Kasuwancin shara a duniya

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Kasuwancin shara a duniya
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Kasuwancin shara a duniya shi ne kasuwancin sharar gida tsakanin ƙasashe don ƙarin magani, zubarwa, ko sake amfani da su. Ƙasashe masu tasowa ne sukan shigo da shara masu guba ko masu hadari daga kasashen da suka ci gaba.

Rahoton Bankin Duniya Menene Sharar gida: Binciken Duniya na Gudanar da Sharar Sharar, ya bayyana adadin dattin da aka samar a wata ƙasa. Musamman kasashen da ke samar da dattin datti sun fi ci gaban tattalin arziki da ci gaban masana'antu. [1] Rahoton ya bayyana cewa, "[g] gaba daya, yayin da karuwar tattalin arziki da kuma karuwar al'ummar birane, mafi yawan sharar da ake samarwa." [1] Don haka, ne, ƙasashe a Arewacin Duniya, waɗanda suka fi haɓaka tattalin arziƙi da ƙauyuka, suna samar da datti fiye da ƙasashen Kudancin Duniya. [1]

Hanyoyin kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa a halin yanzu suna bin tsarin sharar da ake samarwa a Arewacin Duniya da kuma fitarwa zuwa da zubar da su a Kudancin Duniya. Dalilai da yawa sun shafi ƙasashen da suke samar da sharar gida kuma a wane girma, sannan kuma gami da wurin yanki, matakin masana'antu, da matakin haɗa kai cikin tattalin arzikin duniya.

Masana da masu bincike da dama sun danganta karuwar kasuwancin sharar gida da kuma mummunan tasirin sharar da yaduwar manufofin tattalin arziki na Neoliberal. [2] [3] Tare da babban sauyin tattalin arziƙin zuwa manufofin tattalin arziƙin Neoliberal a cikin shekarun 1980, sauye-sauyen manufar “kasuwa mai ‘yanci” ya sauƙaƙe haɓakar kasuwancin sharar gida a duniya. Henry Giroux, Shugaban Nazarin Al'adu a Jami'ar McMaster, sannan kuma ya ba da ma'anarsa game da manufofin tattalin arziki neoliberal:

"Neoliberalism ... yana kawar da tattalin arziki da kasuwanni daga maganganun wajibai da tsadar zamantakewa. . . . A matsayin tsarin siyasa da siyasa, to Amman tsarin mulkin neoliberalism yana da alaƙa da mayar da ayyukan jama'a na gwamnati, sayar da ayyukan gwamnati, soke tsarin kuɗi da aiki, kawar da jin dadin jama'a da ƙungiyoyi, sassaucin ra'ayi na kasuwanci a cikin kayayyaki da zuba jari, da tallace-tallace da tallace-tallace inganta rayuwar al'umma." [4]

Idan aka yi la’akari da wannan dandali na tattalin arziki na mayar da ‘yan kasuwa, neoliberalism ya ta’allaka ne kan fadada yarjejeniyoyin ciniki cikin ‘yanci da kafa kan iyakokin kasashen duniya da kasuwannin cinikayya. Kuma 'Yancin ciniki, manufar tattalin arziki na Neoliberal wanda a cikinta ya rushe kasuwancin gaba daya, ba tare da barin haraji, ƙididdiga, ko wasu ƙuntatawa kan cinikayyar kasa da kasa ba, an tsara shi don haɓaka tattalin arzikin ƙasashe masu tasowa da kuma haɗa su cikin tattalin arzikin duniya. Masu sukar lamirin sun yi iƙirarin cewa, duk da cewa an ƙirƙiri ́yancin gudanar da kasuwanci cikin 'yanci ne domin baiwa kowace ƙasa damar kaiwa ga nasara a fannin tattalin arziki, amma sakamakon waɗannan manufofin ya yi illa ga ƙasashen duniya ta Kudu, wanda a zahiri ya gurgunta tattalin arzikinsu a matsayin bautar da yankin Arewacin Duniya ke yi. Ko da magoya bayan irin su Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya, "ci gaban haɗin kai ya kasance marar daidaituwa duk a cikin 'yan shekarun nan" [5]

Musamman kasashe masu tasowa sun yi niyya da manufofin sassaucin ra'ayi na kasuwanci don shigo da sharar gida a matsayin hanyar fadada tattalin arziki . [6] Manufofin tattalin arziki na Neoliberal da ke jagorantar manufofin tattalin arziki na jayayya cewa hanyar da za a shigar da ita cikin tattalin arzikin duniya ita ce shiga cikin 'yanci da musayar kasuwanci a kasuwannin cinikayya na kasa da kasa. [6] Da'awarsu ita ce, Kuma ƙananan ƙasashe, masu ƙarancin ababen more rayuwa, ƙarancin wadata, da ƙarancin masana'antu, yakamata su ɗauki ɓarna masu haɗari a matsayin hanyar haɓaka riba da haɓaka tattalin arzikinsu. [6]

Muhawarar da ake yi a halin yanzu kan cinikin sharar gida a duniya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Hujja a cikin goyon baya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Masu goyon bayan cinikin sharar duniya a halin yanzu suna jayayya cewa shigo da sharar wata hanya ce ta tattalin arziki wacce za ta iya amfanar da kasashen da ke da karancin baiwa tattalin arzikin duniya . [6] Kasashen da ba su da karfin samar da kayayyaki masu inganci za su iya shigo da sharar gida don bunkasa tattalin arzikinsu.

