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Kasuwar bayi

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Kasuwar bayi
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare nakasuwa
Typically sells (en) Fassaraslave (mul) Fassara
Kasuwar bayi, farkon karni na 17 na Jacques Callot

Kasuwar bayi wuri ne da ake saye da sayar da bayi . Waɗannan kasuwanni wani muhimmin al'amari ne a tarihin bauta .

Asiya

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Asiya ta tsakiya

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Tun a zamanin da, biranen da ke kan hanyar siliki ta tsakiyar Asiya, sun kasance cibiyoyin cinikin bayi. A farkon tsakiyar shekaru, Asiya ta Tsakiya ta kasance wurin jigilar bayi na Turai da Vikings a Rasha ke sayar da su zuwa bauta a cikin Halifancin Abbasiyawa ta kasuwannin bayi na Asiya ta Tsakiya. Kasuwancin bayi a cikin daular Mongol ya haifar da hanyar sadarwa na kasuwannin bayi tsakanin Asiya da Turai.

A karni na 19, kasuwannin bayi na Khiva da Bukhara har yanzu suna cikin manyan kasuwannin bayi a duniya. A Bukhara, Samarkand, Karakul, Karshi, da Charju, galibin Farisa, Rashawa, da wasu bayin Kalmyk, Turkmens, Kazakhs, da Kyrgyz sun yi ciniki. Daga ƙarni na 17 zuwa na 19, Khiva ta kasance sanannen kasuwar bayi ga bayin Farisa da na Rasha waɗanda aka kama. An kawar da kasuwannin bayi na tsakiyar Asiya tare da mamayar da Rasha ta yi wa jihohin Musulunci na Asiya ta Tsakiya a cikin 1870s.

Afirka

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Gabashin Afirka

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Kasuwar Bayi, ta Jean-Léon Gérôme, 1866. Wannan sanannen batu ne a cikin zanen Oriental na ƙarni na 19, yawanci tare da nau'in jima'i.
Kasuwar Bayi ta Horace Vernet, 1836

A Somaliya, Bantu da ke zaune sun fito ne daga kungiyoyin Bantu da suka zauna a Kudu maso Gabashin Afirka bayan an fara fadadawa daga Najeriya/Kamaru, kuma aka kama mambobinsu aka sayar da su zuwa cinikin bayi na Larabawa. [1]

Zanzibar kasuwar bayi a 1860, na Edwin Stocqueler

Daga 1800 zuwa 1890, ana tsammanin an sayar da bayin Bantu 25,000-50,000 daga kasuwar bayi ta Zanzibar zuwa gabar tekun Somaliya. [2] sun fito ne daga kabilun Majindo, Makua, Nyasa, Yao, Zalama, Zaramo da Zigua na Tanzaniya, Mozambique da Malawi . Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan ƙungiyoyin Bantu ana kiran su Mushunguli, wanda shine kalmar da aka karɓa daga Mzigula, kalmar kabilar Zigua don "mutane" (kalmar tana riƙe da ma'anoni da yawa da suka haɗa da "ma'aikaci", "baƙo", da "bawa"). Bantu manya da yara bayi (wanda ake magana da shi a matsayin jareer ta iyayengijinsu na Somaliya ) an saya su a cikin kasuwar bayi kawai don yin aikin da ba a so a kan filayen shuka.

Ana sayar da ’yan Afirka da suke bauta a garuruwan Larabawa . A cikin 1416, al-Maqrizi ya ba da labarin yadda mahajjata da suka zo daga Takrur (kusa da kogin Senegal ) suka kawo bayi 1,700 zuwa Makka . A Arewacin Afirka, manyan kasuwannin bayi sun kasance a Maroko, Algiers, Tripoli da Alkahira. An gudanar da tallace-tallace a wuraren jama'a ko a cikin souks .

