Kisan kiyashi na asiri

Kisan kiyashi na asiri

41°21′46″N 71°58′41″W
Iri	Kisan Kiyashi
Bangare na	Pequot War (en)
Wuri	Connecticut
Ƙasa	Tarayyar Amurka

Kisan gillar da aka yi wa sihiri – wanda kuma aka sani da kisan kiyashin Pequot da Yaƙin Mystic Fort – Ya faru ne a ranar 26 ga Mayu, 1637 a lokacin Yaƙin Pequot, lokacin da wata runduna daga Gundumar Connecticut ƙarƙashin Kyaftin John Mason da abokansu na Narragansett da Mohegan suka kunna wuta a sansanin Pequot kusa da Kogin Mystic . Sun harbe duk wanda ya yi ƙoƙarin tserewa daga sansanin katako kuma suka kashe mafi yawan ƙauyen. An kashe tsakanin Pequots 400 zuwa 700 a lokacin harin; waɗanda suka tsira daga Pequot su ne mayaƙan da suka yi tafiya a cikin ƙungiyar mayaka tare da Sassacus ɗinsu .

Bayani

'Yan Pequots su ne ƙabilar Indiya mafi rinjaye a yankin kudu maso gabashin yankin Connecticut, kuma sun daɗe suna zama abokan gaba ga ƙabilun Mohegan da Narragansett maƙwabta. 'Yan mulkin mallaka na New England sun kafa kasuwanci da dukkan kabilu uku, suna musayar kayayyakin Turai da wampum da furs. Daga ƙarshe Pequots sun haɗu da 'yan mulkin mallaka na Holland, yayin da Mohegans da wasu suka haɗu da 'yan mulkin mallaka na New England.

An kashe wani ɗan kasuwa mai suna John Oldham kuma Pequots sun yi awon gaba da jirgin kasuwancinsa, kuma hare-haren ramuwar gayya sun biyo bayan 'Yan Mulkin Mallaka da ƙawayensu na Indiya. A ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 1637, mayaƙan Pequot 200 sun kai hari a ƙauyen Wethersfield inda suka kashe maza shida da mata uku, dukkansu ba su da makami. Wannan babban sauyi ne a yakin Pequot yayin da ya fusata mazauna yankin cewa mayaƙan za su kashe fararen hula kuma ya haifar da ƙarin goyon baya ga Yaƙin Pequot tsakanin 'yan mulkin mallaka. A cewar Katherine Grandjean, Babban Guguwar Mulkin Mallaka ta 1635 ta lalata masara da sauran amfanin gona na wannan shekarar, ta sa kayan abinci suka yi ƙaranci kuma ta haifar da gasa don samar da abinci na hunturu. Wannan kuma ya ƙara tashin hankali tsakanin 'Yan Mulkin Mallaka da 'Yan Mulkin Mallaka waɗanda ba su shirya sosai don fuskantar lokacin yunwa ba.

Kisan kiyashi

An lalata sansanin Pequots da sansaninsu da ke kusa da Stonington, Connecticut ta hannun Turawan mulkin mallaka na Ingila a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kyaftin John Mason, a watan Mayu na 1637.

Garuruwan Connecticut sun kafa rundunar soji wacce Kyaftin John Mason ke jagoranta, wadda ta ƙunshi sojoji 90, da kuma Mohegans 70 a ƙarƙashin sachems Uncas da Wequash . Wasu sojoji ashirin a ƙarƙashin Kyaftin John Underhill sun haɗu da shi daga Fort Saybrook. A lokaci guda, Pequot sachem Sassacus ya ɗauki mayaka ɗari suka nufi Hartford, Connecticut .

Kyaftin Mason ya ɗauki sama da Narragansett da Niantic Indians 200 don shiga rundunarsa. A daren 26 ga Mayu, 1637, sojojin Mulkin Mallaka da na Indiya suka isa ƙauyen Pequot mai garu, wanda ke kan wani tudu kusa da Kogin Mystic . Babban ƙauyen yana kewaye da wani katafaren gida mai hanyoyi biyu kacal. Sojojin Mulkin Mallaka sun fara ƙoƙarin kai hari ba zato ba tsammani amma sun janye bayan juriya mai ƙarfi daga Pequots.