Lawrence Summers, tsohon shugaban jami'ar Harvard kuma babban masanin tattalin arziki na bankin duniya, ya fitar da wata takarda ta sirri da ke jayayya game da cinikin sharar duniya a shekarar 1991. Takardar ta ce:

“Ina ganin dabarar tattalin arziki da ke tattare da zubar da kaya masu guba a cikin kasar mafi karancin albashi abu ne mara kyau kuma ya kamata mu fuskanci hakan. . . A koyaushe ina tunanin cewa ƙasashe a Afirka suna cikin ƙazantar ƙazanta; ingancin iska ɗin su tabbas yana da ƙarancin ƙarancin inganci idan aka kwatanta da Los Angeles. . . Kawai tsakanina da ku bai kamata bankin duniya ya kara karfafa kaura daga masana'antu masu datti zuwa kasashe mafi karancin ci gaba ba?" [2]

Wannan matsayi, wanda ya fi dacewa da tattalin arziki da kuma riba musamman na kudi, ya nuna babbar hujjar cinikin sharar gida a duniya. Cibiyar Cato ta buga labarin da ke tallafawa kasuwancin sharar gida a duniya yana mai nuni da cewa "akwai kadan shaida cewa sharar gida masu hatsari, wadanda galibi cututtukan carcinogen ne, ke haifar da yawan mace-mace a kasashe masu tasowa." [6] Da yake kuma karin haske kan wannan batu, labarin ya yi nuni da cewa "mutane a kasashe masu tasowa bisa hankali za su amince da karuwar kamuwa da gurbacewar yanayi don musanya da damar da za su kara yawan to amfanin da suke samu - kuma, saboda haka, kudin shiga." [6]

Gabaɗaya, hujjar cinikin sharar duniya ta ta'allaka ne a kan hasashen cewa ƙasashe masu tasowa na buƙatar ci gaban tattalin arzikinsu. Magoya bayan sun ba da shawarar cewa, a cikin harkokin kasuwancin sharar gida, Kuma kasashe masu tasowa na Kudancin Duniya za su fadada tattalin arzikinsu tare da kara samun riba. [6]

Sukar[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Masu sukar cinikin sharar duniya suna jayayya cewa rashin tsari da gazawar manufofin da suka sa kasashe masu tasowa su zama matsugunin juji masu guba don sharar gida mai hatsari. To amman Adadin da ake yi na jigilar datti zuwa kasashe masu tasowa na kara yawan hadarin da mutanen wadannan kasashe ke fuskanta. Masu sukar illolin da cinikin sharar duniya ke haifarwa sun nanata yawan barnar da jama'a ke fama da su a kasashe masu fama da talauci. Sun yi nuni da cewa yawancin sharar da ake samu a duniya, kasashen yamma ne (Amurka da Turai) ne ke samar da su, amma duk da haka mutanen da ke fama da rashin lafiya daga wadannan sharar sun fito ne daga kasashe matalauta da ba su samar da sharar ba.

Peter Newell, Farfesa na Nazarin Ci gaba, ya yi jayayya cewa "rashin daidaituwa na muhalli yana ƙarfafawa kuma, a lokaci guda kuma yana nunawa, wasu nau'o'in matsayi da amfani tare da layi, jinsi da jinsi." [7] Masu sukar sharar sharar ta duniya sun yi nuni da cewa illar da ke haifar da illar da ke tattare da sharar sharar ta shafi marasa galihu fiye da sauran, masu sukar sharar sharar ta duniya sun yi nuni da cewa illar zubar da shara tana da matukar tasiri sosai ga mutane masu launin fata, mata da masu karamin karfi musamman. [7]

Dangane da cinikin sharar duniya don sake haifar da rashin daidaito a duniya, yawancin masu fafutuka, masu shiryawa, da masu kare muhalli daga yankuna da abin ya shafa a Kudancin Duniya sun bayyana rashin jin dadinsu game da manufofin cinikin sharar duniya. Evo Morales, kuma tsohon shugaban kasar Bolivia, yana jayayya da tsarin tattalin arziki na yanzu da ke tilasta wa kasarsa da al'ummarsa cin moriyar kasa. Yana cewa:

"Idan muna son ceto duniyar duniyar, don ceton rayuka da bil'adama, muna da alhakin kawo karshen tsarin jari-hujja. Sai dai idan ba mu kawo karshen tsarin jari hujja ba, ba zai taba yiwuwa a yi tunanin za a samu daidaito da adalci a wannan duniyar tamu ba. To Don haka ne nake ganin yana da muhimmanci a kawo karshen cin zarafin bil’adama da sace-sacen albarkatun kasa, da kawo karshen yake-yake na barna a kasuwanni da albarkatun kasa, da wawashe makamashi, musamman ma burbushin halittu. ga yawan cin kaya da kuma tarin sharar gida. Tsarin jari-hujja yana ba mu damar tara sharar gida kawai.” [8]

Jean Francois Kouadio, ɗan asalin Afirka da ke zaune kusa da wurin da ake zubar da guba a ƙasar Ivory Coast, ya bayyana abin da ya samu game da illar abubuwa masu guba da ke ci gaba da wanzuwa a cikin al'ummarsa. Yayin da manyan kamfanonin kasashen Yamma ke zubar da shara masu guba a Ivory Coast, Kuoadio ya rasa yara biyu sakamakon sharar guba. Ya bayyana asarar 'yarsa ta biyu Ama Grace, da kuma yadda likitocin "sun ce ta yi fama da matsananciyar glycemia ta hanyar sharar gida mai guba." Baya ga masu suka daga Kudancin Duniya, masu bincike da masana a Yamma sun fara yin tsokaci game da rashin daidaituwar rarraba mummunan tasirin wadannan mummunar zubar da sharar da ke haifarwa. Dorceta Taylor, Farfesa a Jami'ar Michigan, ta yi jayayya game da yadda waɗannan manufofin ke shafar mata masu launi a ƙasar Amurka:

