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Kisan kiyashin Oran na 1962

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Infotaula d'esdevenimentKisan kiyashin Oran na 1962
Iri Kisan Kiyashi
Kwanan watan 1962
Wuri Oran
Rikici Yaƙin Aljeriya

Kisan kiyashin Oran na 1962 (5-7 Yuli 1962) shine kisan gillar da aka yi wa Pied-Noir da turawa da ke zaune a Aljeriya. An yi shi a Oran tun daga ranar da Aljeriya ta samu 'yancin kai, kuma ya ƙare a ranar 7 ga watan Yuli 1962. Kiyasin waɗanda suka mutu ya bambanta daga ƙananan 95 (20 daga cikinsu sun kasance Turai)[1] zuwa 365 mutuwar bisa ga rahoton da ƙungiyar masana tarihi suka gudanar kuma aka aika zuwa gwamnatin Faransa a shekarar 2006. [2]

Tarihi

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Main article: Algerian War

Yakin Aljeriya dai ya kasance tun shekara ta 1954. Yarjejeniyar Évian ta ranar 18 ga watan Maris 1962 ta kawo ƙarshen rikici. Yarjejeniyar wacce aka cimma a lokacin da aka tsagaita buɗe wuta tsakanin sojojin Faransa da kungiyar 'yan kishin ƙasa ta FLN, ta fara shirin miƙa mulki daga hannun Faransawa zuwa Aljeriya. Yarjejeniyar Évian ta yi niyya ne don tabbatar da haƙƙin pieds-noirs, Faransa da Spain mazauna 'yan mulkin mallaka, da yawa waɗanda aka haifa a Aljeriya, da Yahudawan Sephardi na asali a cikin Aljeriya mai cin gashin kanta. Koyaya, jirgin Faransa pied-noirs da ƴan asalin ƙasar Faransa masu goyon bayan Faransa ya fara ne a cikin watan Afrilu 1962, kuma a ƙarshen watan Mayu dubban ɗaruruwan sun yi hijira daga Aljeriya, musamman zuwa babban birnin Faransa. A gaskiya ma, a cikin makonni, kashi uku cikin huɗu na pieds-noirs sun sake zama a Faransa.[3]

Da alama an kawo ƙarshen rikici da makami, gwamnatin Faransa ta sassauta matakan tsaro a kan iyakar Aljeriya da Maroko, wanda ya baiwa 'yan tawayen FLN damar tafiya cikin Aljeriya.[4] 'Yan adawa da da yawa daga cikin sojojin Faransa sun yi adawa da neman 'yancin kai, kuma ƙungiyar masu adawa da 'yancin kai armée secrète (OAS) ta fara wani gangami na nuna adawa da gwamnatin Faransa, tare da ayyana sojojinta a matsayin "ikon mamayewa". Kungiyar OAS ta yi wani harin bam da ya kashe kimanin 'yan Aljeriya 10 zuwa 50 a kowace rana a cikin watan Mayun 1962.[5] Rikicin ya yi tsanani sosai a Oran har mutanen da ke zaune a yankunan Turai suka bar su da sauri; wasu daga cikin musulmi sun bar Oran suna shiga cikin garuruwa, ko garuruwan da ba su da yawan jama'ar Turawa.[6] Hakazalika OAS ta ayyana manufar "ƙasar ƙanƙara" don hana gine-ginen da Faransa ta gina da ci gaba ga gwamnatin FLN na gaba, manufar da ta kai ga ƙarshe a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni 1962 lokacin da OAS Delta Commando ya kona ɗakin karatu na Algiers da kundinsa 60,000 tare da tarwatsa zauren garin Oran, ɗakin karatu na birni, da makarantu huɗu.[7] A ranakun 25 da 26 ga watan Yuni 1962, kwamandojin OAS sun kai hari tare da yin fashin bankuna shida.[8]

Oran ya kasance wuri mai mahimmanci musamman a Aljeriya na Faransa. Oran ya yi fice don yanayin alƙaluman sa na musamman. A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta 1931, sama da kashi 80% na mazaunan sun kasance Turawa, adadin da ya ƙaru sosai bayan shekara ta 1939 lokacin da sabon yunƙurin Spaniya suka yi ƙaura zuwa wurin don tserewa Yaƙin basasa na Spain. [9] Tashe-tashen hankula sun faru a Oran tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, musamman tsakanin al'ummomi daban-daban. A cikin shekarar 1930s, Oran's bullring ya zama babban filin kamfen na sake fasalin cibiyoyin Aljeriya; kuma a cikin shekarar 1936 da 1937, ya kasance gida ne don yajin aikin da ya girgiza birnin. [9] Wani abin da ya faru tsakanin ‘yan yajin da waɗanda ba yajin aikin a tsawon wannan lokaci, ya kai ga ‘yan sanda sun yi harbin kan mai uwa da wabi, kuma a wasu wurare a cikin birnin, an kai wa ‘yan sanda hari da duwatsu. [9] Da yake magana game da Oran a lokacin tsaka-tsakin, ɗan tarihi Claire Marynower ya bayyana Oran a matsayin "wuri da aka canza siyasa da tsattsauran ra'ayi, yana jefa cikin batutuwan agaji na cikin gida waɗanda suka shafi duk daular Faransa." [9]

