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Kiristanci a Afirka

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Kiristanci a Afirka
Christianity of an area (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na Christianity on the Earth (en) Fassara da Addini a Afirka
Fuskar Afirka
Nahiya Afirka

Kiristanci ya isa Afirka a karni na daya miladiyya; ya zuwa 2024, shi ne addini mafi girma a nahiyar. [1] Yawancin Kiristocin Afirka sun rinjayi farkon ci gaban Kiristanci kuma sun tsara koyarwarsa, ciki har da Tertullian, Perpetua, Felicity, Clement na Alexandria, Origen na Alexandria, Cyprian, Athanasius da Augustine na Hippo . A karni na 4, daular Aksumite a Habasha da Eritrea ta zamani sun zama ɗaya daga cikin yankuna na farko a duniya da suka karɓi Kiristanci a matsayin addininsu na hukuma, sai kuma masarautun Nubian na Nobatia, Makuria da Alodia da masarautun Kirista Berber da dama. [2]

Yakin da Musulunci ya yi a Arewacin Afirka ya haifar da matsin lamba ga Kiristoci su shiga Musulunci saboda haraji na musamman da aka dora wa waɗanda ba Musulmi ba da kuma sauran matsalolin zamantakewar al’umma a ƙarƙashin mulkin Musulmi, duk da cewa an kyale Kiristoci su ci gaba da gudanar da addininsu . [3] Cocin Orthodox na Gabashin Alexandria da Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria (waɗanda suka rabu da juna a lokacin Schism na Chalcedonia ) a Masar da Cocin Orthodox Tewahedo sun tsira daga mamayar musulmi. Musuluntar da yankin da musulmi ke mulka ya ci gaba da tafiya cikin ’yan ƙarnuka masu zuwa, kodayake masana tarihi ba su fahimce shi sosai ba. [3] Ƙuntatawa kan ginin coci da rusa majami'u a Masar, tare da tsanantawa lokaci-lokaci kamar lokacin mulkin al-Hakim (996-1021), ya sanya ƙarin matsin lamba kan Copts a Masar . [4] : A tsakiyar zamanai, daular Habasha ita ce yanki daya tilo na Afirka da ya rayu a matsayin kasar Kirista bayan fadada addinin Musulunci. [5] Ikklisiya ta Habasha tana riƙe da nata al'adun addini dabam-dabam da na musamman na Littafi Mai-Tsarki . Saboda haka, al'ummar Ikklisiya ta Habasha ta bambanta a duniya ta yadda ba a yi musu Kiristanci ta hanyar masu mishan na Turai ba, amma suna da 'yanci sosai kuma ita kanta ta yada mishan a cikin sauran Afirka kafin tuntuɓar Kiristocin Turai da nahiyar.

A karshen karni na 15, 'yan kasuwa da masu wa'azi na Portugal sun fara isa yammacin Afirka, da farko a Guinea, Mauritania, Gambiya, Ghana, da Saliyo, sai Najeriya sannan daga bisani a cikin Masarautar Kongo, inda za su sami nasara wajen mayar da fitattun shugabanni na cikin gida zuwa mabiya darikar Katolika . A lokacin da kuma bayan Scramble na Afirka a ƙarshen karni na 19, waɗannan al'ummomin Kirista da sauransu sun fara bunƙasa sama da ƙasa da bakin teku, da kuma a Tsakiya da Kudancin Afirka yayin da sababbin ayyukan mishan daga Turai suka fara, [6] (Masu bishara na Kirista sun shiga cikin tsarin mulkin mallaka a kudancin Afirka). [7] A cikin karni na 21, sun kasance mafi yawan al'ummar Kirista da ke karuwa a nahiyar.

Ya zuwa 2024, an kiyasta 734 Kiristoci miliyan daga dukan ɗarikoki a Afirka, [8] sama da kusan miliyan 10 a 1900. A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, Afirka ta tafi daga samun yawancin mabiyan 'yan asali, addinan gargajiya, zuwa kasancewa mafi rinjaye na nahiya na Kirista da Musulmai, ko da yake akwai mahimmanci kuma mai dorewa syncretism tare da imani da al'adun gargajiya. Yawancin jama'a sun rungumi addinin Kiristanci a yawancin jihohin Kudancin Afirka, Kudu maso Gabashin Afirka, da Afirka ta Tsakiya da kuma a manyan sassan Kahon Afirka da Afirka ta Yamma, yayin da Kiristocin 'yan Koftik ke da 'yan tsiraru a Masar. A cewar wani bincike na 2018 na Gordon–Conwell Theological Seminary, Kiristoci da yawa suna rayuwa a Afirka fiye da kowace nahiya, tare da Latin Amurka na biyu da Turai ta uku . [9] [10]

Tarihi

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Tsoho: Ikilisiyar Farko

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Kiristanci ya fara zuwa Afirka a Masar a shekara ta 50 AD. na farko na fadar Sarkin Iskandariya a cikin shekara ta 43. Da farko cocin da ke Alexandria galibi yana jin yaren Girka ne . A ƙarshen karni na 2 an fassara nassosi da liturgy zuwa harsuna uku na gida. Kiristanci a Sudan kuma ya bazu a farkon karni na 1, kuma majami'un Nubian, waɗanda aka kafa a ƙarni na shida a cikin masarautun Nobatia, Makuria da Alodia suna da alaƙa da na Masar . [11]

Kiristanci kuma ya girma a arewa maso yammacin Afirka (a yau da ake kira Maghreb ), ya isa yankin da ke kusa da Carthage a ƙarshen karni na 2. Ikklisiyoyi da suna da alaƙa da Cocin Roma kuma sun ba Paparoma Gelasius I, Paparoma Miltiades da Paparoma Victor I, dukansu Kirista Berbers kamar Saint Augustine da mahaifiyarsa Saint Monica .

A farkon karni na 3 coci a Alexandria ya faɗaɗa cikin sauri, tare da sababbin bishopris suffragan guda biyar. A wannan lokacin, an fara kiran Bishop na Alexandria Paparoma, a matsayin babban bishop a Masar. A tsakiyar karni na 3 Ikklisiya a Masar ta sha wahala mai tsanani a cikin zalunci a karkashin Sarkin sarakuna Decius . Kiristoci da yawa sun gudu daga garuruwa zuwa cikin hamada. Amma, sa’ad da tsanantawar ta mutu, wasu sun kasance a cikin jeji a matsayin majami’u don yin addu’a. Wannan shi ne farkon zuhudu na Kirista, wanda a cikin shekaru masu zuwa ya yadu daga Afirka zuwa wasu sassan Gohar, da Turai ta hanyar Faransa da Ireland .