"Mata masu launin fata sun kasance a sahun gaba wajen gwagwarmaya don jawo hankali ga al'amuran da ke lalata al'ummomin tsiraru - batutuwa irin su zubar da sharar gida mai haɗari, bayyanar da guba; . . . Al'ummomin su, wasu daga cikin mafi ƙasƙantar muhalli ... su ne ma'ajin kayan sharar gida na samar da jari-hujja da yawan amfani da su. Sakamakon haka, sun kasance cikin sahun gaba wajen fafutukar tabbatar da adalci a muhalli; su ne wadanda suka kafa kungiyoyin muhalli, masu fafutuka na asali, masu bincike, masu shirya taro, shugabannin taron bita, masu fafutuka, da masu gudanar da yakin neman zabe da al'umma." [9]

TV Reed, Farfesa na Turanci da Nazarin Amirka a Jami'ar Jihar Washington, ya ba da hujjar cewa alaƙar da ke tsakanin mulkin mallaka na tarihi da mulkin mallaka mai guba ya ta'allaka ne akan hasashe na ƙasa na asali a matsayin 'sharar gida'. [10] Ya yi nuni da cewa al'adun yammacin duniya sun dauki kasar 'yan asali a matsayin "marasa cigaba" da "marasa amfani", don haka mutanen da ke cikinta ba su da "wayewa". [10] Yin amfani da wuraren tarihi na mulkin mallaka, mai guba ya sake haifar da waɗannan gardama guda ɗaya ta hanyar ayyana ƙasa ta Kudu ta Kudu a matsayin wacce za a iya kashewa ga sharar ƙasashen yamma. [10]

Mulkin mallaka mai guba[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mulkin mallaka mai guba, wanda aka ayyana a matsayin tsarin da "kasashen da ba su ci gaba ba ana amfani da su azaman hanyoyin da ba su da tsada don fitarwa ko zubar da gurbataccen sharar da kasashe masu ci gaba ke yi," shi ne babban abin zargi a kan cinikin sharar duniya. [11] Mulkin mallaka mai guba yana wakiltar manufofin neocolonial wanda ke ci gaba da kiyaye rashin daidaito a duniya a yau ta hanyar tsarin cinikayya mara kyau. [11] Turawan mulkin mallaka mai guba yana amfani da kalmar mulkin mallaka saboda "halayen mulkin mallaka, da suka shafi dogaro da tattalin arziki, cin gajiyar aiki, da rashin daidaiton al'adu suna da alaƙa sosai a cikin sabon yanayin mulkin mallaka na sharar guba." [11]

Sharar gida[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sharar lantarki, wanda kuma aka sani da e-sharar gida, tana nufin na'urorin lantarki da aka zubar. Ragi mai saurin girma na sharar lantarki a duniya ya haifar da saurin bunƙasa ci gaban fasaha, canje-canje a kafofin watsa labarai (kaset, software, MP3), faɗuwar farashin, da kuma tsarin tsufa . An kiyasta kimanin tan miliyan 50 na sharar lantarki a kowace shekara, yawancinsu sun fito ne daga Amurka da Turai. [12] Yawancin wannan sharar lantarki ana jigilar su zuwa kasashe masu tasowa na Asiya da Afirka don sarrafa su da sake sarrafa su. [12]

Nazari daban-daban sun yi bincike kan illar muhalli da lafiya da wannan sharar ta e-sharar ta haifar ga mutanen da ke rayuwa da aiki a kusa da juji na lantarki. Karafa masu nauyi, gubobi, da sinadarai suna zubowa daga wadannan kayayyakin da aka jefar zuwa cikin magudanan ruwa da ruwan karkashin kasa, suna jefa mutanen yankin guba . [13] Mutanen da ke aiki a cikin wannan juji, yaran gida da ke neman kayan da za su sayar, da Kuma mutanen da ke zaune a cikin al’ummomin da ke kewaye duk suna fuskantar wannan gubar mai kisa.

Wani birni da ke fama da mummunan sakamakon cinikin sharar gida mai haɗari shine Guiyu, China, wanda ake kira da juji na lantarki na duniya. Yana iya zama juji na e-sharar gida mafi girma a duniya, tare da ma'aikata suna tarwatsa sama da fam guda miliyan 1.5 na kwamfutoci, wayoyin hannu da sauran na'urorin lantarki a kowace shekara. [14]

Toka mai ƙonewa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tokar innarator ita ce tokar da ake samarwa a lokacin da masu ƙonewa suka ƙone datti don zubar da shi. Konewa yana da tasirin gurɓatawa da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da sakin iskar gas iri-iri, ƙarfe mai nauyi, da sulfur dioxide .

