Kenneth Kaunda
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Kenneth Kaunda (28 Afrilu 1924 - 17 Yuni 2021), kuma akafi sani da KK, ɗan siyasan Zambia ne wanda ya zama shugaban ƙasar Zambia na farko daga shekarun 1964 zuwa 1991. Ya kasance a sahun gaba wajen fafutukar neman yancin kai daga turawan ingila. Bai gamsu da shugabancin Harry Nkumbula na jam'iyyar Northern Rhodesian African National Congress, ya ɓalle ya kafa jam'iyyar Zambian African National Congress, daga bisani ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar Socialist United National Independence Party (UNIP).
Kaunda shi ne shugaban ƙasar Zambia na farko mai cin gashin kai. A shekarar 1973, bayan rikicin ƙabilanci da na jam'iyyu, an dakatar da dukkan jam'iyyun siyasa ban da UNIP ta hanyar yin kwaskwarima ga kundin tsarin mulki bayan sanya hannu kan sanarwar Choma. A sa'i ɗaya kuma, Kaunda ya sa ido kan yadda ake samun mafi yawan hannayen jari a manyan kamfanoni mallakar kasasyhen waje. Rikicin mai a shekarar 1973 da raguwar kuɗaɗen shigar da ake samu a ƙasashen waje ya sanya ƙasar Zambiya cikin halin matsin tattalin arziki. Matsin lamba na ƙasashen yamma ya tilastawa Kaunda sauya dokokin da suka sa shi kan ƙaragar mulki. An gudanar da zaɓukan jam'iyyu da yawa a shekarar 1991, inda Frederick Chiluba shugaban jam'iyyar Movement for Multi-Party Democracy ya kori Kaunda.
An kwace masa zama ɗan kasar Zambiya a takaice a shekarar 1998, amma an soke shawarar bayan shekaru biyu a shekara ta 2000. [1]
Rayuwar farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Kenneth Kaunda a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 1924 a Ofishin Jakadancin Lubwa a Chinsali, a lokacin wani yanki na Arewacin Rhodesia, yanzu Zambia, [2] kuma shine ƙarami cikin yara takwas. Mahaifinsa, Reverend David Kaunda, wani coci ne da aka naɗa na Scotland [3] mai mishan kuma malami, wanda aka haifa a Nyasaland (yanzu Malawi) kuma ya koma Chinsali, don aiki a Ofishin Jakadancin Lubwa. [4] Mahaifiyarsa, Helen Nyirenda Kaunda, ita ma malama ce kuma ita ce macen Afirka ta farko da ta fara koyarwa a Arewacin Rhodesia na mulkin mallaka. [4] Dukkansu malamai ne a cikin ƙabilar Bemba da ke arewacin Zambiya. [4] Mahaifinsa ya rasu sa’ad da Kenneth yake yaro. [3] A nan ne Kenneth Kaunda ya sami ilimi har zuwa farkon shekara ta 1940s. Daga baya ya bi sawun iyayensa ya zama malami; [3] na farko a Arewacin Rhodesia [3] amma sai a tsakiyar 1940s ya koma Tanganyika Territory (yanzu wani yanki na Tanzaniya). Ya kuma yi aiki a Kudancin Rhodesia. [3] Ya halarci Cibiyar horar da Munali a Lusaka tsakanin shekarun 1941 zuwa 1943. [5] [6] A farkon aikinsa, ya karanta rubuce-rubucen Mahatma Gandhi cewa ya ce: "ya tafi kai tsaye zuwa zuciyata."
