Kitty Marion

Kitty Marion
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Rietberg (en) , 12 ga Maris, 1871
ƙasa	Birtaniya United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Tarayyar Amurka
Harshen uwa	Turanci Jamusanci
Mutuwa	New York, 9 Oktoba 1944
Karatu
Harsuna	Turanci
Sana'a
Sana'a	jarumi da suffragette (en)
Kyaututtuka	gani Hunger Strike Medal
Mamba	Women's Social and Political Union (en) National Woman's Party (en)

Kitty Marion 12 Maris 1871 - 9 Oktoba 1944) an haife ta Katherina Maria Schäfer a Jamus. Woodworth, Christine. "The Company She Kept: The Radical Activism of Actress Kitty Marion from Piccadilly Circus to Times Square". Theatre History Studies. 32, 2012: 80–92, 252 – via ProQuest.</ref> Ta yi hijira zuwa Landan a shekara ta 1886 lokacin da take da shekaru goma sha biyar, kuma ta girma zuwa karamin matsayi lokacin da ta raira waƙa a cikin dakunan kiɗa a duk faɗin Ingila a ƙarshen karni na 19. Ta zama sananniya a fagen don tsayawa ga 'yan wasan mata da ke adawa da jami'ai, cin hanci da rashawa, da kuma inganta yanayin aiki. Ta shiga kungiyar mata ta zamantakewa da siyasa (WSPU) a cikin 1908, ta shiga sayar da jaridar su Votes for Women kuma ta zama fitacciyar sufragiste a Ƙasar Ingila saboda shiga cikin zanga-zangar farar hula ciki har da tashin hankali da ƙonewa. sakamakon haka, an kama Marion sau da yawa kuma an san shi da jimrewa da abinci 232 yayin da yake yajin aikin yunwa a kurkuku. An nakalto ta tana cewa "babu kalmomi don bayyana mummunar tashin hankali". Lokacin da Yaƙin Duniya na fara ta yi hijira zuwa Amurka, kuma a can ta shiga ƙungiyar a kan Margaret Sanger's Birth Control Review . Kodayake ta yi amfani da ƙarfinta da murya mai ƙarfi don sa mutane su mai da hankali ga manufarta, ba ta yi amfani le tashin hankali kamar yadda take da shi a Ƙasar Ingila ba, kodayake har yanzu ana kama ta sau da yawa don ba da shawarar hana haihuwa.

Shekaru na farko

An haifi Katherina Maria Schafer a Rietberg a Westphalia, Jamus, a ranar 12 ga Maris 1871. Mahaifiyarta ta mutu daga tarin fuka lokacin da yaron yake da shekaru biyu, ya bar Marion tare da mahaifinta. Shekaru hudu bayan haka, lokacin da Marion ke da shekaru shida, mahaifiyarta ta mutu daga tarin fuka. Mahaifinta, wanda sunansa Gustav ne (duba Riddell, Mutuwa a cikin Minti Goma), ya wulakanta Marion kuma ya ƙi cewa tana da jan gashi. Lokacin da Marion ke da shekaru goma sha biyar, kawunta na Jamus ya tura ta a asirce don zama tare da kawunta a Ingila, don tserewa daga tashin hankali na mahaifinta (duba Riddell).

Ayyuka

Tun daga lokacin da take yarinya, Marion tana son raira waƙa da rawa. Yayinda take makaranta, an nakalto ta tana cewa, "[A]ba raira waƙa da karantawa na yi fice kawai saboda ya zo mini cikin sauƙi kuma ina son shi. " [1] Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta koma Ingila don zama tare da kawunta, sai ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a kan mataki na pantomime. Ta sami gida na halitta a cikin dakunan kiɗa na London, inda shirye-shirye daban-daban suka haɗa da waƙoƙi da wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda suka yi sharhi game da abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu. Ya kasance mafi budewa, bambanci, da kuma yanayin da ba a saba gani ba na masu fasaha idan aka kwatanta da sauran Ingila ta Victorian.[2] Lokacin da ta fara raira waƙa a cikin dakunan dakuna, matsayinta ya kasance karami sosai har ma ba ta bayyana a cikin shirin ba, amma daga ƙarshe ta motsa hanyar mawaƙa da ƙananan matsayi don zama mai ba da gudummawa ga matsayi na jagoranci a cikin wasan kwaikwayon da suka zagaya Burtaniya kamar The Lady Slavery . [3]

