Kasuwancin bayi na Balkan

Kasuwancin bayi na Balkan
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	slave trade (en)
Lokacin farawa	600s
Lokacin gamawa	1400s

Yakin Wadi al-Khazandar a shekara ta 1299, wanda ke nuna maharba na Mongol da dawakin Mamluk . A wannan lokacin sojojin Mamluk da yawa sun samo asali ne daga cinikin bayi na Balkan da Bahar Maliya .

Kasuwancin bayi na Balkan shine cinikin bayi daga Balkans ta hanyar dillalan bayi na Venetian a faɗin Tekun Adriatic da Aegean zuwa Italiya, Spain, da Gabas ta Tsakiya ta Islama, daga ƙarni na 7 a Early Middle Ages har zuwa tsakiyar ƙarni na 15. Yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin cinikin bayi na Venetian.

Kasuwancin ya dogara ne akan gaskiyar cewa yankin Balkan yanki ne na kan iyaka na addini, wanda ke da mahimmanci a tsakiyar zamanai, lokacin da addini shine ke tantance wanda ake kallo a matsayin halaltacciyar manufa ta bauta. Balkans yanki ne na arna tun daga tsakiyar zamanai. Bayan ya koma Kiristanci a ƙarni na 11, Kiristanci na Orthodox da Bogomilism suka rinjaye shi. Wannan tasirin ya kiyaye matsayin yankin a matsayin yanki na addini zuwa sauran ƙasashen Turai na Katolika na lokacin. Kasuwancin bayi na arna na farko sannan kuma Orthodox da Bogomil Kirista Slavs an fitar da su zuwa Italiya, Spain, da Portugal a Kudancin Turai, amma babban ɓangaren fitarwa ya tafi Gabas ta Tsakiya ta Musulunci.

Kasuwancin bayi na Balkan yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin Saqaliba na Turai bayi zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya, tare da cinikin bayi na Prague a yamma, da cinikin bayi na Bahar Black, cinikin bayi na Khazar da cinikin bayi na Bukhara a gabas. Babban mai ba da gudummawar sojojin bayi na mamluk don bautar soja a Masarautar Mamluk ta Masar. Kasuwancin bayi na Balkan ya ba da gudummawa ga kafa Jamhuriyar Venice a matsayin daular ciniki mai wadata a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum a farkon zamanai na tsakiya.

A cikin ƙarni na 15, an rufe cinikin bayi daga yankin Balkan daga Turai saboda mamayar da musulmin Ottoman suka yi a yankin Balkan, sabili da haka ya haɗe da cinikin bayi da Ottoman. Ƙarshen cinikin bayi na Balkan zuwa Spain da Portugal ya ba da gudummawa ga kafa cinikin bayi na Atlantic, lokacin da aka sami buƙatu na bayi ga sababbin yankunan Spain na Sabuwar Duniya, kuma tsohuwar tushen samar da bayi na Balkan dole ne a maye gurbinsu da sabon tushen bayi na Katolika.

Tarihi

Fage

A lokacin Early Middle Ages, an kafa yankunan bayi na yau da kullum tare da iyakokin addini. Kiristoci da Musulmai duka sun haramta bautar da mutane na imaninsu, amma duk sun amince da bautar da mutane masu imani daban.^[1]

Ta haka aka shirya cinikin bayi tare da ƙa’idodin addini. Yayin da Kiristoci ba su bautar da Kiristanci ba, Musulmi kuma ba su bautar da Musulmi ba, duka biyun sun yarda a bautar da mutanen da suke ganin ‘yan bidi’a ne, wanda alal misali ya baiwa Kiristocin Katolika damar bautar da Kiristocin Orthodox, Musulmin Sunni kuma su bautar da Musulmi 'yan Shi’a.^[2]

