauki bayi a matsayin kaya da za a kai zuwa Amurka da sauri da kuma rahusa kamar yadda zai yiwu, [13] a can za a sayar da su don yin aiki a kan kofi, taba, koko, sukari, da gonakin auduga, ma'adinan zinariya da azurfa, filayen shinkafa, masana'antar gine-gine, yankan katako don jiragen ruwa, a matsayin ƙwararrun ma'aikata, da kuma masu hidima na gida. Bayin Afirka na farko da aka aika zuwa yankunan Ingilishi an rarraba su a matsayin bayin da ba a ba da izini ba, tare da tsayawar doka kama da na ma'aikatan da ke kan kwangilar da suka fito daga Biritaniya da Ireland. A tsakiyar ƙarni na 17, bautar ya taurare a matsayin ƙabilanci, tare da bayin Afirka da zuriyarsu ta gaba ta zama mallakin masu su a bisa doka, kamar yadda ’ya’yan da aka haifa ga uwayen bayi su ma bayi ne ( partus sequitur ventrem). A matsayin dukiya, ana ɗaukar mutanen a matsayin kayayyaki ko rukunin guraben aiki, kuma ana sayar da su a kasuwanni tare da wasu kayayyaki da ayyuka. [14]

Manyan ƙasashen masu cinikin bayi na Atlantika, bisa tsarin girman ciniki, sune Portugal, Biritaniya, Spain, Faransa, Netherlands, Amurka, da Denmark. Da yawa sun kafa sansani a gabar tekun Afirka, inda suka sayi bayi daga shugabannin Afirka na gida. An gudanar da waɗannan bayi ta hanyar wani abu, wanda aka kafa a kan ko kusa da bakin teku don gaggauta jigilar bayi zuwa Sabuwar Duniya. An ɗaure bayi a wuraren kasuwanci da aka sani da masana'antu yayin da suke jiran jigilar kaya. Alkaluma na yanzu sun kai kimanin miliyan 12 zuwa 12.8 An kwashe 'yan Afirka miliyan 400 a cikin tekun Atlantika. [15] [16] Adadin da ’yan kasuwar suka saya ya yi yawa sosai, saboda hanyar tana da yawan mace-mace, tsakanin 1.2 zuwa 2.4. miliyan suna mutuwa a lokacin tafiyar, da kuma ƙarin miliyoyin a sansanonin kayan yaji a cikin Caribbean bayan isowa cikin Sabuwar Duniya. Miliyoyin mutane kuma sun mutu sakamakon hare-haren bayi, yaƙe-yaƙe, da kuma lokacin safarar su zuwa gaɓar teku don sayarwa ga masu cinikin bayi na Turai. [17] [18] Kusan farkon ƙarni na 19, gwamnatoci daban-daban sun ɗauki matakin hana fataucin, duk da cewa ana yin fasa-kwaurin ba bisa ka'ida ba. An yi tunanin cewa cinikin bayi na transatlantic ya ƙare a shekarar 1867, amma daga baya an sami shaidar balaguron har zuwa shekara ta 1873. A farkon ƙarni na 21st, gwamnatoci da yawa sun ba da uzuri game da cinikin bayi na transatlantic.

Tarihi

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Tafiya Atlantika

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  Cinikin bayin Atlantika ya bunƙasa bayan an kafa hulɗar kasuwanci tsakanin "Tsohuwar Duniya" (Afro-Eurasia) da "Sabuwar Duniya" (Amurka). Tsawon ƙarnuka da yawa, igiyoyin igiyar ruwa sun sa tafiye-tafiyen teku da wahala musamman da haɗari ga jiragen da suke a lokacin. Don haka, an sami ɗan ɗanɗana dangantakar ruwa a tsakanin al'ummomin da ke zaune a waɗannan nahiyoyin. [1] A cikin ƙarni na 15, sabon ci gaban da Turai ta samu a fasahohin teku, irin su ƙirƙira caravel, ya sa jiragen ruwa sun fi dacewa don magance magudanan ruwa, kuma suna iya fara ratsa tekun Atlantika. Portuguese sun kafa Makarantar Navigator, ko da yake akwai muhawara da yawa game da ko ya wanzu kuma idan ya yi, kawai abin da yake. Tsakanin shekarun 1600 zuwa 1800, kusan ma'aikatan ruwa 300,000 da ke cinikin bayi sun ziyarci Afirka ta Yamma. [19] A cikin haka ne suka yi mu'amala da al'ummomin da ke zaune a gabar tekun yammacin Afirka da kuma nahiyar Amurka da ba su taɓa haɗuwa da su a baya ba. [1] Masanin tarihi Pierre Chaunu ya kira sakamakon zirga-zirgar zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa na Turai "watsewa", tare da nuna ƙarshen keɓancewa ga wasu al'ummomi da haɓaka hulɗar tsakanin al'umma ga yawancin wasu. [20] [21]

