Kisan kiyashi a Dhein, 1987

Kisan kiyashi a Dhein, 1987

Iri	Kisan Kiyashi
Bangare na	Second Sudanese Civil War (en)
Kwanan watan	27 –  28 ga Maris, 1987
Wuri	Ed Daein (en)
Ƙasa	Republic of Sudan (en)

Kisan kiyashi na Dhein ya fara ne a yammacin Jumma'a, 27 ga Maris 1987, lokacin da 'yan bindiga na Muraheleen (musamman daga Ƙabilar Rizeigat) suka kai hari kan coci inda Dinkas 25 suka taru don addu'o'in maraice. Daga baya, su ko wani rukuni sun yi niyya ga gidajen Dinka da ke kusa, suna ƙone gidaje da yawa kuma suna kashe mutane 5 ko 7. A wannan daren Jumma'a, wasu Dinkas sun gudu, tare da wasu suna ɓoye tare da iyalai na yankin a Dhein, yayin da wasu suka nemi mafaka a Hillat Sikka Hadid, unguwa kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa, inda suke ƙarƙashin kariya ta 'yan sanda.

A ranar Asabar da safe, 28 ga Maris 1987, jami'ai sun tura Dinkas daga Hillat Sikka Hadid zuwa tashar jirgin kasa don fitar da su daga garin don tsaron su. An sanya su a cikin wagons takwas na jirgin kasa, tare da sauran suna zaune a cibiyar 'yan sanda ta tashar. Daga baya, babban rukuni na Muraheleen da sauran mazauna Dhein, galibi Rizeigat, sun mamaye tashar jirgin kasa kuma sun kai hari kan Dinkas. Da faɗuwar rana a ranar Asabar, an kashe Dinkas sama da dubu. Daga nan aka kai Dinkas da suka tsira zuwa Nyala ta jirgin kasa.

Kisan kiyashi a Dhein ya haifar da mutuwar Dinka sama da dubu da kuma satar da bautar da ba a san adadin yara da mata na Dinka da wasu Larabawa na Rizeigat.

Tarihi

A shekara ta 1987, Dhein, ko Ed Daein, babban gari a gabashin kudancin Darfur kuma yana karbar bakuncin hedkwatar Majalisar Gundumar Gabas, yana da yawan jama'a kusan 60,000, galibi daga Ƙabilar Rizeigat, tare da Zaghawa, Dinka, Barti, da 'yan tsiraru na Hausa.

Duk da rashin kasancewar sojoji, Dhein yana da muhimmancin siyasa, musamman ga Jam'iyyar Umma. Dhein kuma yana cikin rikici tsakanin gwamnati da Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) a kudancin Bahr al-Arab. Sojojin da gwamnati ke tallafawa da aka sani da Muraheleen, da yawa daga Dhein's Rizeigat, suna samun kudade don makamai daga 'yan kasuwa na gida. Garin yana karɓar shanu da aka sace kuma an sace mata da yara na Dinka. Dhein, wanda aka haɗa ta hanyar dogo da hanya, cibiyar cinikin hatsi ne da shanu.

Gudun Dinka zuwa Dhein ya fara ne a 1964 saboda Yaƙin basasar Sudan na farko, kuma sun kafa coci a garin a lokaci guda, da nufin kyakkyawar dangantaka da Musulmai ta hanyar ba da darussan Ingilishi da ɗakin yara. Da yawa daga cikin Dinka sun koma kudu bayan Yarjejeniyar Addis Ababa (1972) amma sun gudu zuwa Dhein a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Sudan na Biyu saboda hare-haren 'yan bindiga. A shekara ta 1986, ƙididdigar ƙungiyar Islama ta ƙidaya Dinkas 16,970. A fannin tattalin arziki, sun shiga aikin gona, aikin masana'antu, gine-gine, da ayyuka daban-daban na wucin gadi. Mutane kalilan ne ma'aikatan gwamnati, tare da mutane da yawa daga Mutanen Luwo da suka mutu a cikin gobarar Cibiyar 'Yan Sanda.: 10 Yawan mutanen Dinka a Dhein ya kai kimanin 16,970.

