Kisan kiyashi na Sétif da Guelma
 | ||||
| ||||
| Iri | Kisan Kiyashi | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bangare na | Aljeriya a Yaƙin Duniya na II | |||
| Kwanan watan | 1945 – 12 Mayu 1945 | |||
| Wuri |
Kherrata (en)  da Constantine Department (en) | |||
| Ƙasa | Faransa | |||
| Adadin waɗanda suka rasu |
1,500 45,000 | |||
Kisan kiyashin Sétif da Guelma [lower-alpha 1] (wanda kuma ake kira kisan kiyashin Sétif, Guelma da Kherrata [lower-alpha 2] ko kuma kisan kiyashin da aka yi a ranar 8 ga watan Mayu 1945 [lower-alpha 3] ) wani jerin kisan kiyashi ne da hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka yi da kuma ‘yan sa kai na Turawa masu tsattsauran ra’ayi kan fararen hular Aljeriya a watan Mayu da Yuni 1945 a kusa da garuruwan Sétif na Faransa da Faransa.
Dangane da harbin da 'yan sandan Faransa suka yi kan masu zanga-zanga a Sétif a ranar 8 ga watan Mayu 1945, [1] asalin Aljeriyawa sun yi tarzoma a cikin garin tare da kai hari ga Faransawa (colons) a cikin karkarar da ke kewaye, inda suka kashe mutane 102. Hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Faransa da turawa mazauna yankin sun yi ramuwar gayya ta hanyar kashe dubban Musulman Aljeriya a yankin tare da yin kisan kiyasin ya bambanta. Kisan Kiyasin farko da hukumomin Faransa suka bayar an kashe mutane 1,020, yayin da gwamnatin Aljeriya mai ci ta yi kisan kiyasin kashe mutane 45,000. [2] Kisan Kiyasin da masana tarihi suka yi ya kai daga 3,000 zuwa 30,000 Musulman Aljeriya da aka kashe. [3] Kisan kiyashin ya kawo sauyi a dangantakar Franco da Algeria, wanda a ƙarshe ya kai ga yakin Aljeriya na samun 'yancin kai daga shekarun 1954 zuwa 1962.[4]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ƙungiyar masu adawa da mulkin mallaka ta fara tsari da tsari kafin yakin duniya na biyu, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Messali Hadj da Ferhat Abbas. Duk da haka, shigar Aljeriya a yakin ya haifar da ƙaruwar kishin aljeriya.
Algiers ta kasance babbar birnin Faransa mai 'yanci daga shekarun 1943, wanda ya haifar da fata ga yawancin musulmin Aljeriya masu kishin ƙasa don samun 'yancin kai. A cikin shekarar 1943, Ferhat Abbas ya buga wani bayani wanda ke da'awar 'yancin 'yan Algeria na samun kundin tsarin mulki da ƙasa mai alaƙa da Faransa.[5] Rashin halayen Faransanci ya haifar da ƙirƙirar "Amis du Manifeste et de la Liberté" (AML) kuma ya haifar da haɓakar kishin ƙasa.
Dubban ɗaruruwan ‘yan ƙasar Aljeriya ne suka shiga zanga-zangar neman ‘yancinsu a garuruwa da dama. Abubuwan da suka faru na zamani banda waɗanda suka haifar da kishin ƙasa na Larabawa sun haɗa da fari da yunwa a yankunan karkarar lardin Constantine, inda mazauna Turai suka kasance 'yan tsiraru.[6] A cikin birnin Guelma, alal misali, akwai mazauna 4,000 da 16,500 musulmi 'yan Algeria.[3]
A watan Afrilun 1945, tashin hankalin ƙabilanci ya kai ga wani babban jami'in Faransa ya ba da shawarar kafa 'yan tawaye masu ɗauke da makamai a Guelma.[3] A yayin da aka kawo ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu a Turai, masu zanga-zanga 5,000 ne suka fito kan titunan garin Setif da ke arewacin ƙasar Aljeriya, domin neman yancin kai ga gwamnatin Faransa.[7]
Abubuwan da suka faru
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Muzaharar farko da kashe-kashe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ɓarkewar farko ta faru ne a safiyar ranar 8 ga watan Mayun 1945, a daidai wannan rana da Jamusawa na Nazi suka miƙa wuya a yakin duniya na biyu. Kimanin Musulmai 5,000 ne suka yi fareti a Setif domin murnar nasarar da aka samu. Wasu dai na ɗauke da tutocin da ke yakar mulkin mallaka. An yi taho-mu-gama tsakanin masu zanga-zangar da jami'an Jandarma na ƙasar Faransa a lokacin da na baya-bayan nan ya yi kokarin kwace irin waɗannan tutoci.[8]
Akwai rashin tabbas kan wanda ya fara harbe-harbe amma an harbe masu zanga-zangar da 'yan sanda duka. Labari daga Sétif ya tunzura talakawa da al'ummar karkara masu kishin ƙasa, kuma sun kai ga hare-haren Aljeriya a kan 'yan pied-noirs a cikin karkarar Sétif (Kerrata, Chevreul). Hare-haren na kai-tsaye ne kuma wasu kungiyoyi masu ɗauke da makamai ne suka kai su ta hanyar amfani da kayan aikin noma da manyan bindigogi da kuma bindigu na farauta. [8] Hare-haren sun yi sanadin mutuwar turawan turawan mulkin mallaka 90, tare da jikkata wasu 100. Wata ƙaramar zanga-zangar lumana ta masu fafutuka na jam'iyyar Aljeriya a garin Guelma da ke makwabtaka da ita, 'yan sandan mulkin mallaka sun murkushe su da kakkausar murya a wannan maraice, kuma wasu karin matsugunai 12 sun mutu a cikin karkarar Guelma. [9] An kai hare-haren kan mazauna har zuwa ranar 12 ga watan Mayu.