Kaunda ya kasance malami a Makarantar Firamare ta Upper kuma Masters na kwana a Lubwa sannan kuma Headmaster a Lubwa daga shekarun 1943 zuwa 1945. Na wani lokaci, ya yi aiki a Salisbury da Bindura Mine. [5] A farkon shekarar 1948, ya zama malami a Mufulira na United Missions to Copperbelt (UMCB). [5] Sannan ya kasance mataimaki a Cibiyar Jin Daɗin Jama'a ta Afirka da kuma Jagoran Makarantar Mine da ke Mufulira. A wannan lokacin, yana jagorantar ƙungiyar Pathfinder Scout kuma ya kasance Choirmaster a Cocin na Afirka ta Tsakiya. Ya kuma kasance mataimakin sakataren majalisar wakilai reshen Nchanga. [5]
Gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai da shugabanci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A shekarar 1949 Kaunda ya shiga siyasa kuma ya zama memba na Arewacin Rhodesian African National Congress. [7] A ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba 1953 ya koma Lusaka don ya zama babban sakataren jam'iyyar ANC, ƙarƙashin shugabancin Harry Nkumbula. [3] Ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwar Kaunda da Nkumbula sun ƙasa jawo ’yan asalin Afirka don adawa da Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland da Turawa suka mamaye. [3] A cikin shekarar 1955 Kaunda da Nkumbula an ɗaure su na tsawon watanni biyu tare da aiki tuƙuru don rarraba littattafai masu ɓarna. [3] Shugabannin biyu sun rabu yayin da Nkumbula ya ƙara samun rinjaye daga masu sassaucin ra'ayi masu sassaucin ra'ayi [8] kuma ya ƙasa kare 'yan asalin Afirka, Kaunda ya jagoranci wata ƙungiya mai banƙyama zuwa Nkumbula wanda a ƙarshe ya rabu da ANC kuma ya kafa nasa jam'iyyar, Zambian African National Congress (ZANC) a watan Oktoba 1958. [3] [8] An dakatar da ZANC a cikin watan Maris 1959 kuma a Kaunda an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin watanni tara, wanda ya yi a farko a Lusaka, sannan a Salisbury. [9] [3]
Yayin da Kaunda ke kurkuku, Mainza Chona da sauran masu kishin ƙasa sun ɓalle daga ANC, kuma a watan Oktoban 1959, Chona ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar United National Independence Party (UNIP), wanda ya gaji ZANC. Sai dai Chona bai ɗauki kansa a matsayin babban wanda ya kafa jam'iyyar ba. Lokacin da aka saki Kaunda daga kurkuku a watan Janairun 1960 an zaɓe shi shugaban UNIP. A cikin shekarar 1960 ya ziyarci Martin Luther King Jr. a Atlanta daga baya, a cikin watan Yuli 1961, Kaunda ya shirya gangamin rashin biyayya a lardin Arewa, yakin da ake kira Cha-cha-cha, wanda ya ƙunshi yawancin konewa da kuma hana manyan hanyoyi. Daga baya Kaunda ya tsaya takara a matsayin ɗan takarar UNIP a zaɓen shekarar 1962. Wannan ya haifar da gwamnatin haɗin gwiwa ta UNIP-ANC, tare da Kaunda a matsayin ministan ƙananan hukumomi da walwalar jama'a. A watan Janairun 1964, UNIP ta lashe manyan zaɓuka na gaba, inda ta kayar da abokan hamayyar su ANC tare da samun nasarar Kaunda a matsayin firaminista. A ranar 24 ga watan Oktoba 1964 ya zama shugaban ƙasa na farko na Zambiya mai cin gashin kanta, inda ya naɗa Reuben Kamanga a matsayin mataimakinsa. [10]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "How Zambia's first president had to go to court in 1999 to prove he was not a Malawian". Face2Face Africa (in Turanci). 24 October 2018. Archived from the original on 17 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
- ↑ "Former Zambian president Kenneth Kaunda dies | eNCA". enca.com (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 "Kenneth Kaunda: Zambia's independence hero". BBC. 17 June 2021. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "BBCKen" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Kenneth Kaunda". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedKasukaPALSI - ↑ "Kenneth Kaunda and the vision of a united Africa". The Citizen. 9 January 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
- ↑ Mfula, Chris (17 June 2021). "Zambia's founding president, Kenneth Kaunda, dies aged 97". Swissinfo. Archived from the original on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Harry Nkumbula Dies; Led African Congress". The New York Times. 10 October 1983. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
- ↑ "Kenneth David Kaunda". biography.yourdictionary.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
- ↑ "10 Things You Didn't Know About Reuben Chitandika Kamanga | Youth Village Zambia" (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.