Masu saye masu yuwuwa sun yi nazari a hankali game da "kayayyakin": sun duba yanayin lafiyar mutumin da ke tsaye tsirara tare da wuyan hannu da aka ɗaure tare. A Alkahira, ma'amalar da ta shafi bāba da ƙwaraƙwara ta faru a cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu. Farashin ya bambanta bisa ga ingancin bawan. Thomas Smee, kwamandan jirgin ruwa na Birtaniya Ternate, ya ziyarci irin wannan kasuwa a Zanzibar a 1811 kuma ya ba da cikakken bayani:

Arewacin Afirka

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Kasuwar bayi ta Masar ta Dā, tare da bayin Nubiya da ke jiran a sayar da su

Kasuwancin bayi ya kasance a Arewacin Afirka tun zamanin da, inda ake samun bayin daga nahiyar Afirka ta ƙasa da hamada ta hanyar hanyar kasuwancin sahara. Garuruwa da ke bakin tekun Arewacin Afirka sun yi fice a zamanin Roma na dā saboda kasuwannin bayi, kuma wannan al’ada ta ci gaba har zuwa Tsakiyar Zamani. Kasuwancin bayi na Barbary a gabar Barbary ya ƙara tasiri a ƙarni na 15, lokacin da Daular Ottoman ta karɓi mulki a yankin. Wannan ya haɗu da shigowar Yahudun Sephardi[3] da ’Yan gudun hijirar Moorish, waɗanda aka kore daga Sifaniya bayan Reconquista. Kasuwancin bayi na Barbary ya haɗa da bautar bayin Afirka da Bautar Fararen fata.

Yammacin Afirka

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Kasuwar Bayi ta Velekete da aka kafa a 1502 a Badagry, Jihar Lagos,[4][5] ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin kasuwancin bayi ta Atlantika a Badagry, kasancewar ta wurin kasuwanci inda wakilan Afirka ke siyar da bayi ga ‘yan kasuwa turawa. Wannan ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan kasuwannin bayi da aka fi sani a Yammacin Afirka.[6]

Turai da Daular Usmaniyya

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See also: Bautar bayi a zamanin da a Turai

Kudancin Turai

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Birnin teku na Lagos, Portugal, shi ne kasuwar bayi ta farko da aka kafa a Portugal don sayar da bayin Afirka da aka shigo da su, Mercado de Escravos, wadda aka bude a shekara ta 1444.[7][8] A shekarar 1441 ne aka fara kawo bayi zuwa Portugal daga arewacin Mauritania.[8] Yarima Henry the Navigator, wanda ya dauki nauyin yawancin tafiye-tafiyen bincike na Afirka da Portugal suka gudanar, yana karbar haraji na kashi daya cikin biyar daga kudin sayar da bayi da aka shigo da su zuwa Portugal.[8] A shekara ta 1550, akwai kimanin bayi bakar fata 50,000 a birnin Lisbon.[9] Zuwa shekara ta 1552, bayin Afirka sun kai kashi 10% na yawan jama'ar Lisbon.[10][11] A rabin karni na biyu na ƙarni na 16, gwamnatin Portugal ta daina rike da tsarin mallakar kasuwancin bayi gaba daya, inda kasuwancin bayi daga Afirka ya mayar da hankali kai tsaye zuwa ƙasashen mulkin mallaka a Amurka — musamman Brazil a matsayinta na mallakar Portugal.[8] A cikin ƙarni na 15, kashi ɗaya bisa uku na bayin da aka kama ana sayar da su a kasuwannin Afirka a matsayin musaya da zinariya.[12]

Arewaci da Gabashin Turai

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A farkon zamanin da, Dublin da Prague na daga cikin manyan kasuwannin bayi a Turai. Dublin ta kasance cibiyar kasuwancin bayi na Vikings. Mutanen da aka kama yayin hare-haren Vikings a yammacin Turai, kamar Ireland, za a iya kai su Scandinavia ko kuma a sayar da su zuwa Andalus a Spain ta hanyar kasuwar bayi ta Dublin.[13] Bayin da aka kama daga gabashin Turai za a iya kai su zuwa Hedeby ko Brännö sannan daga nan su bi hanyar kasuwanci ta Volga zuwa Rasha, inda ake sayar da bayi da fata ga 'yan kasuwa Bizantine da Musulmi[14] a musayar azurfa ta Larabawa dirham da zane-zane masu kyau, wanda aka gano a Birka, Wollin da Dublin;[15] da farko wannan hanyar kasuwanci ta ratsa ta Khaganate na Khazar,[16] amma tun daga farkon ƙarni na 10, hanyar ta koma ta Volga Bulgaria sannan ta hanyar karavan zuwa Khwarazm, zuwa kasuwar bayi ta Samanid a Tsakiyar Asiya sannan ta bi ta Iran zuwa Daular Abbasid.[17]