An kafa cinikin bayi ne bisa gaskiyar cewa ƙasashen Balkan yanki ne na kan iyaka na addini tsakanin farkon arna da Kirista, daga baya kuma ƙasashen Kirista na Katolika da na Orthodox. Tun da al’adar a lokacin ba ta amince da bautar da mutane masu addini ɗaya ba, hakan ya sa ƙasashen Balkan suka zama bayi ga ƙasashen Kirista da na Musulmi. Wani abu kuma shi ne cewa ƙasashen Balkan sun daɗe a siyasance da rashin kwanciyar hankali, kuma sun kasance a tsakiyar zamanai na farko da aka fi sani da Sclaveni ko ƙasashen Slav. Waɗannan abubuwa guda biyu a haɗe sun sanya yankin Balkan ya zama babban makasudin cinikin bayi, lokacin da abokan gabansu suka sayar da fursunoni na yaki ga dillalan bayi na Venetian a bakin teku.^[3]

Mafi yawan nau'in cinikin bayi da aka yi niyya su ne Bosniyawa, tun da yake sun kasance masu bin Bogomilism, bangaskiyar da ba a yarda da ita a matsayin Kiristanci ba don haka ya sa su zama makasudin bautar a cikin Katolika da kuma Turai Orthodox.^[4]

Hanyoyin bayi

Kasuwancin bayi na Balkan ya bambanta da cinikin bayi na Bahar Black, wanda ya faru a Gabashin gabar tekun Balkan tare da tsakiyar Genoese Caffa da Venetian Tana. Ba a sayar da waɗanda aka kashe a cinikin bayi ta Balkan ta Gabas ta Gabas amma ta tashar jiragen ruwa kusa da Tekun Adriatic, da farko Ragusa (Dubrovnik), cibiyar cinikin bayi na Balkan, ’yan kasuwan Venetian ne suka sayi bayi daga Balkan domin su sayar da su a cikin Tekun Aegean.^[5] Masu fataucin bayi na Venetian sun yi fataucin bayin Balkan daga gabar yammacin Balkan zuwa Tekun Adriatic zuwa Tekun Aegean, inda Genoese Chios (Ubangiji na Chios da Maona na Chios da Phocaea) da Venetian Crete (Masarautar Candia) suka kasance cibiyoyin jigilar kayayyaki don fitar da bayi na Balkan zuwa Spain a yamma ko Masar a kudu. ^[5]

Madogara na biyu na bayi na Balkan zuwa cibiyar bayi na Tekun Aegean an kama su a lokacin yakin da aka yi tsakanin Turkawa Ottoman, Daular Byzantine da kuma jihohin Latin 'yan Salibiyya a Girka (Frankkokratia). Turkawa Ottoman sun sayar da fursunoni na yakin Girka da Bulgaria ga ’yan kasuwar bayin Italiya a kasuwar bayi na Crete ta Venetia a lokacin da Ottoman suka mamaye yankin Balkan.^[6]

Akwai kuma bayin da aka kama waɗanda a bisa ka'ida ba a dauke su a matsayin halalcin bautar da su ba. An sayar da yaran Albaniya da ake kira anime zuwa Venice ta Durazzo (Durrës); tun da Albaniyawa ba Bogomils ba ne amma ko dai Orthodox ko Katolika sabili da haka ba a hukumance ake ganin halaccin bautar ba, a hukumance ba a rarraba su a matsayin bayi amma an sayar da su a matsayin bayin haɗin gwiwa waɗanda aka yi da'awar su zama ma'aikatan kwangila.^[5]

Kasuwar bayi

An fara jigilar bayin zuwa ɗayan wurare biyu. An sayar da ƙaramin adadin bayi a Italiya da Spain a matsayin bayin gida, wanda ake kira ancillae. A Italiya, ana kiran bayin Bogomil a matsayin paterina ko arna, yana nuna matsayinsu na addini a matsayin Maguzawa, waɗanda ake ganin sun halatta matsayinsu na bayi. An lura cewa bayin Balkan da ake sayar da su a matsayin bayi a Italiya sun kasance ’yan Albaniya, Bosniya, Sabiyawa, Slavs, Bulgars, Vlachs, ko Ruthenia.