A cikin 1985, raka'a na SPLA sun bayyana a ƙasar Dinka a kudancin Bahr al-Arab . A wannan shekarar, a cikin yunwa ta arewa, kungiyoyin Rizeigat sun zauna tare da Dinka cikin lumana. Majalisar Sojojin Canji (TMC) ta ga goyon bayan Dinka yana da mahimmanci ga SPLA, yana haifar da dabarun da za su lalata shi ta hanyar makamai ga 'yan bindiga na Muraheleen, wanda aka yi da Rizeigat da Misseiria. Sadig al-Mahdi, a matsayinsa na Firayim Minista, ya kara wadannan dabarun, wanda ya kara tashin hankali na Dinka-Rizeigat. A ƙarshen 1985, 'yan bindiga sun fara kai hari kan ƙauyukan Dinka, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutane da yawa, satar mata da yara, satar shanu, da lalata dukiya. Wadannan hare-haren sun ci gaba kuma sun zama tushen samun kudin shiga, tare da jami'an gwamnati da ake zargi da sayar da shanu da aka sace har sai sojojin SPLA sun ba da kariya a tsakiyar 1986.

Sauran nau'ikan 'yan fashi da' yan bindiga suka yi sun hada da hare-hare masu tashin hankali, kamar su kwanton bauna na 1986 a kan motar mallakar Dinka, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar 30.

A farkon 1987, ci gaba da hare-haren Rizeigat, gami da wadanda Fallata Umbararu ya taimaka, sun haifar da manyan wadanda suka mutu da kuma karin sace-sacen. Yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin 'yan bindiga na SPLA da Muraheleen sun ƙare a cikin SPLA da ke dawo da shanu da aka sace. Hanyoyin gwamnati sun haifar da yaduwar Dinka kuma sun karfafa 'yan fashi da bautar tsakanin Rizeigat, suna haifar da mummunan yanayi wanda ya haifar da kisan kiyashi.

Taswirar Dhein

A ranar Jumma'a da yamma, 27 ga Maris 1987, jerin abubuwan tashin hankali sun faru, sun fara da hari kan coci. Kimanin hamsin daga 'yan bindiga na Muraheleen (musamman daga Larabawa na Rizeigat) sun kai hari ga masu bautar Dinka, waɗanda suka taru don addu'o'in maraice, tare da makamai ciki har da mashi, wuƙaƙe, da bindiga, suna doke su kuma suna kore su. Bayan harin, sun ci gaba da ƙone gidajen Dinka a Hillat Fog, wanda ya sa Dinkas suka gudu zuwa ofishin 'yan sanda don aminci. A lokacin wadannan abubuwan, an kashe Dinkas 5-7, kuma da yawa sun tsere daga garin. Dinkas sun fuskanci cikas daga maharan, gami da mata da yara, wadanda har ma suka hana 'yan sanda da ayyukan kashe gobara shiga tsakani.

Da karfe 8 na yamma, yawancin Dinkas sun nemi mafaka a filin ofishin 'yan sanda. Manyan jami'an yankin sun yanke shawarar kare su kuma suna jiran ƙarin umarni daga manyan hukumomi. Daga nan aka tura Dinkas zuwa makarantar firamare da ke kusa don inganta kariya. Duk da haka, saboda damuwa game da tsaro, daga baya aka sake komawa Hillat Sikka Hadid, unguwa kusa da tashar jirgin kasa, inda suka kwana. Kashegari, 'yan kasuwa sun ba da shawarar sake fitar da Dinkas daga Dhein don tsaron su, amma an jinkirta shawarar har sai taron kwamitin tsaro.

A ranar 28 ga watan Maris da karfe 7 na safe, jami'an gwamnati, ciki har da Jami'in Gudanarwa Adam al-Tahir da Mataimakin Shugaban 'yan sanda na Dhein Ali al-Manna, sun tura Dinkas daga Hillat Sikka Hadid zuwa tashar jirgin kasa. Sun shiga wagons takwas, amma wasu da yawa sun nemi mafaka a cibiyar 'yan sanda ko kuma sun jira a ƙarƙashin bishiyoyi. Yayin da labarai suka bazu, daruruwan Muraheleen masu dauke da makamai sun taru a tashar don dakatar da Dinkas daga barin. Sun toshe jirgin kuma sun tsananta wa Dinkas, wadanda suka nemi mafaka a cikin karusar ƙarfe. Duk da kasancewar 'yan sanda, maharan sun ƙone Dinkas a cikin motar katako da cibiyar' yan sanda. Wadanda suka tsira sun bayyana yadda maharan suka yi amfani da kayan konewa don tilasta Dinkas daga cikin kekunan ƙarfe, kashewa da ƙone waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin tserewa.