Masanin tarihi John Thornton ya lura da cewa, "Abubuwan fasaha da dama da suka haɗe suka sanya Turawa su kasance mafi kusantar mutanen da za su binciko a tekun Atlantika da bunƙasa kasuwancinsu". [1] Ya bayyana waɗannan a matsayin yunƙurin nemo sabbin damar kasuwanci da riba a wajen Turai. Bugu da ƙari, akwai sha'awar samar da wata hanyar sadarwa ta kasuwanci zuwa wacce daular Musulmin Ottoman ta Gabas ta Tsakiya ke iko da ita, wacce ake kallonta a matsayin barazana ta kasuwanci, siyasa da addini ga Kiristendam na Turai. Musamman ’yan kasuwan Turawa suna son yin cinikin zinari, wanda ake iya samunsa a yammacin Afirka, da kuma samun hanyar ruwa zuwa “Indiya” (Indiya), inda za su rika cinikin kayayyakin alatu irin su kayan yaji ba tare da samun waɗannan kayayyaki daga ’yan kasuwar Musulmai na Gabas ta Tsakiya ba. [1]

Ma'aikatan ruwa na Portuguese sun yi amfani da jiragen ruwa na ayari kuma suka yi tafiya zuwa kudu tare da gabar tekun Afirka ta Yamma kuma suka mamaye Cape Verde a shekara ta 1462. [22]

A lokacin da turawan mulkin mallaka na farko suka yi, ko da yake da yawa daga cikin binciken jiragen ruwa na farko na tekun Atlantika sun kasance ƙarƙashin jagorancin mayanka na Iberian, mambobi na ƙasashen Turai da dama sun shiga hannu, ciki har da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa daga Spain, Portugal, Faransa, Ingila, jihohin Italiya, da Netherlands. Wannan bambance-bambancen ya sa Thornton ya kwatanta farkon "binciken Tekun Atlantika" a matsayin "aikin motsa jiki na gaske na ƙasa da ƙasa, ko da yawancin abubuwan ban mamaki an yi su a ƙarƙashin tallafin sarakunan Iberian". Wannan jagoranci daga baya ya haifar da tatsuniya cewa "Iberia ne kawai shugabannin binciken". [1]

Faɗaɗawar Turai zuwa ketare ya haifar da tuntuɓar Tsohuwar Duniya da Sabbin Duniya waɗanda ke samar da canjin Colombian, mai suna bayan mai binciken ɗan Italiya Christopher Columbus. An fara cinikin azurfa a duniya daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa na 18, kuma ya kai ga shigar Turai kai tsaye cikin cinikin sinadirai na ƙasar Sin. Ya ƙunshi jigilar kayayyaki na musamman zuwa wannan yanki zuwa wani. Turawa sun kawo shanu, dawakai, da tumaki zuwa Sabuwar Duniya, kuma daga Sabuwar Duniya Turawa sun karɓi taba, dankali, tumatir, da masara. Sauran kayayyaki da kayayyaki da suka zama masu mahimmanci a kasuwancin duniya sun haɗa da taba, dawa, da auduga na Amurka, tare da zinariya da azurfa da aka kawo daga nahiyar Amurka ba kawai zuwa Turai ba har ma da sauran wurare a cikin Tsohon Duniya. [23] [24] [25]

Bautar Turawa a Portugal da Spain

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Bautar daular Turai a zamantakewa da, Bautar Al-Andalus, Bautar a Portugal, Bautar a Spain, Saqaliba, Kasuwancin bayi na Tekun Black Sea, da na yankin Balkan.

Amaro Pargo, wani sanannen ɗan fashin teku daga Spain a lokacin zinariyar fashin teku, ya shiga cikin kasuwancin bayi daga Afirka zuwa ƙasashen Hispanic na Amurka.

A ƙarni na 15, bautar bayi ta kasance a cikin yankin Iberian Peninsula (wanda ya ƙunshi Portugal da Spain) na Yammacin Turai tun da dadewa cikin tarihi. Daular Roma ce ta kafa tsarin bautar bayi tun zamanin dā. Masanin tarihi Benjamin Isaac ya nuna cewa a zamanin dā ma akwai wani nau’in son kai da wariyar launin fata (proto-racism) a tsakanin mutanen Helenawa da Romawa. Wannan wariyar tana da nasaba da yadda suka raina sauran al’umomin da suka ci gaba da mulka ta hanyar yaƙi.[26][27][28] Tun bayan faduwar Daular Roma ta Yamma, tsarin bautar bayi ya ci gaba da wanzuwa a masarautun Musulunci da na Kirista da suka gaji yankin, har zuwa farkon zamanin kasuwancin bayi na tekun Atlantika.[29][30] A tsakanin shekarun 1441 zuwa 1444, ’yan kasuwar Portugal ne suka fara kama ’yan Afirka a gabar tekun Atlantika ta Afirka wato a inda ake kira Mauritania a yau inda suka kai su bautar bayi zuwa Turai. Haka kuma, sun kafa wani sansani na kasuwancin bayi a gabar ruwan Arguin.[31]