Farkon ƙarni na 4 a Masar ya fara da sabon tsanantawa a ƙarƙashin Sarkin sarakuna Diocletian . A Masarautar Habasha / Eritrea ta Aksum, Sarki Ezana ya ayyana Kiristanci a matsayin addini na hukuma bayan Frumentius ya musulunta, wanda ya haifar da daukaka addinin Kiristanci a Habasha (daga karshe ya kai ga kafuwar Cocin Orthodox na Habasha ). A farkon karni na biyar, babu wani yanki na Daular Rumawa da ke da bishop da yawa kamar Arewacin Afirka; lokacin da sarkin Vandal ya kira taron majalisar dattawa a Carthage, limaman Katolika 460 ne suka halarta. [12]

A cikin waɗannan ƙarni na farko, shugabannin Kirista na Afirka irin su Origen, Lactantius, Augustine, Tertullian, Marius Victorinus, Pachomius, Didymus the Blind, Ticonius, Cyprian, Athanasius da Cyril (tare da abokan hamayya Valentinus, Plotinus, Arius da ) Donatus da Kiristanci na duniya a waje da martani ga Donatus da Gwarus da martani ga Afirka. Arianism, Montanism, Marcionism, Pelagianism da Manichaeism, da kuma ra'ayin jami'a (bayan Library of Alexandria ), fahimtar Triniti, Fassarar Vetus Latina, hanyoyin tafsiri da fassarar Littafi Mai-Tsarki, majalisa na ecumenical, monasticism, Neoplatonism da wallafe-wallafen wallafe-wallafen Afirka da wallafe-wallafe, dialectic.

Zamanin Farkon Tsakiyar Zamani: Bayan Mamayar Musulmi a Arewacin Afirka

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Ginin coci daga tsohuwar Dongola, babban birnin masarautar Makuria
Colour photograph
Basilikan Uwargidan Afrika da ke birnin Algiers

Bayan mamayar musulmi, mafi yawan khalifan Musulmi na farko ba su nuna wata babbar sha'awa wajen musuluntar da mutanen yankin ba.[13](p26) Kiristanci ya ci gaba da wanzuwa bayan mamayar musulmi. Da farko, musulmi sun kasance ƙanana masu mulki a cikin yankunan da suka mamaye a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka. Amma daga ƙarni na 8, yawancin wadanda ba musulmi ba sun zama ƙalilan a yankunan. [14] Hanyar da kuma saurin da aka musuluntar da yankunan nan abu ne mai sarkakiya.[15][14]

Daga cikin dokokin da suka kafa, shugabannin musulmi sun tilasta harajin musamman mai suna jizya ga wadanda ba musulmi ba, wanda ya zama kamar matsin tattalin arziki da ke tura mutane zuwa musulunci tare da wasu fa'idodin zamantakewa da ke cikin al'ummar musulmi.[15][3] Cocin Katolika ya fara raguwa tare da yaren Latin na cikin gida.[16][17]

Masana tarihi sun gabatar da ra’ayoyi da dama don bayani kan dalilan da suka janyo raunin kiristanci a Arewacin Afirka, ciki har da yawan yaki da rikici na cikin gida da waje a lokacin ƙarni na ƙarshe na da, tsoron tsananta daga sabbin masu mulki, sabani da rashin jagoranci a cikin cocin Kirista, dabara ta siyasa daga mazauna yankin, da kuma kusanci tsakanin akidun musulunci da na Kiristanci da ya iya sa saukin sauyawa.[18] Wasu Kiristoci, musamman masu hali, sun ƙaura zuwa Turai.[18][19]

A ƙasashen yamma da Misira, cocin na lokacin ba shi da tushe mai ƙarfi kamar tsarin yin zawarawa (monasticism), har ila yau yana fama da barazana daga ra’ayoyin kuskure irin na Donatists. Wannan na daga cikin abubuwan da ake ganin sun sa kiristanci ya shuɗe a yankin. Ana kwatanta wannan da ƙasar Misira da Siriya inda akwai ƙarfaffan tsarin zawarawa kuma kiristanci ya wanzu.[18] Haka kuma, Romawa da Bayzantiyawa ba su iya haɗa da Berber da ke da asalinsu na yankin ba.[18][19]

Wasu masana tarihi sun nuna cewa Daular Umayyad ta tsananta wa Kiristocin Berber a ƙarni na 7 da 8, har suka musulunta a hankali.[20] Wasu kuma sun bayyana irin tsananin da Kiristoci suka fuskanta a lokacin mamayar musulmi daga ƙarni na 7 zuwa na 10, ciki har da tsananta wa addininsu, tashin hankali, da kuma kisa saboda imaninsu.[21][22][23][24]

Da dama daga cikinsu an kashe su saboda kin musulunta, ficewa daga musulunci zuwa kiristanci, da zagin akidar musulmi, wanda ke ɗauke da hukuncin kisa a musulunci.[22][23][24]

Tun daga mamayar musulmi zuwa Misira, Kiristocin Coptic sun sha wahala daga gwamnoni daban-daban na musulmi.[4][25] Musuluntar da Misira ta yi ta kasance a hankali fiye da sauran yankunan da musulmi suka mamaye.[14] Har zuwa zamanin daular Fatimid (ƙarni na 10 zuwa 12), ana tsammanin Kiristoci sun ci gaba da zama mafi rinjaye, duk da cewa masu bincike suna da sabanin ra'ayi akan hakan.[14][26][27] A lokacin mulkin khalifa al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, an gudanar da tsananin tsananta wa Kiristoci, ciki har da rushe coci da tilasta musu musulunta.[26](p23)[28][29][30]

Patriarka Mark III tare da mai hidima bakar fata

Rahotanni sun nuna cewa addinin Katolika ya ci gaba da wanzuwa daga yankin Tripolitania (yanzu yammacin Libya) zuwa Maroko har bayan ƙarewar mamayar Larabawa a shekara ta 700.[31] A shekara ta 1114 an samu rikodin cewa akwai Kiristoci a Qal’a da ke tsakiyar Algeria.[32] Hakanan, akwai shaidar cewa ana ci gaba da yin ziyara zuwa kaburburan tsarkaka bayan 850 a wajen garin Carthage, da kuma hulɗa da Kiristocin Andalus.[Ana bukatan hujja] Sauran sabbin kalanda daga Turai sun wanzu a tsakanin Kiristocin Tunis, wanda hakan ke nuna akwai mu’amala da Roma.[Ana bukatan hujja]

Tsakiyar Zamanin Tsakiya: Raguwa da farkon wa'azin Kiristanci

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Kiristocin yankin sun fuskanci matsin lamba lokacin da daular Almohads da Almoravids suka hau mulki, inda aka samu rahotanni cewa an tilasta wa Kiristocin Tunis su musulunta. Akwai bayanai na Kiristoci da kuma wani limamin coci da suka zauna a garin Kairouan a kusan shekara ta 1150 miladiyya – lamarin da ke da muhimmanci, tunda wannan gari an kafa shi ne da kimanin shekara ta 680 miladiyya daga Larabawa a matsayin cibiyar mulkinsu bayan mamayar yankin. Wata wasika da ke cikin kundin tarihin cocin Katolika daga ƙarni na 14 ta nuna cewa har yanzu akwai coci hudu na bishop a Arewacin Afirka, duk da cewa wannan ya nuna mummunar raguwa daga sama da coci 400 da aka samu kafin mamayar Larabawa.[32]

Almohad Abd al-Mu'min ya tilasta wa Kiristoci da Yahudawan Tunis su musulunta a shekara ta 1159. Ibn Khaldun ya nuna alamun akwai al’ummar Kirista a ƙarni na 14 a ƙauyukan Nefzaoua, kudu maso yammacin Tozeur. Wadanda ke zaune a can suna biyan harajin jizya kuma akwai wasu daga cikinsu da ke da asalin Faransa.[33]