Yayin da akasarin bayin da ake fataucinsu zuwa Kudancin Turai (Italiya da Spain) 'yan mata ne, tun da an yi nufin su zama bayin kuyangi, galibin bayin, kusan 2,000 a duk shekara, ana fataucinsu zuwa Masarautar Mamluk Sultanate, kuma a wannan yanayin mafi yawansu maza ne, tun da Mamluk Sultanate yana buƙatar ci gaba da samar da kayan aikin bayi, cinikin bayi , Bakan Baƙin fatauci ne a gefen tekun Balkan. Babban bawa na samar da hanyoyin samar da sojojin Mamluk na gaba zuwa bautar soja a Masarautar Mamluk a Masar. Mamluk Sultan Sayf ad-Din Khushqadam (r 1461-1467) alal misali asali ya kasance wanda aka azabtar da cinikin bayi na Balkan kuma ana kiransa bawa rumi kafin a fara sarrafa shi.^[5]

A tsakiyar ƙarni na 13, Paparoma Innocent IV ya soki ’yan kasuwan Italiya da suke fitar da bayin Bulgaria, Girkanci, da Ruthenia zuwa ga Musulmi a Kudus.

Ƙarshen cinikin bayi

Kasuwancin bayi na Balkan ya shiga matsaloli a ƙarni na 15. Jamhuriyar Ragusa ta haramta cinikin bayi daga Ragusa, ɗaya daga cikin manyan tashar jiragen ruwa na cinikin bayi na Balkan, a cikin shekarar 1416.^[5]

A hankali cinikin bayi na Venetian daga yankin Balkan ya ƙare daidai da mamaye yankin Balkan da Daular Usmaniyya ta yi a ƙarni na 15. An kawo ƙarshen cinikin bayi daga ƙasashen Balkan a matsayin cinikin bayi na daban kuma daular Ottoman suka mamaye su kuma aka shigar da su cikin cinikin bayi na Ottoman, wanda a yankin Balkan yana da alaƙa da cinikin bayi na Bahar Maliya.

Dillalan bayi na Venetian ba su sami damar yin gasa da gasar Ottoman-Crimean ba. Bayan haka, sun sami ƙaramin adadin bayi daga masu cinikin bayin Ottoman ta hanyar cinikin bayi da ke ƙetare sahara. Kasuwancin bayi na Venetian duk da haka nan da nan ya maye gurbinsa a Turai ta hanyar cinikin bayi na Atlantic na karni na 16.^[5]

Duba kuma

Manazarta

↑ Slavery in the Black Sea Region, C.900–1900: Forms of Unfreedom at the Intersection Between Christianity and Islam. (2021). Nederländerna: Brill. 5
↑ Korpela, J. (2018). Slaves from the North: Finns and Karelians in the East European Slave Trade, 900–1600. Nederländerna: Brill. 242
↑ Omerovic, Asmin. Between Islam, Christianity, and Bogomil Heresy: The Slave Trade in the Bosnian Slaving Zone, 1280–1464
↑ Omerovic, Asmin. Between Islam, Christianity, and Bogomil Heresy: The Slave Trade in the Bosnian Slaving Zone, 1280–1464
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500–AD 1420. (2021). (n.p.): Cambridge University Press. pp. 117–120
↑ [1] Fleet, K. (1999). European and Islamic Trade in the Early Ottoman State: The Merchants of Genoa and Turkey. Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. s.40–41

[1] Slavery in the Black Sea Region, C.900–1900: Forms of Unfreedom at the Intersection Between Christianity and Islam. (2021). Nederländerna: Brill. 5

[Korpela,_J._2018-2] Korpela, J. (2018). Slaves from the North: Finns and Karelians in the East European Slave Trade, 900–1600. Nederländerna: Brill. 242

[3] Omerovic, Asmin. Between Islam, Christianity, and Bogomil Heresy: The Slave Trade in the Bosnian Slaving Zone, 1280–1464

[4] Omerovic, Asmin. Between Islam, Christianity, and Bogomil Heresy: The Slave Trade in the Bosnian Slaving Zone, 1280–1464

[The_Cambridge_World_History_of_Slavery-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500–AD 1420. (2021). (n.p.): Cambridge University Press. pp. 117–120

[6] [1] Fleet, K. (1999). European and Islamic Trade in the Early Ottoman State: The Merchants of Genoa and Turkey. Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. s.40–41

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