A martanin da ya mayar, Mason ya ba da umarnin a kunna wa ƙauyen wuta sannan a toshe hanyoyin shiga guda biyu. Yayin da wutar ke ci gaba da tashi, an harbi wasu 'yan bindigar Pequots da suka makale yayin da suke ƙoƙarin tserewa ta hanyar hawa kan titin; waɗannan maza, mata, da yara da suka fita, mayakan Narragansett suka kashe su. Kyaftin Underhill ya bayyana yanayin da kuma yadda ya shiga:

"Kyaftin Mason yana shiga Wigwam, ya fito da bindigar wuta, bayan ya raunata mutane da yawa a gidan, sannan ya kunna wuta a gefen Yamma inda ya shiga, ni kaina na kunna wuta a ƙarshen Kudu da ɗan foda, wutar da ta haɗu a tsakiyar sansanin ta yi zafi sosai, ta ƙone duka cikin rabin sa'a; mutane da yawa masu ƙarfin hali ba su yarda su fito ba, kuma sun yi yaƙi sosai a cikin Palisadoes, har suka ƙone suka ƙone da harshen wuta, aka kuma kwace musu makamai, saboda wutar ta ƙone igiyoyinsu, ta kuma halaka da ƙarfin hali: rahamar da suka cancanta saboda jarumtarsu, da mun sami damar ba da ita; an ƙone da yawa a sansanin, maza, mata, da yara, an kore wasu, kuma sun zo da sojoji zuwa ga Indiyawa, ashirin da talatin a lokaci guda, wanda sojojinmu suka karɓa suka kuma nishadantar da su da takobi; maza, mata, da yara suka faɗi, waɗanda suka tsere mu, mun faɗa hannun Indiyawa, waɗanda ke cikin yankinmu; an ruwaito da kansu cewa akwai kimanin rayuka ɗari huɗu a cikin wannan sansanin soja, kuma sama da biyar daga cikinsu ba su tsira daga hannunmu ba."

Mohegans za su tattara kawunan Pequots da suka faɗi, su ɗauki fatar kai a matsayin kofunan yaƙi. An kashe ɗaruruwan Pequots; 'yan mulkin mallaka sun ba da rahoton cewa mazauna ƙauyen biyar ne kawai suka tsere yayin da aka kama bakwai a fursuna.

Mayakan Pequot da suka dawo sun bi sojojin mulkin mallaka bayan sun gano kisan gillar, amma sojojin Connecticut sun guji duk wani harin ramuwar gayya na Pequot duk da cewa sun ɓace na ɗan lokaci a lokacin da suka koma yankin Connecticut .

Bayan haka

Kwafin Yarjejeniyar Hartford ta 1638 ta shekarar 1743, wadda Turawan mulkin mallaka na Ingila suka sanya kuma suka nemi kawar da asalin al'adun Pequot ta hanyar hana Pequots komawa ƙasashensu, yin magana da yaren ƙabilarsu, ko kuma kiran kansu Pequots.

Kiyasin mutuwar Pequot ya kama daga 400 zuwa 700, ciki har da mata, yara, da tsofaffi. 'Yan mulkin mallaka sun sha wahala tsakanin 22 zuwa 26, inda aka tabbatar da mutuwar biyu. Kimanin mayaka 40 na Narragansett sun ji rauni yayin da 'yan mulkin mallaka suka yi kuskuren ɗaukar yawancinsu a matsayin Pequots. Kisan gillar ya karya Pequots, kuma Sassacus da mabiyansa da yawa an kewaye su a cikin wani fadama kusa da ƙauyen Mattabesset mai suna Sasqua . Yaƙin da ya biyo baya ana kiransa da " Yaƙin Fada na Fairfield Swamp ", inda aka kashe mayaka kusan 180, aka raunata, ko aka kama su. Sassacus ya tsere tare da kimanin mutanensa 80, amma Mohawks suka kashe shi, waɗanda suka aika da kansa ga 'yan mulkin mallaka a matsayin alamar abota.

Adadin Pequot ya ragu sosai har suka daina zama ƙabila a mafi yawan ma'anoni. Yarjejeniyar ta ba da umarnin cewa sauran Pequots za a haɗa su cikin ƙabilun Mohegan da Narragansett, kuma ba a bar su su kira kansu Pequots ba. A rabin ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, zuriyar Pequot sun farfaɗo da ƙabilar, inda suka sami amincewar tarayya a shekarar 1983 da kuma sasanta wasu da'awar filaye.

Sake duba zamani

A lokacin da ƙabilar Pequot ta zamani ta bayyana a shekarun 1990, wani labarin da aka buga a jaridar The New England Quarterly ya yi la'akari da hujjojin da ke nuna ko ya kamata a ɗauki kisan gillar Mystic a matsayin kisan gillar kare dangi. Rebecca Joyce Frey ta lissafa lamarin a matsayin kisan gillar kare dangi a cikin littafinta na 2009 na Kisan Kare Dangi da Shari'ar Duniya . Steven M. Wise daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard ya kira Kisan Kare Dangi "Yaƙin Indiya na kisan kare dangi na Puritans" inda aka kashe "'Yan Indiya dubu ɗaya". Wise ya lura cewa Kyaftin John Underhill ya ba da hujjar kisan tsofaffi, mata, yara, da marasa lafiya ta hanyar cewa "wani lokaci Littafi Mai Tsarki ya bayyana cewa mata da yara dole ne su mutu tare da iyayensu [...] Mun sami isasshen haske daga Kalmar Allah don shari'o'inmu."