Babban gudummawar Marion ga masana'antar zauren kiɗa shine tawaye da tsarin cin hanci da rashawa wanda ya ba da izinin kai hari kan mata a ciki. Yanayin aiki ga masu wasan kwaikwayo sun kasance masu tsanani, kuma Peter Bailey ya soki kirkirar "mafi ƙwarewa ko ƙarancin ƙwarewa". Cin zarafin ya kasance mai nuna bambancin jinsi, saboda ana sa ran mata su yi amfani da jima'i don musayar ayyuka. Marion ta tuna a cikin tarihin rayuwarta da ba a buga ba daya daga cikin wadannan gamuwa da wakilin da ake kira Mr. Dreck . A lokacin ganawa game da damar yin wasan kwaikwayon Dreck ya yi ƙoƙari ya sumbace ta. Ta yi tsayayya, ta fadi, kuma ta bugi kanta. Ya gaya mata cewa ba za ta iya cin nasara ba idan ta ci gaba da dakatar da ci gaban jima'i daga maza da ke mulki. A shekara ta 1906 ta shiga kungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma kungiyar 'yan wasa iri-iri (VAF) inda ta yi magana game da yadda ake kula da mata masu wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin wannan shekarar ta sami karbuwa daga jama'a lokacin da ta rubuta wasikar amsa ga jaridar London Era bayan sun buga rashin aminci ga 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ga wakilan su. Marion ta rubuta cewa ta "ba da bege ga mace da ke son samun rayuwarta, kuma a lokaci guda ta tashi a cikin sana'ar a kan cancanta kawai, ba tare da wani tasiri ba. " A cikin makonni shida masu zuwa wasu mata da yawa sun rubuta suna kwatanta abubuwan da suka faru. Kasancewarta da ƙungiyar sufuri ta cutar da aikinta a Burtaniya saboda lalacewar sunanta. Jami'ai ba sa so su haifar da abin kunya. Sabanin haka, damar yin aiki ta karu lokacin da ta koma Amurka, amma ba ta iya aiki ba saboda lokacin da ta yi tare da Nazarin Kula da Haihuwa.

Mai fafutuka

Kitty Marion tana sayar da kwafin Nazarin Kula da Haihuwa a 1925.

