Kisan kiyashin Inyamurai 1966
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| Iri |
Kungiyoyin mutane Kisan Kiyashi mass shooting (en)  Ƙonewa | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bangare na | Yaƙin basasan Najeriya | |||
| Kwanan watan | Oktoba 1966 | |||
| Wuri | Arewacin Najeriya, Port Harcourt | |||
| Ƙasa | Najeriya | |||
| Nahiya | Afirka | |||
An yi jerin kisan kiyashi a kan 'yan kabilar Igbo da sauran mutanen kudancin Najeriya mazauna arewacin Najeriya tun daga watan Mayun 1966 har ya kai ga kololuwa bayan 29 ga Satumba 1966. [1] An yi kiyasin cewa an kashe ‘yan kabilar Igbo da ‘yan gabas 8,000 zuwa 30,000. Wasu 'yan kabilar Igbo miliyan 1 kuma sun tsere daga yankin Arewa zuwa Gabas . Dangane da kashe-kashen da aka yi an yi wa wasu ’yan Arewa kisan kiyashi a Fatakwal da sauran garuruwan gabashin kasar. Wadannan al'amura sun kai ga ballewar yankin Gabashin Najeriya tare da ayyana Jamhuriyar Biafra wanda a karshe ya kai ga yakin Najeriya da Biafra .
Fage
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Lamarin ya faru ne dangane da juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi da kuma tun farkon yakin basasar Najeriya. [2] Abin da ya fara tunzura kisan kiyashin shi ne juyin mulkin da Najeriya ta yi a watan Janairun 1966 . [3] Yawancin ’yan siyasa da manyan hafsoshin sojojin da aka kashe a juyin mulkin ’yan Arewa ne saboda ’yan Arewa ne suka fi rinjaye a gwamnatin Nijeriya, [3] ciki har da Firimiya Abubakar Tafawa Balewa da Ahmadu Bello Sardaunan Sakkwato . Wasu manyan hafsoshin sojin kasar ne suka nuna adawa da juyin mulkin. Wani dan kabilar Ibo mai suna Aguiyi-Ironsi ne ya dakatar da juyin mulkin a Legas yayin da wani dan kabilar Igbo Emeka Ojukwu ya dakatar da juyin mulkin a arewacin kasar. Daga nan sai Aguiyi-Ironsi ya karbi mulki, wanda ya tilastawa gwamnatin farar hula mika mulki. Ya kafa gwamnatin soja da kansa ya jagoranta a matsayin babban kwamanda. [3] A watannin da suka biyo bayan juyin mulkin, an bayyana cewa hudu daga cikin manyan hafsoshin soji biyar da suka aiwatar da juyin mulkin ‘yan kabilar Ibo ne, kuma Janar din da ke rike da mukamin dan kabilar Ibo ne. ‘Yan Arewa dai na fargabar cewa ‘yan kabilar Igbo sun tashi ne domin su karbe mulkin kasar. A wani mataki na mayar da martani da jami'an Arewa suka yi a watan Yulin 1966 na juyin mulkin Najeriya inda aka kashe sojojin Kudu 240 bisa tsari, kashi uku cikin hudu na Igbo, [4] da kuma dubban fararen hula 'yan asalin kudanci da ke zaune a arewa. [5] Bayan haka, Yakubu Gowon, ɗan Arewa, ya zama shugaban gwamnatin mulkin soja. [4] A wannan yanayin, ƙarar hamayyar kabilanci ta haifar da ƙarin kisan kiyashi. [3]
Kisan gilla ya yadu sosai a arewa kuma ya kai kololuwa a ranar 29 ga Mayu, 29 ga Yuli, da 29 ga Satumba 1966. A lokacin da wannan bugu ya kare, kusan dukkan ‘yan kabilar Igbo na Arewa sun mutu, suna fakewa tsakanin ‘yan Arewa masu tausayi ko kuma a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa yankin Gabas. Sojojin Najeriya ne suka jagoranci kisan kiyashin da aka yi a wasu garuruwan Arewacin Najeriya. Duk da cewa Kanar Gowon yana bayar da garantin tsaro ga ’yan Kudancin Najeriya mazauna Arewa, manufar da aka yi wa wani kaso mai tsoka na sojojin Najeriya a wancan lokaci kisan kare dangi ne kamar yadda ake ta yada kalaman wariyar launin fata a tsakanin kabilun Hausawa.[6] ɗaukan ƴan Kudu da Gabashin Najeriya a lokacin a Arewacin Najeriya kamar yadda Charles Keil ya bayyana:
The Igbo and their ilk...vermin and snakes to trod underfoot...dogs to be killed.[6]
Kishiyoyin kabilanci a kasuwa ma sun yi tasiri a kan pogrom, musamman bayan juyin mulkin farko. Farfesa Murray Last, malami kuma masanin tarihi da ke zaune a birnin Zariya a lokacin, ya ba da labarin abin da ya faru da shi:
Kuma washegarin juyin mulkin – 16 ga Janairu, 1966 – da farko an sami walwala sosai a harabar jami’ar ABU wanda ya ba ni mamaki. Sai daga baya lokacin da nake zaune a cikin garin Zariya (a Babban Dodo), na gamu da fushin yadda ’yan kasuwar kabilar Ibo (da ’yan jarida) suke yi wa ’yan kasuwarsu Hausawa ’yan kasuwa a Sabon Gari da ke Zariya ba’a kan mutuwar ‘mahaifinsu’, kuma suna korar ma’aikatan motocin haya daban-daban a wani waje, suna gaya wa Hausawa cewa yanzu ka’ida ta canza, kuma Hausawa ne a kasuwa ko kuma a yanzu masu motocin haya. Jin yadda Hausawa ke fada wa juna a kowace maraice na cin mutuncin da suka ji daga Igbo a ranar ya nuna min a fili yadda saukin da aka samu a juyin mulkin ya rikide zuwa fushi. Ya dame ni kadan a lokacin (ina zaune lafiya a tsakiyar birnin Zaria) amma na yi butulci na rashin tsammanin tashin hankali. Na shaida ne kawai daga baya, alal misali, a cikin Afrilu 1966, ina Jalingo: a can, wata ranar Lahadi da yamma, aka gargaɗe ni cewa kisan zai faru. Aka ce min dole ne in bar garin kafin dare ya yi. [7]
Sai dai kuma an kai wa 'yan Arewacin Najeriya hari a yankin Gabashin Najeriya da 'yan kabilar Igbo suka mamaye. [8] Dubban Hausawa, Tiv da sauran kabilun Arewa ne wasu ’yan kabilar Ibo suka yi wa kisan kiyashi, lamarin da ya tilasta wa ’yan Arewa gudun hijira daga yankin Gabas.
Haka nan kuma an kai wa wasu tsiraru da ba ‘yan kabilar Ibo ba na Gabas da Midwest a Arewa hari domin babu yadda za a iya bambanta su da ‘yan kabilar Igbo da kamanni, wadanda dukkaninsu a yankin Arewa ake kiransu da sunan “ Yameri ”. [9]
Wani abin da ya haifar da kiyayya ga ’yan Kudancin Najeriya gaba daya musamman Igbo shi ne yunkurin da gwamnatin Aguiyi Ironsi ta yi na kawar da shiyya-shiyya domin tabbatar da tsarin gwamnati na bai-daya wanda ake kallonsa a matsayin wani shiri na kafa ‘yan kabilar Igbo a tarayyar Najeriya. A ranar 24 ga Mayun 1966 Ironsi ya fitar da wata doka ta bai daya, wadda ta kai ga harin da aka kai wa kabilar Igbo a Arewacin Najeriya a ranar 29 ga Mayun 1966. Jaridun Burtaniya sun yi ijma'i a kan hukuncin da aka yanke musu a lokacin cewa wadannan kashe-kashen na ranar 29 ga Mayu an shirya su ne ba na kai-tsaye ba. An kuma yi la’akari da cewa gwamnatin Ironsi tana fifita ‘yan Kudancin Najeriya wajen nada wasu mukamai a gwamnati, wanda hakan ya kara ruruta wutar rikici tsakanin kabilu.
Rashin nasarar da gwamnatin Ironsi ta yi na aiwatar da kisan gilla ga sojojin da suka yi juyin mulki a watan Janairun 1966 ya kara dagula lamarin. [10] An gudanar da pogrom na watan Mayun 1966 ta hanyar cin zarafi tare da hadin gwiwar kananan hukumomi. [11] Halin rashin da'a na wasu abubuwa na jaridun duniya kuma an san shi ne ya kara tayar da jijiyoyin wuya. JDF Jones, wakilin diflomasiyya na Financial Times a ranar 17 ga Janairun 1966 ya riga ya yi hasashen cewa watakila 'yan Arewa "sun fara daukar fansa kan mutuwar shugabansu Sardaunan Sokoto kan dimbin 'yan kabilar Igbo da ke zaune a Arewa", wanda a lokacin ba su yi hakan ba. An soki hakan a matsayin rashin da’a, kuma ga dan jarida mara sana’a, mai son kai, wanda hakan zai sa ’yan Arewa su dauka cewa jaridar Financial Times ta mallaki bayanan da ba su sani ba, kuma duniya ta yi tsammanin cewa Arewa za ta mayar da martani kamar haka. [12] Daga baya kuma wasu ‘yan Arewa suka yi amfani da dabarun tayar da tarzoma kamar labaran karya da aka aika a gidan rediyon Cotonou da sashen Hausa na BBC suka yi bayani dalla-dalla game da hare-haren wuce gona da iri kan ‘yan Arewa a Gabas, wanda ya kai ga kashe-kashen ‘yan Gabashin Nijeriya a ranar 29 ga Satumba 1966. [13]
A cewar rahotannin jaridun Burtaniya a wancan lokacin, an kashe Igbo kusan 30,000 a watan Satumba na 1966, [12] yayin da wasu alkaluma masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suka nuna cewa wadanda suka mutu a bene na 10,000 da adadinsu ya kai 30,000 a watan Satumba kadai. Wannan kashe-kashe da aka yi a farkon watan Oktoba kuma farar hula ne wani lokaci da dakarun soji ke taimaka musu suka mamaye arewacin kasar. An bayyana shi a matsayin mafi zafi da tunzura lamarin da ya kai ga yakin Najeriya da Biafra . [11]
Bayan haka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Pogroms ya haifar da ɗimbin jama'ar Ibo da sauran 'yan Gabashin Najeriya komawa Gabashin Najeriya (an kiyasta cewa 'yan Igbo sama da miliyan ɗaya sun koma yankin gabas). Haka kuma shi ne dalilin da Ojukwu ya ayyana ballewar Gabashin Nijeriya daga tarayyar Najeriya a matsayin Jamhuriyar Biyafara, da kuma yakin basasar Nijeriya (1967-1970).