Kiristocin Berber sun ci gaba da zama a Tunis da Nefzaoua har zuwa farkon ƙarni na 15. A rubuce-rubucen farkon ƙarni na 15, an ce Kiristocin Tunis, ko da yake sun yi kamance da al'ummar yankin, sun faɗaɗa cocinsu, wataƙila saboda sauran Kiristoci daga duk faɗin yankin Maghreb sun taru a can. Amma, ba su kasance cikin haɗin guiwa da cocin Katolika ba.[32] Al’ummar Kiristoci a Tunis sun ci gaba da wanzuwa a garin Tozeur har zuwa ƙarni na 18.[34]

Wani rukuni na Kiristoci da aka kore su daga Andalus (Spain) kuma suka isa Arewacin Afirka ana kiransu da Mozarabs. Paparoma Innocent IV ya amince da su a matsayin cocin Maroko.[35]

Firistocin cocin Orthodox na Habasha

Farkon wa'azin Kiristanci zuwa Arewacin Afirka

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A watan Yuni na shekara ta 1225, Paparoma Honorius III ya fitar da wasiƙar Vineae Domini custodes wadda ta ba wa firistoci biyu na Dominican Order – Dominic da Martin – izini su kafa wa’azi a Maroko da kula da harkokin Kiristoci a can.[36]

Bishop na Maroko, Lope Fernandez de Ain, ya zama shugaban "Cocin Afirka" – matsayi da tsohon Bishop na Carthage ke rike da shi – a ranar 19 ga Disamba 1246, a ƙarƙashin Paparoma Innocent IV.[37] Coci na bishop a Marrakesh ya ci gaba da wanzuwa har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 16.[38]

Masanin tarihin Maroko na zamanin da, Ibn Abi Zar, ya bayyana cewa khalifan Almohad Abu al-Ala Idris al-Ma'mun ya gina coci a Marrakech domin Kiristoci su iya gudanar da addininsu cikin 'yanci, saboda roƙon Sarki Fernando III. Paparoma Innocent IV ya roƙi sarakunan Tunis, Ceuta, da Bugia su ba da izini ga Lope da firistocin Franciscan su kula da Kiristoci a waɗannan yankuna. Ya gode wa khalifa al-Sa'id saboda ya ba da kariya ga Kiristoci, kuma ya roƙi a ba su damar gina sansanonin kariya a bakin gabar teku, amma khalifan ya ƙi amincewa da wannan buƙata.[39]

Farkon Zamanin Zamani: Wa'azin Jesuits a Afirka

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Wani sabon mataki na Kiristanci a Afirka ya fara ne da zuwan Fotugisawa a ƙarni na 15.[40] Bayan ƙarshen yaƙin Reconquista, Kiristocin Fotugal da Sifaniya sun kama tashoshin jiragen ruwa da dama a Arewacin Afirka.[41]

Wa'azin mishan na kungiyar Society of Jesus (Jesuits) ya fara a farkon shekarar 1548 a sassa daban-daban na Afirka. A shekara ta 1561, Gonçalo da Silveira, wani mishanan Fotugis, ya yi nasarar yi wa Monomotapa, sarkin mutanen Shona a ƙasar da yanzu ake kira Zimbabwe, baftisma.[42] Wasu 'yan Jesuits kaɗan suka kafa sansani a yankin Abyssinia, ko Habasha Babba, a lokaci guda da zaman Silveira a Kudancin Afirka.

Ko da yake Jesuits sun fuskanci tsangwama da gallazawa a kai a kai, mishan dinsu ya tsira har tsawon kusan ƙarni guda. Duk da wannan kalubale, sun samu nasara wajen kafa koyarwar Katolika a yankin da kafin zuwansu ana da tsauraran ƙa’idojin addini. A ƙarni na 16, Jesuits sun kai wa'azinsu zuwa tsohuwar Daular Kongo, inda suka ci gaba da mishan Katolika da aka riga aka kafa, har aka gina cocin gargajiya a wajen. Haka ma mishan na Jesuits ya gudana a Mozambique da Angola, sai dai a 1759 gwamnatin Fotugal ta dakatar da kungiyar Society of Jesus.

Ba a sami babbar ƙalubale daga wasu kungiyoyin mishan na addinai daban ba a Afirka. Ko da yake akwai wasu ƙungiyoyin addini da suka yi ƙoƙarin wa’azin bishara a yankunan da Fotugal ke mulki, tasirinsu bai kai na Jesuits ba. Haskakuwar Jesuits ta fara ne tun lokacin padroado a ƙarni na 15, kafin wasu ƙasashen Turai su fara aikinsu, wanda hakan ya sa Fotugal ta fara rasa matsayinta a matsayin gwarzon mai kula da mishan a Afirka. A tsakiyar ƙarni na 18, matsayinsu ya fara raguwa yayin da Fotugal ta fara rasa iko a Afirka. An kore Jesuits daga Mozambique da Angola, wanda hakan ya rage tasirin mishan Katolika a yankunan nan matuƙa.

Iyalan Kiristan Berber daga Kabylia.

Bishopric na Marrakesh ya ci gaba da wanzuwa har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 16, a ƙarƙashin ikon suffragans na Seville. Juan de Prado wanda ya yi ƙoƙarin dawo da mishan din an kashe shi a 1631. Wani gidan Franciscan da aka gina a 1637 an rushe shi a 1659 bayan rushewar daular Saadi. Wata ƙaramar coci da gidan Franciscan a unguwar mellah na birnin ta ci gaba da wanzuwa har zuwa ƙarni na 18.[38]

Karni na 20

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Yankin Afirka ta Horne

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Cocin Orthodox Tewahedo ya rabu zuwa Cocin Orthodox Tewahedo na Habasha da Cocin Orthodox Tewahedo na Eritrea a shekarar 1993.[Ana bukatan hujja] Cocin P'ent'ay su ne sakamakon juyin juya halin Kiristanci na Protestant a cikin addinin Kiristanci na Habasha.[43]

Yankin Maghreb

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Yaduwar addinin Katolika a yankin bayan mamayar Faransa ya samo asali ne daga masu mulkin mallaka da mazauna Turai, kuma yawancin waɗannan baƙi da zuriyarsu sun bar ƙasashen lokacin da suka samu 'yancin kai. A ƙididdigar ƙarshe da aka gudanar a Aljeriya a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1960, an samu mutane 1,050,000 da ba Musulmi ba (yawancinsu Katolika) a Aljeriya (kimanin kashi 10% na yawan jama'a gaba ɗaya, ciki har da Yahudawa Aljeriya 140,000).[44] A ƙarƙashin mulkin Faransa, yawan Katolika a Aljeriya ya kai fiye da miliyan ɗaya.[44] Saboda ƙaurawar 'yan "pieds-noirs" a shekarun 1960, yanzu Kiristoci 'yan asalin Berber ko Larabawa a Arewacin Afirka sun fi yawa a Faransa fiye da cikin Maghreb.