Lamarin da ya faru a Tekun Khian[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Misalin tokar wutar lantarki da ake zubarwa a Kudancin Duniya daga Arewacin Duniya a cikin musayar cinikayya ta rashin adalci shine lamarin zubar da sharar <i id="mwmg">Tekun Khian</i> . Dauke da kimanin ton 14,000 na toka daga wani incinerator a Philadelphia, jirgin dakon kaya, Tekun Khian, zai zubar da sharar sa. [15] Duk da haka, bayan da Jamhuriyar Dominican, Panama, Honduras, Bermuda, Guinea Bissau, da kuma tsibirin Antilles na Holland suka ki amincewa da su, a ƙarshe ma'aikatan jirgin sun zubar da wani yanki na toka a kusa da Haiti. Bayan canza sunan jirgin sau biyu don gwadawa da ɓoye ainihin asalin, ƙasashen, Senegal, Morocco, Yemen, Sri Lanka, da Singapore sun hana shigar da jirgin. [16] Bayan kin amincewa da akai-akai, an yi imanin an zubar da tokar a cikin Tekun Atlantika da Indiya. [17] Bayan wannan bala'i na kula da sharar gida, gwamnatin Haiti ta hana duk wani sharar da aka shigo da shi, wanda ke jagorantar wani yunkuri na gane duk munanan sakamakon da wannan sharar ta haifar a duniya. Dangane da lamarin zubar da sharar tekun Khian da makamantansu, an rubuta yarjejeniyar Basel don tsayayya da abin da kasashe masu tasowa suka sani da 'yan mulkin mallaka mai guba.' [18] An buɗe don sanya hannu a cikin Maris shekarata 1989 kuma ya fara aiki a watan Mayu shekarar 1992. Amurka ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar, amma har yanzu ba ta amince da ita ba. [19]

Sharar sinadarai[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sharar sinadarai ita ce sharar da ba za a iya amfani da ita ba daga sinadarai masu haɗari, galibi waɗanda manyan masana'antu ke samarwa. Yana da matukar wahala da tsada a zubar dashi. Yana haifar da matsaloli da yawa da haɗarin lafiya yayin fallasa, sannan kuma dole ne a kula da shi a hankali a wuraren sarrafa shara mai guba.

Italiya na zubar da sinadarai masu hadari a Najeriya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Misali daya na sharar sinadarai da ake fitarwa daga Arewacin Duniya zuwa Kudancin Duniya shine taron wani dan kasuwa dan kasar Italiya da ke neman gujewa ka'idojin tattalin arzikin Turai. [20] Ana zargin cewa yana fitar da ton 4,000 na datti mai guba, dauke da tan 150 na polychlorinated biphenyls, ko PCBs, dan kasuwar dan kasar Italiya ya yi jigilar dala miliyan 4.3 a cikin jigilar datti zuwa Najeriya. [21] Jaridar Fordham Environmental Law Review ta buga labarin da ke yin bayani dalla-dalla kan illar dattin da aka yi wa Najeriya:

“Sakamakon batan shara a matsayin taki, kamfanin na kasar Italiya ya yaudari wani ma’aikacin katako mai ritaya/ jahiliya ya amince ya ajiye gubar a bayan gidansa dake tashar ruwan Koko ta Najeriya akan kudi kadan da dala har 100 duk wata. Wadannan sinadarai masu guba an fallasa su ga rana mai zafi da kuma yara masu wasa a kusa. Sun kutsa cikin ruwan Koko wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutanen kauye goma sha tara da suka ci gurbatacciyar shinkafa daga wata gona da ke kusa.” [21]

Wannan misali ɗaya ne na yadda ɗimbin ciniki na gargajiya, daga ƙasashen Yammacin Turai da suka ci gaba ya yi mugun tasiri, rashin adalci, da rashin daidaituwar tasiri ga ƙasashe masu tasowa a Kudancin Duniya.

Tashin hankali a Asiya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tashin hankali a Chittagong, Bangladesh

Wani hatsari ga kasashe masu tasowa shi ne batun fasa- kwaurin jiragen ruwa, wanda ke faruwa musamman a Asiya. Kasashe masu arzikin masana'antu da ke neman yin ritaya jiragen ruwa da aka yi amfani da su suna samun saukin aika wadannan jiragen zuwa Asiya don wargajewa. Ana kallon ƙasashen China da Bangladesh a matsayin cibiyoyi biyu na fasa kwaurin jiragen ruwa a Asiya. Daya daga cikin manyan batutuwan dai shi ne yadda wadannan jiragen ruwa da a yanzu suka tsufa ba za su iya ci gaba ba, an yi su ne a daidai lokacin da karancin ka'idojin muhalli. A cikin takardar gaskiyar muhalli, masu bincike sun nuna gagarumin tasirin wannan sabon sashin ciniki mai guba kan ma'aikata da muhalli. Na ɗaya, tsofaffin jiragen ruwa sun ƙunshi abubuwa masu lahani lafiya kamar asbestos, gubar oxide, zinc chromates, mercury, arsenic, da tributyltin . Bugu da kari, ma'aikatan da ke fasa ruwa a kasar Sin da sauran kasashe masu tasowa bisa ga al'ada ba su da ingantattun kayan aiki ko na'urorin kariya yayin da ake sarrafa wadannan abubuwa masu guba. [22]

Sharar gida[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An bayyana cinikin dattin robobi a matsayin babban abin da ke haifar da sharar ruwa. [lower-alpha 1] Ƙasashen da ke shigo da robobin sharar gida galibin su ba su da ikon sarrafa duk kayan. Sakamakon haka, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta sanya dokar hana cinikin robobi sai dai idan ta cika wasu sharudda. [lower-alpha 2]

Tasiri[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kasuwancin sharar gida na duniya ya yi mummunan tasiri ga mutane da yawa, musamman a kasashe matalauta, masu tasowa. Wadannan kasashe sau da yawa ba su da amintattun hanyoyin sake yin amfani da su ko wuraren aiki, kuma mutane suna sarrafa sharar guba da hannayensu. [24] Yawancin sharar da ba a zubar da su ko kuma a kula da su yadda ya kamata, wanda ke haifar da guba ga muhallin da ke kewaye da kuma haifar da rashin lafiya da mutuwa a cikin mutane da dabbobi. [25] Mutane da yawa sosai sun fuskanci cututtuka ko mutuwa saboda rashin tsaro yadda ake sarrafa waɗannan sharar gida masu haɗari.