Lamarin

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A safiyar ranar 5 ga Yulin 1962, ranar da Aljeriya ta samu 'yancin kai, wasu katiba (kamfanonin) na sojojin FLN sun shiga birnin, wasu Turawa suka yi musu luguden wuta. [10] Wasu fusatattun ’yan iskan Larabawa sun shiga cikin unguwannin pied-noir, waɗanda tuni aka bar su da yawa, suka far wa sauran ’yan baranda. Rikicin dai ya ɗauki tsawon sa’o’i da dama, inda ‘yan zanga-zangar suka yanke makogwaro ga ɗimbin maza da mata da ƙananan yara. An kawo ƙarshen kisan kiyashin ne da tura dakarun Gendarmerie na Faransa. [10]

‘Yan sandan Aljeriya da kuma sojojin Faransa 18,000 da ke birnin ba su shiga tsakani a kisan kiyashin ba. [10] Umarnin su daga Paris "kada ku motsa", yana barin pieds-noirs masu rauni. Mutane da yawa pied-noirs sun yi imanin cewa kisan kiyashin wani furci ne na manufofin FLN kuma ya zaɓi yin hijira zuwa Faransa. [10]

A shari'ar 1963 na Jean Bastien-Thiry, wanda ya yi yunkurin kashe Shugaba de Gaulle, lauyoyin kare sun yi magana game da kisan kiyashin Oran. Sun ce abin da Bastien-Thiry ya yi ya dace saboda de Gaulle ya yi sanadin kisan kiyashi ga al'ummar Turai na Aljeriya.[11]

Kiyasin jimillar waɗanda suka mutu ya bambanta sosai. Wannan bai kebanta da kisan kiyashin Oran ba, domin akwai ƙalubale da dama na gano adadin kashe-kashen fararen hula. Kusan koyaushe ana samun bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin alkalumman ƙididdiga ko da a ƙanana da na gida. [12]

  • Dokta Mostefa Naït, darektan bayan samun 'yancin kai na cibiyar asibitin Oran, ya yi iƙirarin cewa an kashe mutane 95, ciki har da Turawa 20 (13 daga wuka) kuma mutane 161 sun ji rauni tare da jaridu na gida suna ba da adadi a cikin yankin 30 a cikin kwanaki bayan haka.
  • Kungiyar masana tarihi a cikin shekarar 2006 sun nuna an kashe 365. [2]
  • Wata jarida a cikin gida ta ba da adadi na mutane 1,500 da aka kashe ba tare da cikakken bayani ba kuma ba su da tushe kuma an yi ta raɗe-raɗin mutuwar dubban mutane, tare da tsohon shugaban jam'iyyar National Front Jean-Marie Le Pen ya yi ikirarin mutuwar mutane 700.

Adadin da aka kashe dai ya kasance batun muhawara ga masu rajin kare hakkin bil adama a Faransa musamman. [13]

Duba kuma

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  • Jerin kisan kiyashi a Aljeriya

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Benjamin Stora, Algeria, 1830-2000: A Short History (Cornell University Press, 2004) p105
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Thiolay, Boris (2006-09-13). "Algérie 1962 : La vérité sur les massacres d'Oran". L'Express. Archived from the original on 2012-08-13. Retrieved 12 November 2012. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "lexpress" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ Cohen, William B. (2003), Smith, Andrea L. (ed.), "Pied-Noir Memory, History, and the Algerian War", Europe's Invisible Migrants, Amsterdam University Press, pp. 129–146, ISBN 978-90-5356-571-1, JSTOR j.ctt46mxq8.10, archived from the original on 2023-02-27, retrieved 2023-02-27
  4. ↑ See Le Figaro, March 24–25, 1962, (see "La fusillade de la rue d’Isly, l’exode des pieds-noirs, Oran", Human Rights League, March 2002
  5. ↑ Stora, Benjamin (2004). Algeria, 1830-2000: A Short History (in Turanci). Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8916-7.
  6. ↑ Stora, Benjamin (2004). Algeria, 1830-2000: A Short History (in Turanci). Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8916-7.
  7. ↑ la fusillade de la rue d’Isly, l’exode des pieds-noirs, Oran--no exits this link, Human Rights League, March 2002
  8. ↑ Stora, Benjamin (2004). Algeria, 1830-2000: A Short History (in Turanci). Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8916-7.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Marynower, Claire (December 2013). "The full place of power: interwar Oran, the French empire's bullring?". The Journal of North African Studies (in Turanci). 18 (5): 690–702. doi:10.1080/13629387.2013.849895. ISSN 1362-9387. S2CID 144391192. Archived from the original on 2022-03-24. Retrieved 2023-02-27.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Alistair Horne, page 533 A Savage War Of Peace, ISBN 0-670-61964-7 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Alistair Horne page 533" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ Bellamy, Alex, J. (24 January 2013). "Massacres and Morality: Mass Atrocities in an Age of Civilian Immunity". Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
  12. ↑ Bellamy, Alex, J. (24 January 2013). "Massacres and Morality: Mass Atrocities in an Age of Civilian Immunity". Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
  13. ↑ "Pourquoi la droite réhabilite-t-elle le colonialisme ?". Télérama (in Faransanci). 25 September 2010. Archived from the original on 2020-07-05. Retrieved 2020-07-05.
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