Hoton launi
Cocin Katolika na Rabat

A shekarar 2009, Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta kiyasta akwai Katolika 45,000 da kuma tsakanin 50,000 zuwa 100,000 na Protestanci a Aljeriya. Mafi yawan sauya addini zuwa Kiristanci sun fi yawa a Kabylie, musamman a cikin wilaya ta Tizi Ouzou.[45] A wannan yankin, an kiyasta adadin Kiristoci yana tsakanin kashi 1% zuwa 5%. Binciken 2015 ya nuna cewa Musulmai 380,000 ne suka sauya zuwa Kiristanci a Aljeriya.[46]

Kafin samun 'yancin kai a 1956, Morocco na da yawan Turawa fiye da rabin miliyan, yawancinsu Kiristoci.[47] Yawan Katolika a Morocco ƙarƙashin Faransa ya kai 360,000, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 4.1% na yawan jama'a.[48] A shekarar 1950, Katolika a Morocco ƙarƙashin kariyar Spain da kuma Tangier sun kai kashi 14.5% na yawan jama'a, inda Spain ke da Katolika 113,000.[48] Yawancin su asalin Spain ne, sai kuma waɗanda suka fito daga Portugal, Faransa da Italiya.[48] Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta kiyasta yawan Kiristocin Morocco fiye da 40,000.[49] Pew-Templeton ta kiyasta Kiristocin Morocco suna da adadin 20,000.[50] Mafi yawan Kiristoci suna cikin biranen Casablanca, Tangier da Rabat.[51] Mafi yawansu baƙi ne, duk da haka rahotanni suna nuna cewa akwai yawan 'yan asalin Morocco (45,000) da ke sauya zuwa Kiristanci,[52][53] musamman a yankunan karkara. Da yawa daga cikin masu sauya addini suna samun baftisma a asirce cikin coci-cocin Morocco.[54] Tun daga shekarar 1960, ana samun ƙaruwa na Musulmai 'yan Morocco da ke sauya zuwa Kiristanci.[52]

Kafin samun 'yancin kai a 1956, Tunisia tana da Turawa 255,000, yawancinsu Kiristoci.[55] Al’ummar Kirista a Tunisia, wacce ta ƙunshi mazauna ƙasar, Tunisians masu asalin Italiya da Faransa, da kuma wasu da suka fito daga Berber da Larabawa, tana da yawan mutane 50,000 kuma suna yaduwa a faɗin ƙasar. Ofishin Demokradiyya, 'Yancin Dan Adam da Ayyuka na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya bayyana cewa akwai dubban Tunisians da suka sauya zuwa Kiristanci.[56]

Wasu masana da rahotannin kafafen watsa labarai sun nuna cewa ana samun ƙaruwa na sauya addini zuwa Kiristanci daga cikin Berber.[57][58][59]

Afrikanizawan Kiristanci

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Moses and his Ethiopian wife Zipporah (Mozes en zijn Ethiopische vrouw Sippora). Jacob Jordaens, kusan 1650

A cewar Thomas C. Oden, "Kiristoci na arewacin Afirka—na asalin Coptic, Berber, Habasha, Larabawa, da Moor—ana darajarsu a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin al'adu da dama na Kiristancin Afirka." [60]

A sassa daban-daban na nahiyar, Afirkawa sun fara neman bangarori na Kiristanci da suka fi kama da dabi'un addininsu da na yau da kullum. Haka ne aka samu canje-canje a cikin addinin Protestant, kamar cocin Kimbanguist. A cikin cocin Kimbanguist, Simon Kimbangu ya tambayi tsarin isar da sakon addini—shin Allah zai aika farar fata ne don ya wa’azi? Cocin Kimbanguist ta yi imani cewa Yesu baƙar fata ne, kuma sun yi kallon alamomi daban-daban da na Katolika da na Protestant na Turai. Daukar giciye a cikin coci ya zama tamkar gumaka ko bautar hotuna a ganinsu.

Haka kuma, a cewar Mazrui, Kimbanguists sun girmama rawar da mata ke takawa a coci fiye da cocin orthodox; sun ba mata damar zama firistoci da masu wa’azi. [61]

Matsayi na yanzu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Archdiocese da Diocese na Patriarchate na Orthodox na Gabas na Alexandria da duk Afirka

An samu gagarumar ƙaruwa a yawan Kiristoci a Afirka - tare da raguwa a bin addinan gargajiya na Afirka. A shekarar 1900, Kiristoci a Afirka sun kai miliyan tara kacal, amma zuwa shekara ta 2000, sun kai kimanin miliyan 380. A 2020, an kiyasta Kiristoci su kai kusan miliyan 658 a Afirka, tare da tsammanin su kai miliyan 760 a 2025,[62] wuce hasashen da aka yi a baya na miliyan 630 zuwa 700 a 2025.[63] A 2020, Kiristoci sun kasance 49% na yawan mutanen nahiyar, yayin da Musulmi suka kai 42%.[64] Daga 2023, an kiyasta akwai Kiristoci miliyan 718 daga dukkan mazabun Kirista a Afirka,[8] kuma mafi yawansu 'yan Afirka Kiristoci ne.[1]

Bisa binciken Pew Forum a 2006 akan Addini da Rayuwar Jama'a, Kiristoci miliyan 147 na Afirka suna daga cikin "masu sabuntawa" (Pentecostal da Charismatics).[65] Bisa ga David Barrett, mafi yawan ƙungiyoyin coci 552,000 a cikin mazabu 11,500 a faɗin Afirka a 1995 ba a san su ba a Yamma.[66] Yawan karɓar Kiristanci a Afirka a wannan lokaci ya fi rinjaye daga ƙoƙarin mishanan 'yan Afirka da haihuwar yara da yawa, fiye da tasirin mishanan Turawa. Kiristanci a Afirka yana da matuƙar bambanci — daga tsoffin nau'ikan Kiristancin Orthodox na Gabas a Masar, Habasha da Eritrea, zuwa sabbin mazabun Kiristocin Afirka a Najeriya, ƙasa da ta shaida manyan sauye-sauyen shigowa Kiristanci. Wasu mazabun sun haɗa addinin gargajiya da Kiristanci da kuma mazabun da suka gina annabi, kamar Coci Nazaret a Afirka ta Kudu da cocin Aladura a Najeriya. Wasu ƙungiyoyin Mishanan Kirista da aka kafa a Afirka irin su UD-OLGC da Evangelist Dag Heward-Mills ya kafa, suna da saurin faɗuwa da tasiri a duniya. Akwai kuma yawan mabiya na Seventh-day Adventists da Shaidun Jehobah. Bincike a 2015 ya kiyasta Kiristoci miliyan 2.1 a Afirka sun fito ne daga asalin Musulmi, yawancin su sun shiga wasu nau’ukan addinin Protestant.[67]

Wasu masana na ganin cewa cibiyar Kiristanci za ta koma daga kasashen masana'antar Turai zuwa Afirka da Asiya a zamanin yau. Tarihin da ke Jami’ar Yale Lamin Sanneh ya ce "Kiristancin Afirka ba wai wani abin mamaki ba ne da ke wani lungu na duniya, amma Kiristancin Afirka yana iya zama irin abin da ke tafe nan gaba."[68] Kididdigar daga World Christian Encyclopedia (David Barrett) na nuna irin girman da Kiristanci ke samu a nahiyar kuma sun ce nan da 2025, za a samu Kiristoci miliyan 633 a Afirka.[69] A 2020, Cibiyar Bayanan Addini ta Duniya ta gano cewa mafi yawan yankin Gabashin Afirka Kiristoci ne kuma mafi yawanci Protestants ne.[70]

Tashin cocin megachurch

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Cocin megachurch (wanda ake fassara da cewa coci ne da ke da halartar mutane akalla 2,000 a karshen mako[71][72][73]) suna samuwa a ƙasashe da dama na Afirka ta ƙasa da Sahara, ciki har da Tanzaniya, Najeriya, Afirka ta Kudu, Ghana, Kenya, da Uganda. Yawancin su na cikin darikar Pentecostal ne.[74][75] Babban dakin taro na coci mafi girma, Glory Dome, an bude shi a shekarar 2018 da kujeru 100,000, a birnin Abuja, Najeriya.[76]