Tasiri kan muhalli[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kasuwancin sharar gida mai haɗari yana da mummunan tasiri a kan yanayi da yanayin halittu. Nazari daban-daban sun yi la'akari da yadda yawan gurɓataccen ƙwayar cuta ya haifar da guba a yankunan da ke kewaye da wuraren zubar da ruwa, inda suka kashe tsuntsaye da yawa, kifi, da sauran namun daji. [25] Akwai Kuma nau'ikan sinadarai masu nauyi a cikin iska, ruwa, ƙasa, da laka a cikin da kewayen waɗannan wuraren juji masu guba, kuma matakan tattara ƙarfe masu nauyi a waɗannan wuraren suna da yawa kuma suna da guba. [25]

Abubuwan da ke haifar da lafiyar ɗan adam[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kasuwancin sharar gida mai haɗari yana da mummunar illa ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Mutanen da ke zaune a ƙasashe masu tasowa na iya zama mafi haɗari ga haɗari mai haɗari na cinikin sharar gida, kuma suna cikin haɗari musamman daga tasowa matsalolin lafiya. [25] Hanyoyin zubar da wadannan sharar gida masu guba a kasashe masu tasowa suna fallasa yawan jama'a (ciki har da al'ummomi masu zuwa) ga sinadarai masu guba. To Ana zubar da waɗannan sharar gida mai guba a buɗaɗɗen wuraren ajiyar ƙasa, ana ƙone su a cikin injina, ko kuma a wasu matakai masu haɗari. Ma’aikata suna sanye da kayan kariya kaɗan kaɗan lokacin sarrafa waɗannan sinadarai masu guba, kuma suna fuskantar waɗannan gubar ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye, shakar numfashi, hulɗa da ƙasa da ƙura, da kuma shan gurɓataccen abinci da ruwan sha a cikin gida. [26] Matsalolin kiwon lafiya da ke haifar da waɗannan sharar gida masu haɗari suna shafar mutane ta hanyar haifar da ciwon daji, ciwon sukari, sauye-sauye a cikin ma'auni na neurochemical, rushewar hormone daga masu rushewar endocrin, Kuma sauye-sauyen fata, neurotoxicity, lalacewar koda, lalacewar hanta, cutar kashi, emphysema, ovotoxicity, lalacewar haihuwa, da dai sauransu. cututtuka masu mutuwa. [25] Yin zubar da waɗannan sharar gida da ba daidai ba yana haifar da matsalolin lafiya masu mutuwa, kuma yana da haɗari ga lafiyar jama'a.

A siyasa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A ranar 24 ga Afrilu, shekarata 2018, Shugaba Rodrigo Duterte na Philippines ya yi barazanar shelanta yaki idan Kanada ta kasa sake kwato dattin tan 64 na datti da suka yi kuskuren lakabi a matsayin mai sake yin amfani da su. An ce kayan dattin daga Kanada wani kamfani ne mai zaman kansa wanda ya sake sarrafa kayan filastik a cikin shekarar 2016 da ya gabata. An riga an san Duterte game da kalamai masu tsauri da muguwar ɗabi'a. A yayin taron ASEAN da aka shirya a Manila na kasar Philippines, Firayim Minista Justin Trudeau ya halarci inda aka tambaye shi ko wane mataki za su iya yi don magance wannan batu. Trudeau ya yi alƙawarin cewa za su dawo da dattin Kanada daga Philippines amma bayan shekaru biyu an daidaita shi. Duterte ya bai wa gwamnatin Canada har zuwa ranar 30 ga Mayu ko kuma kotun kolin ta Philippine za ta kara dagula lamarin a kotun kasa da kasa. Wannan kuma ana kiransa da yaƙin sharar gida na Philippine-Canada .

Bayan wata guda, Malaysia ita ce kasa ta biyu a Asiya da ta ta'azzara cinikin sharar ba bisa ka'ida ba daga Canada, UK, Japan da Amurka. A cewar ministan muhalli na Malaysia; Yeo Bee Yin ya yi kakkausar murya cewa 'yan Malaysia ba za su karbi shara daga kasashen da suka ci gaba ba saboda hakan ya saba wa hakkin dan Adam.

Kasar Sin ta kuma takaita shigo da datti daga kasashen da suka ci gaba, kuma a halin yanzu kasashen Asiya irinsu Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam da Myanmar sun zama jaji na gaba na kasashen da suka ci gaba wanda hakan bai dace ba.

martani na kasa da kasa game da batutuwan cinikin sharar gida[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An sami martani daban-daban na kasa da kasa game da matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da cinikin sharar gida na duniya da kuma ƙoƙarin daidaita shi sama da shekaru talatin. Kasuwancin sharar gida mai haɗari ya tabbatar da cewa yana da wuyar daidaitawa saboda akwai sharar da ake sayar da ita, kuma sau da yawa dokoki suna da wuyar aiwatar da su. Bugu da ƙari, sau da yawa ana samun manyan lalurori a cikin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke ba ƙasashe da kamfanoni damar zubar da shara masu haɗari ta hanyoyi masu haɗari. To amman Babban yunƙurin da ya fi fice don daidaita kasuwancin sharar gida mai haɗari shine Yarjejeniyar Basel . [27]

Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa da dokar kasuwanci masu dacewa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Taron Basel[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yarjejeniyar Basel akan Sarrafa Matsalolin Matsala na Tsararru masu haɗari da zubar da su, wanda akafi sani da Yarjejeniyar Basel, yarjejeniya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita ƙauran ƙaura na ɓarna mai haɗari. An kafa yarjejeniyar Basel ne a shekara ta 1989 da kuma ƙoƙarin daidaita ma'amalar sharar gida mai haɗari, musamman don hana zubar da datti daga ƙasashe masu tasowa zuwa ƙasashe masu tasowa. [27] An samar da yarjejeniyar ta Basel ne biyo bayan wasu manyan batutuwan da aka yi ta fama da su inda aka rika jibge sharar guba masu yawa a cikin kasashen da ba su ci gaba ba, lamarin da ke jefa mutane da muhalli guba. [28] Yarjejeniyar dai na neman rage samar da barna masu hadari, da sarrafa tare da rage cinikinta a kan iyakokin kasar.

An buɗe Yarjejeniyar don sanya hannu a ranar 22 ga Maris Na shekarar 1989, kuma ta fara aiki a hukumance a ranar 5 ga Mayu shekarata 1992. [27] Tun daga watan Mayun shekarata 2014, jihohi 180 da Tarayyar Turai ne ke cikin yarjejeniyar. Haiti da Amurka sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar amma ba su amince da shi ba. [29]

SHARRI[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Cibiyar Sadarwar Muhalli don Haɓaka Ƙa'ida ta Ƙa'ida akan Haramtacciyar hanya (ENFORCE) wata hukuma ce da ƙwararrun masana masu dacewa ke aiki don inganta yarda da Yarjejeniyar Basel. [30] Ƙungiya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa da aka ƙirƙira don magance batutuwan da ke kan iyaka na cinikin sharar ƙasa da ƙasa. Saboda batun cinikin sharar da ke tsakanin kasa da kasa ya ratsa kan iyakoki da dama kuma ya shafi kasashe da dama, kuma yana da muhimmanci sosai a samu wata kungiya ta kasa-da-kasa, wadda ke jagorantar wadannan al'amura. Mambobin ENFORCE sun haɗa da wakilai ɗaya daga kowane yanki na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya guda biyar waɗanda ke cikin yarjejeniyar da kuma wakilai biyar daga cibiyoyin Basel Convention na yanki da masu daidaitawa, bisa ga daidaiton wakilcin yanki. [30] Membobin kungiyoyi irin su Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP), Hukumar ‘Yan Sanda ta Kasa da Kasa (INTERPOL), kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ke aiki don hanawa da dakatar da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa irin su Basel Action Network (BAN), da sauran kungiyoyi da dama su ma sun cancanci zama mambobi. na ENFORCE. [31]

Yarjejeniya kan Alhaki da Ramuwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin shekarar 1999 Yarjejeniyar Basel ta zartar da Yarjejeniya kan Alhaki da Ramuwa wanda ke neman inganta matakan tsari da mafi kyawun kare mutane daga sharar gida mai haɗari. Yarjejeniyar kan Alhaki da ramuwa tana ƙoƙarin "ƙaddamar da hanyoyin da suka dace lokacin da ƙetare iyakokin sharar gida ke haifar da lahani ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli". [32] Yarjejeniyar "tana sanya tsauraran alhaki ga diyya a cikin yanayin da ya shafi ƙungiyoyin Yarjejeniyar Basel, amma sai dai yayin da suke kula da sharar fage ta hanyar sanar da su, jigilar su, ko zubar da su." [32] Yana neman daidaitawa da tabbatar da bin ka'idodin ƙasashe da na kamfanoni da dokokin Basel. Koyaya, kuma yawancin ƙasashe ba su sanya hannu kan wannan yarjejeniya ba, don haka amfanin sa yana da iyaka. [32]

Yarjejeniyar Lomé IV da Yarjejeniyar Cotonou[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A kokarin kare kansu daga zubar da sharar da ba ta dace ba, kasashen Afirka, Caribbean, da Pasifik (ACP) sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Lome IV, wacce ke zama kari ga Yarjejeniyar Basel kuma ta haramta “fitar da datti mai hadari daga Tarayyar Turai zuwa kasashen Turai. Jihohin ACP." [32] Wannan Yarjejeniya dai wani yunkuri ne na kasashe masu tasowa na kare kansu daga kasashen yammacin duniya da ke fitar da shararsu zuwa kasashe matalauta ta hanyar safarar sharar da ke da hadari. Lokacin da yarjejeniyar Lomé IV ya kare a shekara ta 2000, kasashen ACP da kasashen Turai sun kulla sabuwar yarjejeniya da aka fi sani da yarjejeniyar Cotonou, wadda ta amince da wanzuwar kasadar da ba ta dace ba a kasashe masu tasowa da kuma sha'awar kare kariya daga jigilar kaya masu haɗari masu haɗari zuwa waɗannan ƙasashe. .” [32]

Taron Bamako[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A shekara ta 1991 kasashe masu tasowa da yawa a Afirka sun yi taro don tattauna rashin gamsuwarsu da yarjejeniyar Basel wajen tsara yadda ake zubar da datti a cikin kasashensu, tare da tsara dokar hana shigo da datti zuwa kasashensu mai suna Yarjejeniyar Bamako . Yarjejeniyar Bamako ta sha bamban da na Basel a cewar Bamako “ainihin ta haramta shigo da duk wata sharar da ake samarwa a wajen OAU (Kungiyar Hadin Kan Afirka) don zubarwa ko sake amfani da ita kuma tana ɗaukar duk wani shigo da shi daga wata Jam’iyya ba bisa ka’ida ba. aiki." [32] Duk da haka, Kuma waɗannan ƙasashe ba za su iya aiwatar da ƙa'idodin Yarjejeniyar yadda ya kamata ba kuma ba za su iya hana zubar da shara masu guba ba saboda ƙarancin albarkatu da kuma rashin ƙarfi mai ƙarfi. Don haka, aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Bamako yana da iyaka.