Taron da aka yi da karfe 10 na safe tare da manyan jami'ai da shugabannin Rizeigat, ciki har da Ali al-Radi da Hammad Bushara, masu kai hari sun katse shi, wanda ya haifar da jami'ai le 'yan sanda su bar wurin. Masu kai farmaki sun ci gaba da kisan kiyashi, suna kashe Dinkas a cikin wagons da kuma ɓoyewa a duk garin. Kisan kiyashi ya ƙare da misalin karfe 6 na yamma, tare da rahotanni marasa tabbas na jami'an gwamnati da ke kira ga ɓoyayyun Dinkas su je tashar. Da karfe 7 na yamma, wani jirgin kasa da ke da tasiri kadan a kan Dinkas ya tashi zuwa Nyala, yayin da wasu suka kasance har zuwa safiyar Lahadi lokacin da wani jirgin kasa ya kwashe su.

Lahadi 29 ga Maris

A safiyar ranar 29 ga watan Maris, jirgin farko ya isa Nyala tare da kimanin mutane 200 da suka tsira daga kisan kiyashi. Da karfe 3 na yamma, jirgin kasa na biyu ya kawo kusan mutane 800 da suka tsira, ciki har da 32 da suka ji rauni da 2 wadanda suka mutu a hanya. Wadanda suka tsira da suka tsere daga Dhein yanzu suna cikin Kas, Nyala, Fasher, Tulus, Buram, da Khartoum. A Kas da Nyala, sun sami taimako daga Oxfam, Red Cross, Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka, Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai, da Majalisar Ikklisiyoyin Sudan, tare da mazauna yankin da ke ba da abinci da mafaka.

Wadanda suka mutu

Bayan kisan kiyashi, an warwatsa gawawwakin a kan tituna da tashar jirgin kasa a Dhein, suna lalacewa kuma suna haifar da tsoron annobar. An zubar da wasu gawawwakin a cikin bayan gida, an ja su a waje da garin, ko kuma an binne su a cikin kaburbura a arewacin tashar jirgin kasa da kuma a cikin makabartar garin.

Yawan mutanen da suka mutu

A cewar Kungiyar Kwadago ta Likita ta Sudan, an kashe mutane 212 kuma an binne su a cikin kaburbura biyu. Duk da haka, wannan adadi yana jayayya da Sudan Relief and Rehabilitation Association (SRRA). Ministan cikin gida ya kiyasta mutuwar a 183. Duk da haka, Gwamnan Bahr el-Ghazal William Ajal Deng ya kiyasta kasa da mutuwar 300. Wani jami'in da ba a san sunansa ba ya bayyana a cikin jaridar Al Ayam cewa akwai mutuwar mutane 14 kawai.

Sabanin haka, Jam'iyyar Musulunci ta hanyar jaridar Al-Rai Al-Aam ta ba da rahoton mutuwar sama da 900, tare da mutuwar 426 a tashar jirgin kasa, 200 kusa da filin ruwa, da 367 kusa da cocin. Dukkanin wadanda suka mutu Dinkas ne tare da karin 10 Rizeigat. Bugu da ƙari, binciken SRRA ya nuna cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu 'fiye da dubu' ƙididdigar ra'ayin mazan jiya ce. Binciken SRRA ya tabbatar da cewa kimanin mutane 500 sun nemi mafaka a cibiyar 'yan sanda, kuma duk an kashe su. Bugu da kari, an ƙone motar katako guda ɗaya cike da Dinkas gaba ɗaya, an kashe Dinkas da yawa a cikin kekunan ƙarfe ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kuma ƙarin mutuwar sun faru a tituna, wuraren yin burodi, da wuraren yin tubali.