Ƙididdiga ta ƙasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kiristanci ta ƙasa
Ƙasa Kiristoci % Kiristoci % Katolika % Sauran
 Algeria (cikakken bayani) 380,000[77] 2% 1% 1%
 Angola (cikakken bayani) 17,094,000 75%[78] 50% 25%
 Benin (cikakken bayani) 3,943,000 42.8% 27% 15%
 Botswana (cikakken bayani) 1,416,000 71.6% 5% 66%
 Burkina Faso (cikakken bayani) 3,746,000 22.0% 18% 4%
 Burundi (cikakken bayani) 7,662,000 75.0% 60% 15%
 Cameroon (cikakken bayani) 13,390,000 65.0% 38.4% 26.3%
Cabo Verde (cikakken bayani) 487,000 89.1%[Ana bukatan hujja] 78.7% 10.4%
Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya (cikakken bayani) 2,302,000 80% 29% 51%
Cadi (cikakken bayani) 4,150,000[Ana bukatan hujja] 35.0% 20% 15%
Komoros (cikakken bayani) 15,000 2.1%
Samfuri:Country data Congo, Republic of (cikakken bayani) 3,409,000 90.7% 50% 40%
Samfuri:Country data Congo, Democratic Republic of (cikakken bayani) 63,150,000 92% 50% 42%
Jibuti (cikakken bayani) 53,000 6.0% 1% 5%
 Egypt (cikakken bayani) 10,000,000 10%
Gini Ikwatoriya (cikakken bayani) 683,000 88.7%[Ana bukatan hujja] 80.7% 8.0%
 Eritrea (cikakken bayani) 2,871,000 63%[79] 4% 54%
 Ethiopia (cikakken bayani) 52,580,000 64% 0.7% 63.4%
Gabon (cikakken bayani) 1,081,000 88.0%[80] 41.9% 46.1%
 Gambia (cikakken bayani) 79,000 4.2%[81]
 Ghana (cikakken bayani) 19,300,000 71.2%[82] 13.1% 58.1%
Gine (cikakken bayani) 1,032,000 8.9%[83] 5% 5%
Guinea-Bissau (cikakken bayani) 165,000 10.0% 10.0%
 Ivory Coast (cikakken bayani) 7,075,000 32.8% 28.9% 3.9%
 Kenya (cikakken bayani) 34,774,000 85.1% 23.4% 61.7%
 Lesotho (cikakken bayani) 1,876,000 90.0% 45% 45%
Laberiya (cikakken bayani) 1,391,000 85.5%[84] 85.5%
 Libya (cikakken bayani) 170,000[Ana bukatan hujja] 2.7%[Ana bukatan hujja] 0.5% 1.5%
Madagaskar (cikakken bayani) 8,260,000 41.0%
 Malawi (cikakken bayani) 12,538,000 79.9%
 Mali (cikakken bayani) 348,000 2.4%[85]
Muritaniya (cikakken bayani) 10,000[86] 0.14%
Moris (cikakken bayani) 418,000 32.2%
 Morocco (cikakken bayani) 336,000 1%[87]
Mozambik (cikakken bayani) 13,121,000 56.1% 28.4% 27.7%
Namibiya (cikakken bayani) 1,991,000 90.0% 13.7% 76.3%
Nijar (cikakken bayani) 85,000 0.5% 5%
 Nigeria (cikakken bayani) 74,400,000–107,000,000 40%[88]–58%[89] 10–14.5% 30–43.5%
Ruwanda (cikakken bayani) 9,619,000 93.6% 56.9% 26%
 Senegal (cikakken bayani) 570,000 4.2%[90]
 Seychelles (cikakken bayani) 80,000 94.7% 82% 15.2%
Saliyo (cikakken bayani) 619,000–1,294,000 10%[91]–20.9%[92]
Somaliya (cikakken bayani) 1,000[93] 0.01% 0.0002% 0.01%
 South Africa (cikakken bayani) 43,090,000 79.8%[94] 5% 75%
Sudan ta Kudu (cikakken bayani) 6,010,000[95] 60.5%[96] 30% 30%
Sudan (cikakken bayani) 525,000 1.5%[97]
 Tanzania (cikakken bayani) 31,342,000 61.4%[98]
 Togo (cikakken bayani) 1,966,000 29.0%
 Tunisia (cikakken bayani) 30,000[99]
 Uganda (cikakken bayani) 29,943,000 88.6% 41.9% 46.7%
Daular Sipaniya (cikakken bayani) 200 0.04% 0.04%
Zambiya (cikakken bayani) 12,939,000 95.5%[100] 20.2% 72.3%
 Zimbabwe (cikakken bayani) 12,500,000 87.0%[101] 17% 63%
Afrika 526,016,926 62.7% 21.0%[102] 41.7%

Denominations

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Mafi yawan rukuni na Kiristanci a Afirka

Pew ya yi hasashen cewa kashi 53% na al'ummar Afirka za su kasance Kiristoci a shekarar 2020.[103] Kiyasin Kiristoci a nahiyar ya kai miliyan takwas.[104]

Katolika

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Roman Katolika

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mambobin Cocin Katolika sun karu daga miliyan 2 a 1900 zuwa miliyan 140 a 2000.[105] A 2005, Cocin Katolika a Afirka, gami da Cocin Katolika na Gabas, yana da mabiya kusan miliyan 135 daga cikin miliyan 809 na mutanen Afirka. A 2009, lokacin da Paparoma Benedict XVI ya ziyarci Afirka, an kiyasta cewa yana da miliyan 158.[106] Yawancin mambobi na Cocin Latin ne, amma akwai kuma miliyoyin mambobin Cocin Katolika na Gabas.

Orthodoxy

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Oriental Orthodoxy

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Cocin Orthodox na Habasha (Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church) – miliyan 37[107][108][109][110][111]
  • Cocin Orthodox na Coptic (Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria) – miliyan 10[112][113][114][115]
  • Cocin Orthodox na Eritrea (Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church) – miliyan 2[116]

Eastern Orthodoxy

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Cocin Orthodox na Girka a Alexandria (Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria) – 500,000[117]

Protestantism

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin 2010, Pew ya kiyasta cewa akwai kusan miliyan 300 na Furotesta a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara.[118] Sauran kiyasin sun kai miliyan 400.[119][120] Furotesta shine rukuni mafi girma na Kirista a Afirka, tare da 35.9% (fiye da rabi) a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara.[121] Furotesta sun karu zuwa 35.9% na yawan al'ummar nahiyar.[122] Bincike ya nuna akwai kiyasin miliyan 200 na masu bishara a Afirka.[123] Akwai kiyasin miliyan 60 na Anglican da miliyan 23 na Lutheran a Afirka.[124][125] Har ila yau, akwai kusan miliyan 29 na Baptist a Afirka.[126] Methodist sun kai miliyan 25 a nahiyar.[127] An kiyasta cewa Presbyterian a Afirka sun fi miliyan ashirin.[128] Kimanin miliyan 12 na Afirka Adventist ne kuma miliyan 19 na coci-cocin haɗin gwiwa.[126]

