Kisan Al'adu
 Kisan Al'adu | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | Kisan kiyashi |
Kisan al'adu ko al'adu ra'ayi ne da lauya dan kasar Poland Raphael Lemkin ya fara bayyana shi a cikin 1944, a cikin littafin da ya kirkiro kalmar kisan kare dangi. Rugujewar al'ada shi ne babban abin da Lemkin ya tsara na kisan kiyashi.[1] Ana ci gaba da hamayya da ainihin ma’anar kisan kiyashin al’adu, kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba ta sanya shi cikin ma’anar kisan kare dangi da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin yarjejeniyar kisan kare dangi ta 1948.[2] Gidan tarihin kisan kiyashin Armeniya ya bayyana al'ada a matsayin "ayyuka da matakan da aka ɗauka don lalata al'adun al'ummai ko kabilu ta hanyar rugujewar ruhi, na ƙasa, da al'adu",[3] wanda ya bayyana a zahiri iri ɗaya ne da ƙabilanci. Wasu masana ilimin ƙabilanci, irin su Robert Jaulin, suna amfani da kalmar ethnocide a madadin kisan kiyashin al'adu, ko da yake an soki wannan amfani da haɗarin ruɗani tsakanin kabilanci da al'adu An yi amfani da kisan kiyashi na al'adu da kabilanci a baya a cikin yanayi daban-daban. Ana iya tunanin kisan kiyashi na al'adu ba tare da kabilanci ba idan aka kiyaye wata kabila ta daban, amma an kawar da abubuwan al'adu daban-daban.[4]
Al'adu ya ƙunshi shafewa da lalata kayan tarihi na al'adu, kamar littattafai, zane-zane, da sifofi. An magance batun a cikin yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa da dama, da suka hada da Yarjejeniyar Geneva da Dokar Rome, wacce ke bayyana laifukan yaki da ke da alaka da lalata al'adu. Kisan gillar al'adu yana iya haɗawa da tilastawa, da kuma danne harshe ko ayyukan al'adu waɗanda ba su dace da ra'ayin mai rusa abin da ya dace ba. Daga cikin wasu dalilai masu yawa, ana iya yin kisan kiyashi na al'adu don dalilai na addini (misali, iconoclasm wanda ya dogara ne akan anconism); a matsayin wani bangare na kamfen na tsarkake kabilanci a kokarin kawar da shaidar mutane daga wani yanki ko tarihi na musamman; a matsayin wani yunƙuri na aiwatar da sifirin shekara, inda aka goge abubuwan da suka gabata da kuma al'adun da ke da alaƙa da tarihin "sake saitawa". Masu tsara Yarjejeniyar Kisa ta 1948 da farko sun yi la'akari da amfani da kalmar, amma daga baya sun watsar da shi daga haɗawa. An yi la'akari da kalmar "kisan kare dangi" a cikin wasu daftarin bayanin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, amma yarjejeniyar kisan kare dangi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba ta yi amfani da ita ba.[5]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ilimin kalmomi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An yarda da ra'ayin 'kisan al'adu' a farkon 1944, lokacin da lauya Raphael Lemkin ya bambanta wani ɓangaren al'adu na kisan kare dangi. A cikin 1989, Robert Badinter, wani lauya mai laifi na Faransa wanda aka sani da matsayinsa na adawa da hukuncin kisa, ya yi amfani da kalmar "kisan al'adu" a wani wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin don kwatanta abin da ya ce shi ne bacewar al'adun Tibet a gaban Dalai Lama na 14. Daga baya Dalai Lama zai yi amfani da kalmar a 1993[14] da kuma a cikin 2008.
Shawarwari na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Duba kuma: Sanarwa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar
Tunanin kisan kiyashin al'adu an haɗa shi da asali a cikin daftarin yarjejeniyar kisan kare dangi na 1948. An bayyana kisan kare dangi a matsayin lalata harshe, addini, ko al'adun kungiya ta hanyar daya daga cikin hanyoyi da dama. Wannan ma’anar kisan kiyashi dai kwamitin da aka tsara ya yi watsi da shi da kuri’u 25 zuwa 16, inda 4 suka ki amincewa.[6]
Dangantaka da kisan kare dangi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba ta hada da kisan kare dangi a cikin ma'anar kisan kare dangi da aka yi amfani da shi a Yarjejeniyar Kisan Kisan 1948:
Ma'anar da ke cikin Mataki na II na Yarjejeniyar ta bayyana kisan kiyashi a matsayin laifin da aka aikata da nufin lalata wata kasa, kabila, kabila ko addini gaba daya ko bangare. Ba ya hada da kungiyoyin siyasa ko wadanda ake kira "kisan kare dangi". Wannan ma'anar ya samo asali ne daga tsarin shawarwari kuma yana nuna daidaiton da aka cimma a tsakanin kasashe mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya yayin da suke tsara Yarjejeniyar a 1948 ... Domin ya zama kisan kiyashi, dole ne a sami tabbataccen niyyar daga bangaren masu laifi don halakar da kungiyar. Rushewar al'adu ba ta wadatar ba, ko kuma niyyar tarwatsa ƙungiya kawai, kodayake wannan na iya zama laifi ga ɗan adam kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Dokar Roma. Wannan niyya ta musamman, ko kuma ƙwararren dolus, ne ya sa laifin kisan kiyashi ya zama na musamman[2]
Duk da cewa bai cancanci zama kisan kiyashi ba a karkashin yarjejeniyar, an magance batun a cikin yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa da dama, ciki har da Yarjejeniyar Geneva da Dokar Rome, wacce ke bayyana laifukan yaki da ke da alaka da lalata al'adu.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Bilsky, Leora; Klagsbrun, Rachel (23 July 2018). "The Return of Cultural Genocide?". European Journal of International Law. 29 (2): 373–396. doi:10.1093/ejil/chy025. ISSN 0938-5428. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect. "The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1948)" (PDF). United Nations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 June 2021
- ↑ "Cultural genocide". The Armenian genocide Museum-institute. Archived from the original on 22 August 2024. Retrieved 10 October 2019
- ↑ Hall, Thomas D.; Fenelon, James V. (2004). "The futures of indigenous peoples: 9-11 and the trajectory of indigenous survival and resistance". Journal of World-systems Research: 153–197. doi:10.5195/jwsr.2004.307
- ↑ Davidson, Lawrence (8 March 2012). Cultural Genocide. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-5344-3. Retrieved 22 February 2013
- ↑ Flores, Marcello (5 December 2023). "Introduction". Monuments and Identities in the Caucasus. Brill. pp. 1–11. doi:10.1163/9789004677388_002. ISBN 978-90-04-67738-8. Retrieved 19 March 2024.