Prague ta kasance cibiyar kasuwancin bayi daga gabashin Turai, inda ake kawo bayin da ba Musulmi ba daga gabashin Turai zuwa Prague, inda 'yan kasuwa ke sayen su domin kai su zuwa Andalus a gabar tekun Iberia. Daga cikin sauran kasuwannin bayi na Turai, Genoa da Venice (cibiyoyin kasuwancin bayi na Genoese da Venetian) sun kasance sanannun kasuwanni, inda bukata da muhimmancinsu ya karu bayan annobar cutar da ta kashe yawancin ma'aikatan Turai a ƙarni na 14.[18]

Daular Usmaniyya

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William Allan (1782-1850) - Kasuwar Bayi a Constantinople

A cikin Daular Usmaniyya a tsakiyar ƙarni na 14, ana gudanar da kasuwancin bayi a kasuwanni na musamman da ake kira "Esir" ko "Yesir" da ke cikin yawancin birane da ƙauyuka. Ana danganta Sultan Mehmed II "Mai Nasara" da kafa kasuwar bayi ta farko a Constantinople a shekarun 1460s, mai yiyuwa a inda tsohuwar kasuwar bayi ta Byzantine ta ke. A cewar Nicolas de Nicolay, bayin suna da shekaru da jinsi daban-daban, kuma ana nuna su tsirara domin masu son saye su duba su sosai.[19]

A farkon ƙarni na 18, Khaganate na Crimea yana da kasuwancin bayi mai girma da Daular Usmaniyya da Gabas ta Tsakiya, inda suka fitar da kusan bayi miliyan 2 daga Rasha da Poland-Lithuania tsakanin 1500–1700.[20] Caffa (yanzu Feodosia) ta zama daya daga cikin shahararrun tashoshin ciniki da kasuwannin bayi.[21]

Kasuwar bayi ta ƙarshe a Turai ita ce wadda ke a Constantinople, babban birnin Usmaniyya. Ita ce wurin karɓar bayi da aka kawo daga Turai ta hanyar kasuwannin bayi na Crimea da Circassia, da daga Afirka ta hanyar kasuwancin bayi na hamadar Sahara, Tekun Ja da kuma Tekun Indiya. Kasuwar ta rabu kashi biyu, na maza da na mata. A kasuwar bayin mata, Avret Pazari, ana nuna bayin mata tsirara a saman dandalin sayarwa kuma an daure su domin masu saya su iya dubawa.[22] Babban kasuwar bayi a babban birnin Usmaniyya an rufe ta ne ta hanyar dokar rushe kasuwar bayi ta Istanbul a shekara ta 1847. Wannan doka ba ta hana sayar da bayi gaba daya ba, amma ta mayar da cinikin cikin gida domin rage bayyana wa jama'a.[23]

Arewacin Amurka

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Amurka

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Fararen fata a tsaye, 104 Locust Street, St. Louis, Missouri a 1852 a Kasuwar Bayi ta Lynch

A cikin tarihin bauta a Amurka, kasuwancin bayi na cikin gida ya zama babban aikin tattalin arziki daga shekarar 1815, kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarun 1860.[24] Daga 1830 zuwa 1840, kimanin bayi 250,000 aka kai daga jihohi zuwa wasu.[24] A shekarun 1850, fiye da 193,000 aka sauya wurare, kuma masana tarihi sun kiyasta kusan miliyan ɗaya aka tilasta su yin wannan sabuwar "Middle Passage". A shekarar 1860, adadin bayin da ke Amurka ya kai miliyan 4.[24]