Anglicanism

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Cocin Najeriya – miliyan 20.1[129]
  • Cocin Uganda – miliyan 8.1[130]
  • Cocin Anglican na Kenya – miliyan 5.0[131]
  • Cocin Episcopal na Sudan ta Kudu da Sudan – miliyan 4.5[132]
  • Cocin Anglican na Afirka ta Kudu – miliyan 2.3[133]
  • Cocin Anglican na Tanzania – miliyan 2.0[134]
  • Cocin Anglican na Rwanda – miliyan 1.0[135]
  • Cocin Lardin Afirka ta Tsakiya – 900,000[136]
  • Cocin Anglican na Burundi – 800,000[137]
  • Cocin Kristi a Kongo–Anglican Community of Congo – 500,000[138]
  • Cocin Lardin Yammacin Afirka – 300,000[139]
  • Reformed Evangelical Anglican Church of South Africa – 90,000[140]

Baptists

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Nigerian Baptist Convention – miliyan 5.0[141]
  • Baptist Union of Uganda – miliyan 2.5[141]
  • Baptist Community of Congo – miliyan 2.1[141]
  • Baptist Convention of Tanzania – miliyan 2.0[141]
  • Baptist Community of the Congo River – miliyan 1.1[141]
  • Baptist Convention of Kenya – 600,000[141]
  • Baptist Convention of Malawi – 300,000[141]
  • Ghana Baptist Convention – 300,000[141]
  • Union of Baptist Churches in Rwanda – 300,000[141]
  • Evangelical Baptist Church of the Central African Republic – 200,000[141]

Cocin Apostolic (Irvingism)

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Lutheranism

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Lutheranism a Afirka yana wakiltar mutane miliyan 24.13.[144]

  • Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus – miliyan 8.3[145]
  • Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania – miliyan 6.5[146]
  • Malagasy Lutheran Church – miliyan 3.0[147]
  • The Lutheran Church of Christ in Nigeria – miliyan 2.2[148]
  • Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia – 700,000[149]
  • Evangelical Lutheran Church in Southern Africa – 600,000[150]
  • Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Republic of Namibia – 400,000[149]
  • Evangelical Lutheran Church of Cameroon – 300,000[151]
  • Evangelical Lutheran Church in Zimbabwe – 300,000[152]

Methodism

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tare da ƙungiyoyi sama da 20 a nahiyar, Majalisar Methodist ta Duniya tana da mambobi miliyan 17.08 a duk faɗin nahiyar.[153]

  • Methodist Church Nigeria – miliyan 2[154]
  • Methodist Church of Southern Africa – miliyan 1.7[155]
  • United Methodist Church of Ivory Coast – miliyan 1.08[156]
  • Methodist Church Ghana – 800,000[157]
  • Methodist Church in Kenya – 500,000[158]
  • The United Methodist Church in Liberia – 350,000[153]
  • Free Methodist church in Congo– 110,000[159]

Masu Bi da Tsarin Kalvin (Reformed - Calvinism)

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Coci na Presbyterian na Gabashin Afirka – miliyan 4.0[160]
  • Coci na Presbyterian na Najeriya – miliyan 3.8[161]
  • Coci na Presbyterian na Afirka – miliyan 3.4[162]
  • Coci na Kristi a Kongo – Al’ummar Presbyterian na Kongo – miliyan 2.5[163]
  • Coci na Presbyterian na Kamaru – miliyan 1.8[164]
  • Coci na Tsakiyar Afirka Presbyterian – miliyan 1.3[165]
  • Coci na Presbyterian a Sudan – miliyan 1.0[166]
  • Coci na Presbyterian a Kamaru – 700,000[167]
  • Coci na Presbyterian Injila, Ghana – 600,000[168]
  • Hadadden Coci na Presbyterian a Kudancin Afirka – 500,000[169]
  • Coci na Presbyterian a Rwanda – 300,000[170]
  • Coci na Yesu Kristi a Madagascar – miliyan 3.5[171]
  • Hadadden Coci a Zambiya – miliyan 3.0[172]
  • Coci na Injila na Kamaru – miliyan 2.5[173]
  • Coci na Dutch Reformed a Kudancin Afirka (NGK) – miliyan 1.1
  • Hadadden Coci na Reformed a Kudancin Afirka – 500,000[174]
  • Coci na Injila na Lesotho – 300,000[175]
  • Coci na Reformed na Najeriya – 300,000[176]
  • Coci na Reformed a Zambiya – 300,000[177]
  • Coci na Reformed na Injila a Angola – 200,000[178]
  • Coci na Kristi a Sudan a tsakanin mutane Tiv – 200,000[179]
  • Coci na Injila na Kongo – 200,000[180]
  • Coci na Congregational Injila a Angola – 900,000[181]
  • Hadadden Coci na Congregational a Kudancin Afirka – 500,000[182]

Pentikos

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yawan Kiristocin Pentikos a Afirka ya kai kusan miliyan 202.29 a shekarar 2015, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 35.32 cikin 100 na yawan Kiristoci a nahiyar.[183] Wani bincike ya kiyasta cewa akwai kusan miliyan 400 na Kiristoci Pentikos da Karismatik a Afirka.[184]

  • Cocin Kale Heywet na Habasha – miliyan 9[185]
  • Cocin Mabiya Cikakken Bishara ta Habasha – miliyan 4.5[186]
  • – miliyan 1
  • Kwamitin Janar na Cocin Majami’ar Allah Najeriya – miliyan 3.6[187]
  • Cocin Apostolic Faith na Afirka ta Kudu – miliyan 1.2[Ana bukatan hujja]
  • Kungiyar Cocin Pentikos na Ruwanda – miliyan 1[Ana bukatan hujja]

Mennoniyawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Cocin Meserete Kristos – 470,000[188]

Sauran kungiyoyin bishara

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sauran kungiyoyin Kirista

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai kusan Kiristoci miliyan 97 a Afirka da ba sa karkashin wata mazabarsu ta gargajiya.[189] The Association of Religion Data Archives ta kiyasta su har zuwa miliyan 128.[190]

Cocawan da Afirkawa suka kafa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mutane miliyan 60 ne mambobin cocawan da aka kafa a Afirka.[191]

  • Cocin Kirista na Sihiyona – miliyan 15[Ana bukatan hujja]
  • Umarnin Tsarkaka na Har Abada na Kerubobi da Sarafaf – miliyan 10[Ana bukatan hujja]
  • Cocin Kimbanguist – miliyan 5.5[Ana bukatan hujja]
  • Cocin Kirista ta Warkar da Allah (Redeemed Christian Church of God) – miliyan 5[192]
  • Cocin Ubangiji (Aladura) – miliyan 3.6[193]
  • Majalisar Cocawan da Afirkawa suka kafa – miliyan 3[194]
  • Cocin Almasihu Hasken Ruhu Mai Tsarki – miliyan 1.4[195]
  • Cocin Ruhun Allah na Afirka – 700,000[196]
  • Cocin Afirka na Isra'ila Nineveh – 500,000[197]

Maido da Imani (Restorationism)