A zamanin Tsakiyar Duniya (Middle Ages), addini ne ba launin fata ba ke zama babban dalilin da ake la'akari da shi wajen ɗaukar mutum a matsayin wanda ya halatta a mai da bawa. Kiristoci ba sa bautar Kiristoci, haka kuma Musulmi ba sa bautar Musulmi. Duk da haka, duka ɓangarorin biyu sun amince da bautar waɗanda suke ganin murtadun addini ne ko kuma ba su da cikakken sahihancin addininsu. Wannan ya ba wa Kiristocin Katolika damar bautar Kiristocin Orthodox, haka kuma Musulmin Sunni sukan bautar Musulmin Shi’a. Duka Kiristoci da Musulmi sun amince da bautar waɗanda ba su da addini (pagans), waɗanda suka zama rukunin da aka fi mayar da hankali kansu a kasuwancin bayi a zamanin Tsakiya, domin ana samun A zamanin Tsakiyar Duniya (Middle Ages), addini ne ba launin fata ba ke zama babban dalilin da ake la'akari da shi wajen ɗaukar mutum a matsayin wanda ya halatta a mai da bawa. Kiristoci ba sa bautar Kiristoci, haka kuma Musulmi ba sa bautar Musulmi. Duk da haka, duka ɓangarorin biyu sun amince da bautar waɗanda suke ganin murtadun addini ne ko kuma ba su da cikakken sahihancin addininsu.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Thornton 1998.
  2. ↑ "The transatlantic slave trade". BBC. Archived from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2021. * Some of those enslaved were captured directly by the European slave traders. Enslavers ambushed and captured local people in Africa. Most slave ships used European "factors", men who lived full-time in Africa and bought enslaved people from local leaders.
  3. ↑ "Exchanging People for Trade Goods". African American Heritage and Ethnography. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  4. ↑ "Implications of the slave trade for African societies". BBC. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  5. ↑ "West Africa – National Museums Liverpool". International Slavery Museum. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  6. ↑ "The capture and sale of enslaved Africans". National Museums Liverpool. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
  7. ↑ Cohen, William (1983). "Malaria and French Imperialism". The Journal of African History. 24 (1): 23–36. doi:10.1017/S0021853700021502. JSTOR 181856. Archived from the original on 29 April 2024. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  8. ↑ "The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade". Lowcountry Digital History Initiative. College of Charleston. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  9. ↑ "The Rise and Fall of King Sugar" (PDF). National Archives of Trinidad and Tobago. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 June 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
  10. ↑ "Sugar Plantations". National Museums Liverpool. Archived from the original on 27 January 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
  11. ↑ Ives Bortolot, Alexander. "The Transatlantic Slave Trade". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Department of Art History and Archaeology, Columbia University. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
  12. ↑ Weber, Greta (5 June 2015). "Shipwreck Shines Light on Historic Shift in Slave Trade". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 7 June 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  13. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Mannix 1962 Introduction-1–5
  14. ↑ Berlin, Ira (9 April 2012). "The Discovery of the Americas and the Transatlantic Slave Trade". The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
  15. ↑ Empty citation (help), citing Lovejoy, Paul E. (1989). "The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa: A Review of the Literature". Journal of African History. 30 (3): 368. doi:10.1017/S0021853700024439.
  16. ↑ Meredith 2014.
  17. ↑ (Stanley L. ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  18. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  19. ↑ Christopher 2006.
  20. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  21. ↑ "Launching the Portuguese Slave Trade in Africa". Lowcountry History Digital Initiative. Lowcountry Digital Library at the College of Charleston. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  22. ↑ "Caravel". World History Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 5 July 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  23. ↑ Hahn, Barbara (31 July 2019) [27 August 2018]. "Tobacco - Atlantic History". oxfordbibliographies.com. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/obo/9780199730414-0141. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  24. ↑ (Bartolomé ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  25. ↑ (Carlos ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  26. ↑ Isaac, Benjamin (2006). "Proto-Racism in Graeco-Roman Antiquity". World Archaeology. 38 (1): 32, 42. doi:10.1080/00438240500509819. JSTOR 40023593?seq=11. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
  27. ↑ Isaac, Benjamin (2013). The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity. Princeton University Press. pp. 26, 142, 175. ISBN 9781400849567.
  28. ↑ Isaac, Benjamin (2013). The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity. Princeton University Press. pp. 55–60. ISBN 9781400849567.
  29. ↑ Phillips, William (2014). Slavery in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated. pp. 9, 18, 32, 57, 150. ISBN 9780812244915.
  30. ↑ "Iberian Roots of the Transatlantic Slave Trade, 1440–1640". The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History (in Turanci). 18 October 2012. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
  31. ↑ Caldeira, Arlindo (2024). "The Portuguese Slave Trade". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History. Oxford Reference. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.903. ISBN 978-0-19-027773-4. Archived from the original on 11 May 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
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