Tsohuwar Kasuwar Bayi a St. Augustine, Florida a 1886

A shekarun 1840, kusan bayi 300,000 aka sauya wurare, inda Alabama da Mississippi suka karɓi 100,000 kowanne. Kowane shekarun goma daga 1810 zuwa 1860, aƙalla bayi 100,000 aka motsa daga wuraren haihuwarsu. A shekarun ƙarshe kafin Yaƙin Basasa, 250,000 aka motsa. Masanin tarihin Ira Berlin ya rubuta:

Kasuwancin bayi na cikin gida ya zama babbar sana'a a Kudu bayan gonaki, kuma mai amfani da sabbin hanyoyin sufuri, kuɗi, da talla. Masana’antar bayi ta kirkiro da nata harshen musamman, da kalmomi kamar “prime hands”, “bucks”, “breeding wenches”, da “fancy girls”.[25]

Yaduwar kasuwancin bayi tsakanin jihohi ta kawo “farfaɗo na tattalin arzikin jihohin da suka taɓe” yayin da buƙata ta haɓaka darajar bayin da za a sayar.[26]

Wasu 'yan kasuwa suna tura “dukiyarsu” ta ruwa, inda Norfolk zuwa New Orleans ya fi shahara, amma mafi yawan bayi suna tafiya a ƙasa cikin ƙungiyoyin “coffles”. Wasu kuma ana jigilar su ta ƙasa daga kasuwanni kamar Louisville da Natchez. ‘Yan kasuwa sun kirkiro hanyoyin tafiya na yau da kullum da suka haɗa da gidajen bayi, filaye da wuraren ajiya na wucin gadi. Haka kuma, wasu masu siyarwa suna ba da tufafi, abinci da kayan masarufi. A yayin tafiya, ana sayar da wasu bayi kuma a sayi sabbi. Berlin ya ƙarshe da cewa: “Gaba ɗaya, kasuwancin bayi da cibiyoyinsa da hanyoyinsa ya shiga kowanne ɓangare na al’ummar Kudu. Ƙalilan ne ba su shafi ba, bakake ko farare.”[27]

New Orleans, inda 'yan mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka kafa gonakin suga kuma suka fitar da suga a matsayin babban kayan kasuwanci, ta zama muhimmiyar kasuwar bayi da tashar jirgin ruwa a ƙasa, inda bayi ke tafiya ta jirgin ruwa zuwa gonaki a bakin kogin Mississippi; kuma tana siyar da bayin da suka zo daga kasuwanni kamar Louisville. A 1840, ta kasance kasuwar bayi mafi girma a Arewacin Amurka. Ta zama birni mafi arziki da na hudu mafi girma a ƙasa, ta dogara da kasuwancin bayi da sana’o’in da suka shafi shi.[28] Lokacin ciniki ya kasance daga Satumba zuwa Mayu, bayan girbi.[29]

Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun gine-ginen kasuwar bayi da ke saura a Amurka ita ce Old Slave Mart a Charleston, South Carolina. A farkon rabin ƙarni na 19, bayin da aka kawo Charleston ana siyar da su a gwanjo a gabar Exchange and Provost building.[30] Bayan garin ya haramta gwanjon bayi a sarari a 1856,[30] kasuwanni masu rufaffun ƙofa sun bayyana a tituna kamar Chalmers, State, da Queen. Ɗaya daga ciki shi ne Ryan’s Mart, wanda ƙungiyar garin da dillalin kasuwa Thomas Ryan da abokin kasuwancinsa James Marsh suka kafa. Ryan’s Mart da farko yana da fili rufe mai gine-gine uku — ginin bene mai hawa huɗu wanda ake tsare bayi, kicin da wurin ajiyar gawa.[31]