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Cocin Yesu Almasihu na Tsarkaka na Kwanan Nan – 600,000[198]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. 1 2 Tagwirei, Kimion (2024-02-27). "Rebuilding the broken walls of Zimbabwe with the Church, leadership and followership". Verbum et Ecclesia. AOSIS. 45 (1). doi:10.4102/ve.v45i1.3054. ISSN 2074-7705.
  2. ↑ Isichei 1995.
  3. 1 2 3 Simonsohn, Uriel (2017). "Conversion, Exemption, and Manipulation: Social Benefits and Conversion to Islam in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages" (PDF). Medieval Worlds. 6: 196–216. doi:10.1553/medievalworlds_no6_2017s196.
  4. 1 2 Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Copts of Egypt". Refworld. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
  5. ↑ "HISTORY OF ETHIOPIA". historyworld.net.
  6. ↑ Latourette, Kenneth Scott 1944.
  7. ↑ Comaroff, Jean; Comaroff, John (1986). "Christianity and Colonialism in South Africa b". American Ethnologist. 13 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1525/ae.1986.13.1.02a00010. S2CID 143976274.
  8. 1 2 "Status of Global Christianity, 2024, in the Context of 1900–2050" (PDF). Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary. Retrieved 17 Aug 2024.
  9. ↑ Johnson, Todd M.; Zurlo, Gina A.; Hickman, Albert W.; Crossing, Peter F. (November 2017). "Christianity 2018: More African Christians and Counting Martyrs". International Bulletin of Mission Research. 42 (1): 20–28. doi:10.1177/2396939317739833. S2CID 165905763. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  10. ↑ Mauro, J.-P. (24 July 2018). "Africa overtakes Latin America for the highest Christian population". Aleteia — Catholic Spirituality, Lifestyle, World News, and Culture (in Turanci). Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  11. ↑ Jakobielski, S. Christian Nubia at the Height of its Civilization (Chapter 8). UNESCO. University of California Press. San Francisco, 1992. ISBN 9780520066984
  12. ↑ Beaver, R. Pierce (June 1936). "The Organization of the Church of Africa on the Eve of the Vandal Invasion". Church History. 5 (2): 169–170. doi:10.2307/3160527. JSTOR 3160527.
  13. ↑ Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521337674.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :1
  15. 1 2 Simonsohn, Uriel (2017). "Conversion, Exemption, and Manipulation: Social Benefits and Conversion to Islam in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages" (PDF). Medieval Worlds. 6: 198.
  16. ↑ Der Nahe und Mittlere Osten By Heinz Halm, page 99
  17. ↑ Ancient African Christianity: An Introduction to a Unique Context and Tradition By David E. Wilhite, page 332-334
  18. 1 2 3 4 Wilhite, David E. (2017). Ancient African Christianity: An Introduction to a Unique Context and Tradition (in Turanci). Taylor & Francis. pp. 321–349. ISBN 978-1-135-12142-6.
  19. 1 2 Speel, C. J. (1960). "The Disappearance of Christianity from North Africa in the Wake of the Rise of Islam". Church History. 29 (4): 379–397. doi:10.2307/3161925.
  20. ↑ The Disappearance of Christianity from North Africa in the Wake of the Rise of Islam C. J. Speel, II Church History, Vol. 29, No. 4 (Dec. 1960), pp. 379–397
  21. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Runciman 1987
  22. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Sahner 2020
  23. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Fierro 2008
  24. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Trombley 1996
  25. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named auto2
  26. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :2
  27. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :452
  28. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :3
  29. ↑ ha-Mizraḥit ha-Yiśreʼelit, Ḥevrah (1988)...
  30. ↑ Lyster, William (2013). The Cave Church of Paul the Hermit at the Monastery of St. Pau. ISBN 9789774160936.
  31. ↑ Prevost, Virginie (1 December 2007). "Les dernières communautés chrétiennes autochtones d'Afrique du Nord". Revue de l'histoire des religions (4): 461–483.
  32. 1 2 3 Phillips, Fr Andrew. "The Last Christians Of North-West Africa: Some Lessons For Orthodox Today". www.orthodoxengland.org.uk.
  33. ↑ Eleanor A. Congdon (2016-12-05). Latin Expansion in the Medieval Western Mediterranean. Routledge. ISBN 9781351923057.
  34. ↑ Hrbek, Ivan (1992). Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century. Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa. J. Currey. p. 34. ISBN 0852550936.
  35. ↑ Lamin Sanneh (2012). West African Christianity: The Religious Impact. Orbis Books. ISBN 9789966150691.
  36. ↑ Ibben Fonnesberg-Schmidt (2013-09-10). Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain. BRILL. ISBN 978-0812203066.
  37. ↑ Olga Cecilia Méndez González (April 2013). Thirteenth Century England XIV: Proceedings of the Aberystwyth and Lampeter Conference, 2011. Orbis Books. ISBN 9781843838098., page 103-104
  38. 1 2 E.J. Brill's First Encyclopedia of Islam 1913-1936, Volume 5. BRILL. 1993. ISBN 9004097910.
  39. ↑ Ibben Fonnesberg-Schmidt (2013-09-10). Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain. BRILL. ISBN 978-0812203066. Retrieved 2020-07-19., page 117-20
  40. ↑ Lamin Sanneh (2015-03-24). West African Christianity: The Religious Impact. Orbis Books. ISBN 9781608331499.
  41. ↑ Kevin Shillington (January 1995). West African Christianity: The Religious Impact. Macmillan International Higher Education. ISBN 9781137524812.[permanent dead link]
  42. ↑ Mkenda, Festo. "Jesuits, Protestants, and Africa before the Twentieth Century." Encounters between Jesuits and Protestants in Africa, edited by Festo Mkenda and Robert Aleksander Maryks, vol. 13, Brill, LEIDEN; BOSTON, 2018, pp. 11–30. JSTOR 10.1163/j.ctvbqs62t.4.
  43. ↑ http://www.africanchristian.org African Christianity
  44. 1 2 Cook, Bernard A. (2001). Europe since 1945: an encyclopedia. New York: Garland. pp. 398. ISBN 0-8153-4057-5.
  45. ↑
  46. ↑ Miller, Duane A. "Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census | Duane A Miller Botero - Academia.edu". academia.edu. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  47. ↑ De Azevedo, Raimondo Cagiano (1994) Migration and development co-operation.. Council of Europe. p. 25. ISBN 92-871-2611-9.
  48. 1 2 3 F. Nyrop, Richard (1972). Area Handbook for Morocco. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. p. 97. ISBN 9780810884939.
  49. ↑ "International Religious Freedom Report for 2015". 2009-2017.state.gov.
  50. ↑ Pew-Templeton – Global Religious Futures http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/morocco#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2013 Archived 2022-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
  51. ↑ International Religious Freedom Report 2008, U.S Department of State
  52. 1 2 Carnes, Nat (2012). Al-Maghred, the Barbary Lion: A Look at Islam. University of Cambridge Press. p. 253. ISBN 9781475903423. . In all an estimated 40,000 Moroccans have converted to Christianity
  53. ↑ "'House-Churches' and Silent Masses —The Converted Christians of Morocco Are Praying in Secret – VICE News". 23 March 2015. Converted Moroccans — most of them secret worshippers, of whom there are estimated to be anywhere between 5,000 and 40,000 —
  54. ↑ "Converted Christians in Morocco Need Prayers". Archived from the original on February 21, 2013.
  55. ↑ Angus Maddison (20 September 2007). Contours of the World Economy 1–2030 AD:Essays in Macro-Economic History: Essays in Macro-Economic History. OUP Oxford. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-19-922721-1. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  56. ↑ International Religious Freedom Report 2010: Tunisia. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (November 17, 2010). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  57. ↑ Nisan, Mordechai (2015). Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression, 2d ed. Armenian Research Center collection. p. 75. ISBN 9780786451333. In Kabylia people at the turn of the twenty-first century were reportedly converting to Christianity; new churches sprouted up. The deteriorating image of Islam, as violent and socially confining, had apparently persuaded some Berbers to consider an alternative faith.
  58. ↑ A. Shoup, John (2011). Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 56. ISBN 9781598843620.
  59. ↑ "The Perilous Path from Muslim to Christian". The National Interest. 12 June 2021. Reports of widespread conversions of Muslims to Christianity come from regions as disparate as Algeria, Albania, Syria, and Kurdistan. Countries with the largest indigenous numbers include Algeria, 380,000; Ethiopia, 400,000; Iran, 500,000 (versus only 500 in 1979); Nigeria, 600,000; and Indonesia, an astounding 6,500,000.
  60. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Avis 2018 627–628
  61. ↑ Mkenda, Festo...<ref>Mazrui, Ali A... Mambobin irin waɗannan coci sun duba ayyukan da ke cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki waɗanda ba a haramta su fili ba, kamar auratayya da mata da dama. Sun kuma haɗa dabi’u irin na rawa, kiɗa da faɗi da dariya a ibada. Lokacin da Afirkawa suka iya karanta Littafi Mai Tsarki da yaren su, suka sami damar fassara sa bisa fahimtarsu. Auratayya da mata da dama ta zama batun muhawara—da yawa daga cikinsu sun fassara cewa ana yinta ne a cikin Tsohon Alkawari. Amma addinin Turawan Kirista ya haramta hakan. Dona Beatriz, mace daga Afirka ta Tsakiya, ta shahara da ra'ayoyinta na ce-ce-ku-ce a kan amincewa da auratayya. Ta yi iƙirarin cewa Yesu bai taba haramta shi ba. An ƙone ta da rai saboda hakan. Mishinan Turai sun ga hakan a matsayin barazana ga dabi'un Victorian, duk da cewa suna son a karantar da yaren gida da ƙara yawan masu karatu. Sun fi ganin ra’ayoyin Afirka da suka sabawa nasu a matsayin barazana kuma suka ƙi amincewa da shugabanni masu neman tafiya da kansu. Simon Kimbangu ya zama shahidi, an sa shi a cikin keji saboda damuwar mishinan Turai, ya rasu a can. A cikin al'ummomin Afirka, an samu sabani sakamakon shigowar Kiristanci. Kamar yadda wani masanin ya ce, addinin na "mamaye lamiri da tunanin wadanda aka mulka." <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Masondo... Kiristanci ya janyo sabani har a tsakanin shuwagabannin gargajiya, kamar rikici tsakanin Khama III da mahaifinsa Sekgoma a ƙarni na goma sha tara a Botswana. Matasa sun ƙirƙiro sabbin tunani bisa Kiristanci suka kalubalanci tsofaffin ra’ayoyi. Dona Beatriz, annabiya daga Afirka, ta mayar da Kiristanci addinin siyasa kuma daga baya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin masu fafutukar 'yancin kai, tana shirin kifar da gwamnati tare da taimakon sauran annabawa. A cewar Paul Kollman, koyarwar mishinan ya kasance bisa fassarar kowanne mutum, kuma kowane ya dauki abin daban-daban lokacin da ya aiwatar da shi. <ref>Kollman, Paul...
    "Wanke kai cikin ruhi" a Cotonou, Benin. Celestial Church of Christ wani addini ne da aka kafa a Benin a tsakiyar ƙarni na 20 ta hannun Samuel Joseph Biléou Oschoffa
    Kiristanci a ƙasashe
    David Adamo, wani Bahaushe daga cocin Aladura, ya zaɓi sassa na Littafi Mai Tsarki da ke da alaka da ra’ayoyin cocinsu. Sun fi karanta Zabura saboda sun yi imanin mishinan ba su raba ainihin ƙarfin addininsu ba. Sun sami ƙarfi wajen karanta waɗannan ayoyin, suka haɗa su da yadda rayuwarsu take. Bayan hakan, an kuma samu yunƙurin "Afrikanizawa" na addinin Islama. A Najeriya, an ƙirƙiri wasu gungun Musulmi da suka nemi a cire al'adun Larabawa daga Islama. Wannan ya haifar da sabani tsakanin masu goyon bayan hakan da masu adawa. Wannan ya faru a kusa da shekarar 1980 kuma ya haifar da tashin hankali da rikici da 'yan sanda. Mirza Ghulam Ahmed, wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Ahmadiyya, ya yi iƙirarin cewa Muhammadu shi ne mafi muhimmanci cikin annabawa, amma ba shi ne na ƙarshe ba—ra'ayi da ya sabawa yawancin Musulmai. Mafi yawancin Musulman Sunni a Afirka sun ki yarda da Ahmadiyya; duk da cewa su ne na farko da suka fassara Alƙur’ani zuwa yaren Swahili. Har ila yau, ƙungiyoyin Ahmadiyya da Mahdist daga Sudan sun ƙirƙiri ƙungiyoyin soja tare da sabani da rikice-rikice tsakanin su da wasu gungun da ke da ra’ayoyi mabambanta. Annobar mura ta 1918 ta ƙara ƙarfafa yaduwar Kiristanci a Afirka a ƙarni na 20. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jenkins... Ana ƙiyasta cewa har mutane miliyan biyar ne suka mutu. Gwamnatocin Turai, coci-coci da magunguna ba su iya yin komai ba game da annobar, hakan ya sa mutane suka ƙara ƙiyayya da Turawan mallaka. Wannan ya haifar da yawaitar ƙungiyoyin masu zaman kansu na addinin Kirista da ke amfani da annabci, warkarwa da gyaran tsarin coci. Misali, kafa ƙungiyar Aladura a Najeriya ta zo daidai da wannan lokaci. Cocin ya zama Christ Apostolic Church daga bisani, ya samu yawan reshe daban-daban da suka fito daga cikinsa har zuwa shekarun 1950. Misali, Redeemed Christian Church of God da aka kafa a 1952, tana da majami'u a jihohi masu yawa na Afirka, da kuma kasashe a Turai da Arewacin Amurka.