Yayinda yake ba da shawara ga masu wasan kwaikwayo, Marion ya jawo shi zuwa ƙungiyar Suffragette Movement . Ta shiga kungiyar mata da siyasa (WSPU) a 1908 da kuma Actresses Franchise League (AFL) a 1909. Matsayinta na farko a WSPU shine sayar da jaridar su, Votes for Women, a kan tituna. Kodayake da farko ba ta son yin hakan, daga ƙarshe ta zama mai jin daɗi da aikinta kuma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun mambobi a cewar Barbara Green. Marion ta rungumi gwagwarmayar da WSPU ta yi amfani da ita, kuma ta shiga cikin zanga-zangar da jami'an 'yan sanda suka zama masu tashin hankali a kansu. Ta jefa tubali a cikin windows na ofisoshin gidan waya, shagunan kayan masarufi, kuma sau ɗaya ta jefa kunshin wallafe-wallafen sufragist ta taga na Ofishin Gida. Ta gudanar da hare-haren ta'addanci da bama-bamai da yawa, ba a yi niyyar cutar da mutane ba, a cikin majami'u da motocin jirgin kasa. Ba su haifar da lalacewa kamar yadda bama-bamai na yanzu suke yi ba saboda bama-bambobin sun yi hayaki kafin su fashe, suna ba mutane lokaci don tserewa. Ta taba gabatar da ƙararrawar wuta ta ƙarya don dubawa kuma ta ki biyan tarar. Ta fi so ta yi aiki a kurkuku, don haka ta tafi kurkuku na wata daya tare da goyon bayan wasu sufragettes. Ayyukanta mafi shahara shine ƙone filin wasa na Hurst Park Race a ranar 8 ga Yuni, 1913 tare da Clara Giveen . An yanke mata hukuncin shekaru uku a kurkuku, kuma a can ne ta sami ciyarwar karfi. Yayinda suke cikin kurkuku, 'yan mata da yawa za su shiga yajin aikin yunwa, don haka ma'aikatan kurkuku za su riƙe su kuma su saka bututu a cikin hanci, baki, ko makogwaro yayin da aka zuba abinci mai ruwa. Wani lokaci ana gudanar da shi ba daidai ba zai haifar da ciwo ko ma asarar sani. An gudanar da Marion wannan sau 232, wani lokacin sau uku a rana. Ta tuna cewa " azabtarwa ce ta jahannama, " amma bayan an sake ta daga kurkuku, sai kawai ta fi motsawa daga abubuwan da ta samu.

Marion ta sami lambar yabo ta yunwa saboda jaruntaka daga WSPU. A shekara ta 1914 Ofishin Rubuce-rubucen Laifuka na Burtaniya ya kirkiro takardu na hotuna na manyan mata. Marion ta fito tare da Jennie Baines, Lillian Forrester, abokinta Clara Elizabeth Giveen, Lilian Lenton, Miriam Pratt da Mary Raleigh Richardson . An rarraba waɗannan takardu a shekara ta 1914.

Marion ta bar Ingila a farkon yakin duniya na saboda rashin jin daɗin Jamus, kuma tare da taimakon masu rinjaye ta sami damar yin ƙaura zuwa Amurka. Ta sadu da Margaret Sanger a Carnegie Hall, kuma ta fara aiki tare da sayar da mujallar Sanger, Birth Control Review . Ta zama sanannen New York kamar yadda za ta tsaya a Times Square zuwa Coney Island, tana siyarwa da himma. Wani nau'i ne na zanga-zanga da ilimi, saboda ya tilasta wa mutane su mai da hankali ga abin da take magana game da shi. Ta cika wannan mukamin na tsawon shekaru 13, kuma kodayake ayyukanta ba su da tsattsauran ra'ayi kamar yadda suke a Burtaniya, har yanzu ana kama ta sau da yawa. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1918 ta yi kwanaki talatin a kurkuku saboda sayar da wata takarda ga wani memba na Mataimakin Society. A can ta sadu da Agnes Smedley, mai adawa da siyasa. Smedley ta tuna Marion tana saukowa a hallway kowace safiya tana ihu "Kasuwa uku don hana haihuwa. " Ta koma Ingila a takaice don ganin bayyanar wani mutum-mutumi na Mrs. Pankhurst, amma saboda wannan tafiya an kore ta daga Nazarin Kula da Haihuwa. Lokacin da ta dawo Amurka, ta fara aiki a Shirin Inganta Magana a WPA inda ta taimaka wa yara su koyi Turanci.

Marion ta mutu a gidan kula da tsofaffi na Sanger a Birnin New York a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 1944.

Ƙarin bayani

Marion ta tattara wani littafi na ayyukanta na sufuri wanda aka tsara shi.

Dubi kuma

• Harin bam da kuma konewa

Bayanan da aka ambata

• Engelman, Peter C. (2011), Tarihin Gudanar da Haihuwa a Amurka, ABC-CLIO, . 
• Riddell, Fern (2018), Mutuwa a cikin Minti Goma: Rayuwar da aka manta da ita ta mai tsattsauran ra'ayi Kitty Marion, Hodder & Stoughton, .