Bautar

Bautar ta sake fitowa da karfi a cikin al'ummar Rizeigat tun 1986, tare da goyon bayan manufofin yaki na gwamnatin al-Mahdi. Gwamnati ta san da satar da bautar yara Dinka, mata, da 'yan mata, yayin da ta yi aiki tare da' yan bindiga da ke da alhakin, ta haifar da imani tsakanin Rizeigat cewa Dinka ba su da ɗan adam, ta kawar da shingen tunani ga cin zarafin su da kashe su.

Wadanda suka tsira sun ba da rahoton cewa ana sayar da 'ya'yansu bayi, kuma dangi da yawa suna cikin bautar, tare da korafe-korafe ga jami'ai ba su samar da sakamako ba. Bincike ya tabbatar da wanzuwar bautar, wanda ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da kisan kiyashi na Dhein .

Bincike

Bayanan hukuma da Firayim Minista Sadiq al-Mahdi da sauran jami'an gwamnati suka bayar sun danganta kisan kiyashi ga wani fansa da SPLA ta kai. Amma a cewar Sudan Relief and Rehabilitation Association (SRRA), manufofin gwamnati sun kara tashin hankali na kabilanci kuma sun karfafa mayakan Rizeigat su shiga cikin tashin hankali da aikata laifuka, wanda ya haifar da kisan kiyashi. Canje-canje na zamantakewa, matsin tattalin arziki, da gasa tsakanin kabilun sun kara haifar da halin ƙiyayya ga Dinka, wanda ya kai ga kisan kiyashi.

A cewar SRRA, lokacin da kisan kiyashi ya faru, Dhein gari ne da ke cikin rikici, wanda ke fama da gasa ta kabilanci da tsattsauran ra'ayi na addini, tare da cocin ya zama cibiyar tsattsa ra'ayi ta addini da rikice-rikicen ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da fushi tsakanin iyalan Rizeigat. Matasan Rizeigat sun shiga cikin tashin hankali da rashin bin doka kuma sun taru a kan al'ummomin Dinka da Zaghawa. Ayyuka na alama, kamar rushe alamun hukuma, sun nuna karuwar kabilanci. Rikicin cikin gida a cikin al'ummar Rizeigat ya haɗa da rashin jituwa tsakanin tsofaffin sheikhs da matasa da bambancin aji wanda ya kara da canje-canjen tattalin arziki.

Matsayin 'yan sanda

A lokacin kisan kiyashi, 'yan sanda sun fi watsi da ayyukansu, tare da mutane da yawa sun bar wurin yayin da tashin hankali ya fara. Shaidu sun bayyana wani dan sanda a cikin tufafin gargajiya da ke shiga cikin kisan, gami da kisan Deng Alwel, shugaban Dinka. Bugu da ƙari, wasu 'yan sanda sun kwace kudi daga Dinkas, suna buƙatar 5 Sudanese pound (£Sd) don kariya, wanda kusan Dinkas talatin suka biya.

A cikin gida, 'yan sanda ba su da tsari. Mataimakin Shugaban 'yan sanda Ali al-Manna ya firgita kuma ya kasa ba da umarni masu jituwa, daga ƙarshe ya koma ofishinsa. Sabanin haka, jami'in Abdel-Rahman al-Fideili, wani Rizeigat, ya kare Dinkas ta hanyar harbi maharan.: 21 

Shirye-shiryen da aka yi

Wani dan sanda ya sanar da Ariek Piol, shugaban Dinka, a ranar 26 ga watan Maris game da harin da ke gabatowa, yana shawarci Dinka su tafi. Duk da gargadi, yawancin ba su yarda da shi ba, kodayake wasu sun bar ranar Jumma'a da safe. 'Yan sanda sun kuma kira shugabannin Dinka a wannan rana, suna ba su shawara su zauna a gida kuma su guji manyan tarurruka. Rundunar 'yan sanda ta kasance a faɗake daga 25 ga Maris zuwa maraice na 27 ga Maris. Bugu da ƙari, wanda ya tsira Agol Akol ya ji tattaunawa game da korar Dinkas daga Dhein kwana huɗu kafin kisan kiyashi amma ba a yarda da shi ba lokacin da ta ba da rahoton hakan.: 22

Dubi kuma

• Jerin kisan kiyashi a Sudan