A 1859, wani mai gwanjo mai suna Z. B. Oakes ya saya Ryan’s Mart, kuma ya gina abin da aka sani da ginin Old Slave Mart don amfani a matsayin dandalin gwanjo. Teburin gwanjon yana da tsawon kafa 3 da kuma faɗin kafa 10 kuma yana cikin ƙofar baka.[30] Bayan bayi, ana siyar da ƙasa da kaya a kasuwar.[31] Gwanjon bayi a Ryan’s Mart ana tallata su a takardun talla a shekarun 1850, wasu ma sun bayyana har zuwa Galveston, Texas.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Refugees Vol. 3, No. 128, 2002 UNHCR Publication Refugees about the Somali Bantu" (PDF). Unhcr.org. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
  2. ↑ "The Somali Bantu: Their History and Culture" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
  3. ↑ Gerber, Jane (1992). The Jews of Spain. USA: The Free Press. pp. 119–125. ISBN 0-02-911574-4.
  4. ↑ Hakeem Ibikunle Tijani (2010). The African diaspora: historical analysis, poetic verses, and pedagogy. Learning Solutions. ISBN 978-0-558-49759-0.
  5. ↑ A. Babatunde Olaide-Mesewaku; Babatunde A. Olaide-Mesewaku (2001). Badagry district, 1863–1999. John West Publications Ltd. ISBN 978-978-163-090-3.
  6. ↑ Njoku, Jude (6 February 2013). "Vlekete: When a slave market becomes a tourist centre". Vanguard Newspaper. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  7. ↑ Goodman, Joan E. (2001). A Long and Uncertain Journey: The 27,000 Mile Voyage of Vasco Da Gama. Mikaya Press, ISBN 978-0-9650493-7-5.
  8. 1 2 3 4 de Oliveira Marques, António Henrique R. (1972). History of Portugal. Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-231-03159-2, shf. 158–60, 362–70.
  9. ↑ Drescher, Seymour (2018-01-03). Pathways from Slavery: British and Colonial Mobilizations in Global Perspective (in Turanci). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-79786-3.
  10. ↑ Thomas Foster Earle, K. J. P. Lowe "Black Africans in Renaissance Europe" shf. 157 Google
  11. ↑ David Northrup, "Africa's Discovery of Europe" shf. 8 (Google)
  12. ↑ Klein, Herbert. The Atlantic Slave Trade (1970).
  13. ↑ "The Slave Market of Dublin". 23 April 2013.
  14. ↑ Barker, Hannah (2021), "The Trade in Slaves in the Black Sea, Russia, and Eastern Europe", The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2: AD 500–AD 1420, pp. 100–122
  15. ↑ The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 3, C.900-c.1024. (1995). Cambridge University Press. shf. 91
  16. ↑ The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. (2007). Brill. shf. 232
  17. ↑ The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 3, C.900-c.1024. (1995). Cambridge University Press. shf. 504
  18. ↑ Bales, Kevin. Understanding Global Slavery: A Reader
  19. ↑ "Fischer W. Alan (1978) The sale of slaves in the Ottoman Empire: Markets and state taxes on slave sales, some preliminary considerations. Bogazici Universitesi Dergisi, vol. 6, shf. 150-151" (PDF).
  20. ↑ Darjusz Kołodziejczyk, kamar yadda Mikhail Kizilov ya ruwaito a cikin "Slaves, Money Lenders, and Prisoner Guards: The Jews and the Trade in Slaves and Captives in the Crimean Khanate". The Journal of Jewish Studies: 2. 2007.
  21. ↑ "Historical survey > Slave societies".
  22. ↑ Madden, T. F. (2016). Istanbul: City of Majesty at the Crossroads of the World. Penguin. p. 272.
  23. ↑ The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery Throughout History. Springer International. 2023. p. 536.
  24. 1 2 3 Marcyliena H. Morgan (2002). Language, Discourse and Power in African American Culture, shafi na 20. Cambridge University Press, 2002.
  25. ↑ Berlin, Generations of Captivity, shafi 166–69.
  26. ↑ Kolchin, shafi 98.
  27. ↑ Berlin, Generations of Captivity, shafi 168–71.
  28. ↑ Walter Johnson, Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1999.
  29. ↑ Johnson (1999), Soul by Soul, shafi 2.
  30. 1 2 3 National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers, Old Slave Mart. An dawo da shi: 27 Mayu 2010.
  31. 1 2 Nenie Dixon da Elias Bull, National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form for Old Slave Mart, 12 Fabrairu 1975. An dawo da shi: 27 Mayu 2010.
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