Sukar wadannan martani[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Laura Pratt, kwararre kan cinikin sharar gida mai haɗari, ta yi iƙirarin cewa, duk da ƙoƙarin gida da na ƙasa da ƙasa na daidaita kasuwancin sharar gida mai haɗari, Kuma "yarjejeniyoyi na duniya na yanzu, duka da tartsatsi, yarjejeniyoyin da suka dace da doka da kuma ajandar ad hoc tsakanin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙasashe, ba su samu ba. ya kasance mai nasara wajen kawar da mulkin mallaka mai guba kamar yadda masu goyon bayan za su yi fata." [32] Ta bayyana cewa akwai madogara daban-daban a tsarin da ake da shi a halin yanzu da ke ba da damar ci gaba da zubar da barasa, da kuma rashin kula da mulkin mallaka mai guba. Wasu daga cikin matsalolin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa sun haɗa da cigaba da jigilar kayayyaki ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da rashin ma'anar sharuddan.

Kayan jigilar kayayyaki na yaudara da ɓoyewa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Pratt ya bayyana cewa duk da yunƙurin daidaita zubar da shara ba bisa ƙa’ida ba, “[o] sau da yawa ana yin ɓarna mai haɗari ne kawai a ƙarƙashin izinin ƙarya, cin hanci, lakabin da bai dace ba, ko ma da hujjar ‘sake yin amfani da su,’ wanda ke daɗa girma.” [32] Kamfanoni sukan fitar da barnar da suke da ita zuwa kasashe matalauta ta hanyar fasa-kwauri ba bisa ga ka'ida ba. [33] Ƙoƙarin daidaita wannan kasuwa ya fuskanci cikas sakamakon rashin iya sa ido a harkar kasuwancin, saboda yawancin ƙasashe ba su da wata hukuma ta doka da za ta hana ko ladabtar da fataucin barasa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. [32] Bugu da ƙari, Pratt ya yi bayanin cewa ba tare da haɗin gwiwar hanyoyin kasa da kasa don aiwatar da ƙa'idodin ba, sannan Kuma yana da matukar wahala ga ƙasashe su "mallakar da cinikin haramtacciyar sharar gida, saboda rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin albarkatun tilastawa da daidaiton tsari." [32] Kasashe masu tasowa har yanzu sun fi daukar nauyin wannan haramtaccen aiki, kuma galibi ba su da wadata ko karfin kare kansu.

Matsaloli tare da ma'anar doka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wani batu tare da yarjejeniyar Basel da sauran yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa don daidaita cinikin sharar shine wahalar samar da fayyace ma'anoni iri ɗaya game da sharar gida. Kuma Wadannan ma'anoni masu fadi da ma'ana suna haifar da matsala tare da yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa, yayin da bangarori daban-daban ke fassara harshen yarjejeniyoyin daban don haka suna aiki daidai da haka. Misali, “rashin bambamta tsakanin ‘sharar gida’ da ‘kayayyaki’ a cikin yarjejeniyar da ma’auni na ‘masu haɗari’ sun ba da damar ci gaba da fitar da ‘sharar lafiya’ a ƙarƙashin lakabin kayayyaki ko albarkatun ƙasa, duk da ana cewa waɗannan sharar gida har yanzu suna haifar da haɗarin muhalli da lafiya ga ƙasashe masu tasowa." [32]

Duba wasu abubuwan[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  • Electronic waste § Batutuwan kasuwancin duniya
  • zubar da muhalli
  • Adalci na muhalli
  • Wariyar launin fata ta muhalli
  • Rashin daidaiton muhalli na duniya
  • Rashin gurɓatawa sun sami hasashe
  • Gurbacewa mulkin mallaka ne
  • Yanki hadaya
  • Mulkin mallaka mai guba

Bayanan kula[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ "Campaigners have identified the global trade in plastic waste as a main culprit in marine litter, because the industrialised world has for years been shipping much of its plastic “recyclables” to developing countries, which often lack the capacity to process all the material."[23]
  2. ↑ "The new UN rules will effectively prevent the US and EU from exporting any mixed plastic waste, as well plastics that are contaminated or unrecyclable — a move that will slash the global plastic waste trade when it comes into effect in January 2021."[23]