Rashin amincewar Faransa a Sétif
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan kwanaki biyar na ruɗani, sojojin Faransa da 'yan sandan mulkin mallaka sun murkushe tawayen. Bisa umarni daga Paris,[10] sun aiwatar da jerin ramuwa kan fararen hula musulmi saboda harin da aka kai wa Faransawa 'yan mulkin mallaka. Sojojin, waɗanda suka haɗa da Legion na ƙasashen waje, na Moroko da kuma na Senegal, sun gudanar da kisan gilla a yayin da ake gudanar da zanga-zangar ("raking-over") na al'ummomin karkara na musulmin Aljeriya da ake zargi da hannu. Jiragen saman Faransa sun yi ruwan bama-bamai a tsakanin ranakun 9 zuwa 19 ga watan Mayun da ba a iya isa ga mechtas (kauyukan musulmi). Goma sha biyu Martin B-26 Marauders da Douglas SBD dauntless goma sha biyu sun aiwatar da nau'ikan nau'ikan sun jefar da tan 41 na bama-bamai. Jirgin ruwan Duguay-Trouin, yana tsaye a bakin tekun a Tekun Bougie, ya harba Aokas sau goma a ranar 10 da 11 ga watan Mayu.[8] 'Yan banga na Pied-noir sun lalata fursunonin da aka kama daga gidajen yarin yankin. Sun bindige musulman da ba sa sanye da farar rigar hannu da sojoji suka umarce su ba bisa ka'ida ba. [11] Ya tabbata cewa yawancin musulmin da abin ya shafa ba su da hannu a farkon ɓarkewar cutar.[12]
Rashin amincewar Faransa a Guelma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Danniyar Faransa a yankin Guelma ya sha bamban da na Setif a yayin da aka kashe 'yan pied-noir 12 a cikin karkara, hare-haren jami'ai da na 'yan bindiga kan fararen hular Aljeriya sun shafe makonni, har zuwa ranar 26 ga watan Yuni. The Constantine préfet, Lestrade-Carbonnel ya goyi bayan ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin matsugunan Turai, yayin da Guelma sous-préfet, André Achiari, ya kirkiro tsarin adalci na yau da kullum (Comité de Salut Public) wanda aka tsara don ƙarfafa tashin hankali na matsuguni a kan fararen hula marasa makami, da kuma sauƙaƙe ganowa da kashe masu fafutuka na ƙasa.[13] Ya kuma umurci jami’an leken asiri na ‘yan sanda da sojoji da su taimaka wa ‘yan bindigar. An binne musulman da aka kashe a birane da karkara a cikin manyan kaburbura a wurare kamar Kef-el-Boumba. Daga baya jami'ai sun sa aka tono gawarwakin kuma suka kona gawarwakin jama'a a Heliopolis.[14]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Témoins des massacres du 8 Mai 1945 en Algérie". Archived from the original on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
- ↑ "French massacre of 45,000 Algerians: 78 years on". TRT World. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Peyroulou, Jean-Pierre (March 21, 2008). "Le cas de Sétif-Kherrata-Guelma (Mai 1945)". Violence de masse et Résistance – Réseau de recherche. Archived from the original on April 9, 2018. Retrieved April 8, 2018. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Morgan, Ted (2006-01-31). My Battle of Algiers. HarperCollins. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-06-085224-5.
- ↑ "10 février 1943 – Le Manifeste du peuple algérien". Textures du temps (in Faransanci). Archived from the original on 2018-04-08. Retrieved 2018-04-08.
- ↑ Gunther, John (1955). Inside Africa. Hamish Hamilton Ltd. p. 121.
- ↑ Planche, Jean Louis. Sétif 1945, histoire d'un massacre annoncé. p. 137.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "Le cas de Sétif-Kherrata-Guelma (Mai 1945) | Sciences Po Violence de masse et Résistance – Réseau de recherche". www.sciencespo.fr (in Faransanci). Archived from the original on 2019-08-15. Retrieved 2019-08-03. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ General R. Hure, page 449 "L' Armee d' Afrique 1830–1962", Charles-Lavauzelle, Paris-Limoges 1977
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Horne, p. 27.
- ↑ Peyroulou, Jean-Pierre (2009). "6. La mise en place d'un ordre subversif, le 9 mai 1945". Guelma, 1945 : une subversion française dans l'Algérie coloniale. Paris: Éditions La Découverte. ISBN 9782707154644. OCLC 436981240.
- ↑ Peyroulou, Jean-Pierre (2009). "8. La légitimation et l'essor de la subversion 13-19 mai 1945". Guelma, 1945 : une subversion française dans l'Algérie coloniale. Paris: Éditions La Découverte. ISBN 9782707154644. OCLC 436981240.
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