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Last, Murray (October 2005). "Poison and Medicine: Ethnicity, Power and Violence in a Nigerian City, 1966–1986 by Douglas A. Anthony Review by: Murray Last". The Royal African Society. 104 (417): 710–711. JSTOR 3518821.
- ↑ Van Den Bersselaar, Dmitri (3 March 2011). "Douglas A. Anthony Poison and Medicine: ethnicity, power, and violence in a Nigerian city, 1966 to 1986. Oxford: James Currey". Africa. 74 (4): 711–713. doi:10.2307/3556867. JSTOR 3556867.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Post, K. W. J. (January 1968). "Is There a Case for Biafra?". International Affairs. 44 (1): 26–39. doi:10.2307/2613526. JSTOR 2613526.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Nixon, Charles (July 1972). "Self-Determination: The Nigeria/Biafra Case". World Politics. 24 (4): 473–497. doi:10.2307/2010453. JSTOR 2010453. S2CID 155019740.
- ↑ Vickers, Michael (1970). "Competition and Control in Modern Nigeria: Origins of the War with Biafra". International Journal. 25 (3): 630. doi:10.1177/002070207002500310. JSTOR 40200860. S2CID 147149826.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Keil, Charles (January 1970). "The Price of Nigerian Victory". Africa Today. 17 (1): 1–3. JSTOR 4185054.
- ↑ Olorunyomi, Ladi (November 22, 2021). "INTERVIEW: Why every Nigerian should be proud of the Sokoto Caliphate — Prof Murray Last". www.premiumtimesng.com. Retrieved 2023-03-31.
- ↑ Nnoli, Okwudiba. "Ethnic Violence in Nigeria: A Historical Perspective" (PDF). Indiana.edu. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
- ↑ Omaka, Arua (17 February 2014). "The Forgotten Victims: Ethnic Minorities in The Nigeria-Biafra War, 1967-1970". Journal of Retracing Africa. 1 (1): 25–40. ISSN 2168-0531. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
- ↑ Nafziger, Wayne (July 1972). "The Economic Impact of the Nigerian Civil War". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 10 (2): 223–245. doi:10.1017/s0022278x00022369. JSTOR 159964. S2CID 154808210.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 McKenna, Joseph C. (1969). "Elements of a Nigerian Peace". Foreign Affairs. 47 (4): 668–680. doi:10.2307/20039407. JSTOR 20039407. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "McKenna-1969" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 12.0 12.1 Akinyemi, A.B. (October 1972). "The British Press and the Nigerian Civil War". African Affairs. 71 (285): 408–426. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096282. JSTOR 720847. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Akinyemi-1972" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Abbott, Charles; Anthony, Douglas A. (2003). "Poison and Medicine: Ethnicity, Power, and Violence in a Nigerian City, 1966–86". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 36 (1): 133–136. doi:10.2307/3559324. JSTOR 3559324.
Bibiyae tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Agbiboa, D. (2013). Ethno-religious Conflicts and the Elusive Quest for National Identity in Nigeria. Journal of Black Studies, 44(1), pp. 3–30.
- Anthony, D. (2014). ‘Ours is a war of survival’: Biafra, Nigeria and arguments about genocide, 1966–70. Journal of Genocide Research, 16(2–3), pp. 205–225
- Aro, G. & Ani, K. (2017). A Historical Review of Igbo Nationalism in the Nigerian Political Space. Journal of African Union Studies, 6(2/3), pp. 47–77.
- Omenka, N. (2010). Blaming The Gods: Christian Religious Propaganda In The Nigeria—Biafra War. The Journal of African History, 51(3), pp. 367–389.