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "What a Waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management." World Bank: 8–13. Urban Development. Web. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387-1334852610766/Chap3.pdf
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nixon, Rob. Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 2011. 1. Print.
  3. ↑ 15 Harv. J. L. & Pub. Pol'y 373 (1992)Fallacies of Free Market Environmentalism, The ; Blumm, Michael C.
  4. ↑ Polychroniou, CJ. "Neoliberalism and the Politics of Higher Education: An Interview With Henry A. Giroux." Truthout. N.p., 26 Mar. 2013. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. <http://truth-out.org/news/item/15237-predatory-capitalism-and-the-attack-on-higher-education-an-interview-with-henry-a-giroux>.
  5. ↑ "Global Trade Liberalization and the Developing Countries – An IMF Issues Brief. International Monetary Fund. Nov. 2001. Web. 11 Apr. 2014. http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/ib/2001/110801.htm#i
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Johnson, J. “Potential Gains from Trade in Dirty Industries: Revisiting Lawrence Summers’ Memo.” 398–402. Cato Institute.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Newell, Peter. "Race, Class, and the Global Politics of Environmental Inequality." Global Environmental Politics 5.3 (2005): 70–94. MIT Press Journals. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. <http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/1526380054794835>.
  8. ↑ Stefan. "Material World: Evo Morales:A Call for Socialism?" World Socialist Movement. The Socialist Party of Great Britain, n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2014. <http://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/socialist-standard/2000s/2008/no-1246-june-2008/material-world-evo-moralesa-call-socialism>.
  9. ↑ Taylor, Dorceta E. "Women of Color, Environmental Justice, and Ecofeminism." In K. Warren (ed.) Ecofeminism: Women, Culture, Nature(1997), pages 58–70.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Toxic Colonialism, Environmental Justice, and Native Resistance in Silko's "Almanac of the Dead" T. V. Reed MELUS, Vol. 34, No. 2, Ethnicity and Ecocriticism (Summer, 2009), pp. 25–42. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20532677.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Laura A. Pratt, Decreasing Dirty Dumping? A Reevaluation of Toxic Waste Colonialism and the Global Management of Transboundary Hazardous Waste, 35 Wm. & Mary Envtl. L. & Pol'y Rev. (2011), http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr/vol35/iss2/5
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Sthiannopkao S, Wong MH. (2012) Handling e-waste in developed and developing countries: Initiatives, practices, and consequences. Sci Total Environ.
  13. ↑ Wong, M.h., S.c. Wu, W.j. Deng, X.z. Yu, Q. Luo, A.o.w. Leung, C.s.c. Wong, W.j. Luksemburg, and A.s. Wong. "Export of Toxic Chemicals – A Review of the Case of Uncontrolled Electronic-Waste Recycling." Environmental Pollution 149.2 (2007): 131–40. Print.
  14. ↑ "China's Electronic Waste Village – Photo Essays." Time. Time Inc., n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2014. <http://content.time.com/time/photogallery/0%2C29307%2C1870162_1822153%2C00.html>.
  15. ↑ "Ash From Khian Sea Is On The Move Again The 14-year-old Philadelphia Waste, Dumped In Haiti 12 Years Ago, Is On Its Way To Be Disposed Of In Louisiana"
  16. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named mcgraw
  17. ↑ Reeves, Hope (2001-02-18). "A Trail of Refuse". New York Times – Magazine. Retrieved 5 April 2013
  18. ↑ Dalyell, Tam (July 2, 1992). "Thistle Diary: Toxic Wastes and Other Ethical Issues". New Scientist: 50.
  19. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named basel
  20. ↑ Clapp, J. "Africa, NGOs, and the International Toxic Waste Trade." The Journal of Environment & Development 3.2 (1994): 17–46. Print.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Okaru, Valentina O. "The Basil Convention: Controlling the Movement of Hazardous Wastes to Developing Countries." Fordham Environmental Law Review 6th ser. 4.2 (2011): 138. Web. 11 Apr. 2014.
  22. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named jones
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Clive Cookson 2019.
  24. ↑ Grossman, Elizabeth. "Where Computers Go to Die — and Kill." Salon. N.p., 10 Apr. 2006. Web. <http://www.salon.com/2006/04/10/ewaste
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 Frazzoli, Chiara, Orish Ebere Orisakwe, Roberto Dragone, and Alberto Mantovani. "Diagnostic Health Risk Assessment of Electronic Waste on the General Population in Developing Countries' Scenarios." Environmental Impact Assessment Review 30 (2010): 388–99. Web.
  26. ↑ Grossman, Elizabeth. "Where Computers Go to Die — and Kill." Salon. N.p., 10 Apr. 2006. Web. <http://www.salon.com/2006/04/10/ewaste/>.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Abrams, David J. "Regulating the International Hazardous Waste Trade: A Proposed Global Solution." Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 28 (1990): 801–46. Hein Online. Web. 24 Feb. 2014.
  28. ↑ Krueger, Jonathan. "The Basel Convention and the International Trade in Hazardous Wastes." YEARBOOK OF INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT (2001/2002): 43–51. Web.
  29. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Basel2
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 ENFORCE. Terms of Reference for Cooperative Arrangements on Preventing and Combating Illegal Traffic: The Environmental Network for Optimizing Regulatory Compliance on Illegal Traffic (ENFORCE). By UNEP. Bangkok, 2013. Print.
  31. ↑ ENFORCE. Report of the First Meeting of the Environmental Network for Optimizing Regulatory Compliance on Illegal Traffic (ENFORCE). Bangkok, 2013. Print.
  32. ↑ 32.00 32.01 32.02 32.03 32.04 32.05 32.06 32.07 32.08 32.09 32.10 Pratt, Laura A. "Decreasing Dirty Dumping? A Reevaluation of Toxic Waste Colonialism and the Global Management of Transboundary Hazardous Waste." William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review 35.2 (2011): n. pag. Web.
  33. ↑ Rosenthal, Elisabeth. "Smuggling Europe’s Waste to Poorer Countries." The New York Times. N.p., 26 Sept. 2009. Web. <http://www.mrwmd.org/archives/2009%20Board%20Meeting/October/MRWMDSep09_6a_Smuggling_Europe.pdf Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine>.

Sources[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

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