Kisan Kiyashi
 Kisan Kiyashi | |
|---|---|
type of crime (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Nada jerin |
list of events named massacres (en) |
kisan kiyashi wani lamari ne na kashe mutanen da ba su shiga cikin tashin hankali ba ko kuma ba su da kariya.[1] Ana amfani da shi gabaɗaya don bayyana kisan fararen hula da aka yi niyya ta ƙungiyar ko mutum.
Kalmar rance ce daga kalmar Faransanci don "kisan nama" ko "kisan kai". [2] [3] Sauran sharuddan da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da aikata laifukan yaki, pogrom, Kisan kiyashi, da Kisan kiyashi shari'a.
Magana
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kisan kiyashi ya samo asali ne daga ƙarshen karni na 16 kalmar Faransanci ta Tsakiya macacre ma'anar "gidan yanka" ko " yanka". Ƙarin asalin suna da shakku, kodayake kalmar na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da Latin macellum "gidan ajiyar kayan, kantin nama". [4] [5]
Kalmar Faransanci na Tsakiya macecr "kisan kai, kisan gilla" an fara rubuta ta ne a ƙarshen karni na 11. Amfani da shi na farko ya kasance mahallin yankan dabbobi (a cikin kalmomin farauta da ke nufin kan doki) har zuwa cikin karni na 18. Amfani da Macecre "kisan kai" na kisan kiyashi na mutane ya samo asali ne daga karni na 12, yana nuna cewa ana "kisan mutane kamar dabbobi".[6] Kalmar ba lallai ba ne ta nuna yawan wadanda abin ya shafa, misali Fénelon a cikin Dialogue des Morts (1712) yana amfani da kisan kiyashi na Blois ("kisan kiyashi mai ban tsoro a [gidan] Blois") na kisan Henry I, Duke na Guise (1588), yayin da Boileau, Satires XI (1698) yana da L'Europe ya kasance wani filin kisan kiyayi da tsoro "Yammacin Turai yaƙe-yaƙe na addini.
An ba da kalmar Faransanci zuwa Turanci a cikin shekarun 1580, musamman a cikin ma'anar "kisan kiyashi na mutane da yawa". An yi amfani da shi ne game da Kisan kiyashi na ranar St. Bartholomew a cikin Kisan kiyashi a Paris na Christopher Marlowe . An sake amfani da kalmar a cikin 1695 don Sicilian Vespers na 1281, wanda ake kira "wannan sanannen Massacre na Faransanci a Sicily" a cikin fassarar Turanci na De quattuor monarchiis na Johannes Sleidanus (1556), [7] fassara illa memorabilis Gallorum clades per Siciliam, watau kisan gilla an yi amfani da shi a nan azaman fassarar Latin clades "hammering, karya; lalacewa". Amfani da kalmar a cikin tarihin tarihi ya shahara ne ta hanyar Gibbon's History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1781-1789), wanda ya yi amfani da misali "kisan Latins" don kashe Roman Katolika a Constantinople a cikin 1182. An kuma bayyana Bautar jini ta Åbo a matsayin wani nau'i na kisan gilla; wannan hukunci ne da aka yi a Tsohon Babban Square a Turku a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1599, inda aka yanke kawunansu 14 na Duke Charles (daga baya Sarki Charles IX) a Finland; a cikin Yaƙi tsakanin Duke Charles da Sigismund, Duke Charles ya ci sojojin Sarki Sigismund a Yaƙin Stångebro a Sweden a 1598 sannan ya yi tafiya zuwa Finland, inda ya ci nasara a lokacin Cudgel kuma ya jagoranci Turku.[8]
Amfani da farko a cikin farfaganda na abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu shine "Boston Massacre" na 1770, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don gina goyon baya ga Juyin Juya Halin Amurka. Wani ɗan littafin da ke da taken A takaice labari game da mummunar Kisan kiyashi na Boston, wanda aka yi a yammacin ranar biyar ta Maris, 1770, da sojoji na 29th regiment aka buga a Boston har yanzu a cikin 1770. [a]
Kalmar kisan kiyashi ta fara ganin amfani da hauhawar farashi a aikin jarida a farkon rabin karni na 20. A cikin shekarun 1970s, ana iya amfani da shi kawai a matsayin kwatanci, na abubuwan da ba su shafi mutuwa ba, kamar Kisan kiyashi na Asabar - korar da murabus na wadanda aka nada na siyasa a lokacin Richard Nixon's Watergate.
Ma'anar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Robert Melson (1982) a cikin mahallin "Kisan kiyashi na Hamidian" ya yi amfani da "ma'anar aiki na asali" na "ta hanyar kisan kiyashi za mu yi ma'anar kisan kiyashin da gangan ta hanyar 'yan siyasa na mutane da yawa marasa kariya... dalilan kisan kiyadi ba lallai bane su kasance masu ma'ana don kisan kiyasta su zama da gangan... ana iya aiwatar da kisan kiyansu da gangan saboda dalilai daban-daban, gami da martani ga jita-jita na ƙarya... kisan kiyaki na siyasa... ya kamata a rarrabe su daga masu aikata laifuka ko kisan kiyasi na cututtuka... kamar yadda hukumomin siyasa mu ma' yan siyasa mu ma sun hada da hukumomin siyasa...[9]
Hakazalika, Levene (1999) yayi ƙoƙari ya rarraba "kisan kiyashi" a cikin tarihi, yana amfani da kalmar don komawa ga kashe-kashen da kungiyoyi suka yi ta amfani da karfi mai yawa a kan wadanda ba su da kariya. Ya cire wasu lokuta na kisan kiyashi, yana buƙatar cewa kisan kiyashin dole ne ya sami ingancin kasancewa mara kyau.
An yi amfani da kalmar "kisan kiyashi" don nuna nau'ikan abubuwan da suka faru guda biyu:
- fashewar kabilun Aboriginal ta hanyar kashe fiye da kashi 30% na kabilar a daya daga cikin ayyukan farautar su, [10] da
- ƙananan kashe-kashen da yawa da ke ƙarawa ga kisan kare dangi mafi girma.[11]
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Kashewa
- Bala'i
- Tsabtace kabilanci
- Kisan mata
- Kisan kiyashi
- Kashewa da yawa
- Kashewa da yawa
- Kisan kiyashi
- Kungiyoyin mutane
- Bala'i
- Bala'i (abin da ya faru)
- Laifin yaki
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Definition of a Massacre". Cambridge Dictionary.
- ↑ "the definition of massacre". Dictionary.com. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
- ↑ Gallant, Thomas W. (2001). "Levene (Mark) and Roberts (Penny), (Eds.), The Massacre in History". Crime, History & Societies. 5 (1): 146–148. doi:10.4000/chs.800. ISBN 1-57181934-7. ISSN 1422-0857.
- ↑ "Massacre". Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
- ↑ Harper, Douglas. "Massacre". Etymonline.com. Archived from the original on January 8, 2017. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
- ↑ "Massacre". Trésor de la Langue Française informatisé (in Faransanci). Retrieved 22 March 2019.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Kauko Pirinen. Missing
|author1=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ Melson, Robert (July 1982). "Theoretical Inquiry into the Armenian Massacres of 1894–1896". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 24 (3): 482–3. doi:10.1017/s0010417500010100. S2CID 144670829.
- ↑ "Definition". Colonial Frontier Massacres in Australia, 1788-1930. Centre For 21st Century Humanities. Retrieved 2022-08-01.
- ↑ Dyck 2016.