    Ilimin Kiristanci a Afirka

    Mishanan Kirista sun ji tilas su yada fahimtar bisharar su cikin yaren mutanen ƙasar da suke son su juyo zuwa Kiristanci. An fassara Littafi Mai Tsarki zuwa waɗannan yarukan kuma ana yada shi ta cikin su. Makarantun Kirista sun koyar da Turanci, tare da lissafi, falsafa, da ƙimomin da ke da alaƙa da al'adun Yammacin Duniya da ci gaba. Rarrabuwar ra'ayi tsakanin ra'ayin duniya da na addini a cikin makarantun Kirista yana nuna sabani tsakanin manufofin cibiyoyin ilimi a Afirka.<ref>Mazrui, Ali A. "Religion and Political Culture in Africa." Journal of the American Academy of Religion, vol. 53, no. 4, 1985, shf. 817–839. JSTOR 1464277.
  62. ↑ Matsayin Kiristanci a Duniya Gordon Conwell Theological Seminary,[dead link]
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  149. 1 2 "Namibia". www.lutheranworld.org. Archived from the original on 1 Yuli 2016. Retrieved 14 Oktoba 2016. Text "The Lutheran World Federation" ignored (help); Check date values in: |access-date= and |archive-date= (help)
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  153. 1 2 "Resource: More Methodist Maps". 5 Afrilu 2018. Check date values in: |date= (help)
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