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Kogin Bull Run (Oregon)

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
dam in bull run
kogin run bull
dajin zuwa kogin

 

Kogin Bull Run
General information
Tsawo 35.2 km
Labarin ƙasa
Map
Tsarin Daidaiton Labarin Kasa 45°26′46″N 122°14′49″W / 45.4461°N 122.247°W / 45.4461; -122.247
Kasa Tarayyar Amurka
Territory Oregon
Hydrography (en) Fassara
Tributary (en) Fassara
Watershed area (en) Fassara 140 mi²
Ruwan ruwa Columbia Basin (en) Fassara
River mouth (en) Fassara Sandy River (en) Fassara

Kogin Bull Run yana da nisan kilomita 35.2 na Oregon)""Sandy River (Oregon)">Kogin Sandy a jihar Oregon ta kasar Amurka. Farawa a ƙananan ƙarshen Tafkin Bull Run a cikin Cascade Range, yana gudana gabaɗaya zuwa yamma ta hanyar Bull Run Watershed Management Unit (BRWMU), wani yanki mai ƙuntata don kare kogin da masu goyon bayansa daga gurɓataccen. Kogin, wanda ke da tafkunan ajiya guda biyu na wucin gadi da tafkin, shine tushen ruwan sha na birnin Portland, Oregon.

Wataƙila 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amurka da ke zaune a gefen Kogin Columbia tun farkon shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata sun ziyarci tafkin ruwa na Bull Run don neman abinci.  A cikin 'yan dubban shekaru da suka gabata sun kirkiro hanyoyi a kan Cascade Range da kewayen Dutsen Hood, kusa da saman ɓangaren ruwa na Bull Run. A tsakiyar karni na 19, majagaba sun yi amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin don ƙetare duwatsu daga gabas zuwa yamma don isa ga Kwarin Willamette mai kyau. A cikin shekarun 1890, Birnin Portland, neman tushen ruwan sha mai tsabta, ya zaɓi Kogin Bull Run. Gina madatsar ruwa, gina hanya, da kuma shari'a don kare ruwa ya fara ba da daɗewa ba, kuma ruwan Bull Run ya fara gudana ta hanyar babban bututu zuwa birnin a cikin 1895.

basalt mai tsayayya da rushewa ya kasance a ƙarƙashin yawancin ruwa, kuma koguna da ke wucewa a kansa ba su da wani abu. Koyaya, turbidity yana ƙaruwa lokacin da ƙasa marar daidaituwa da ke tsakanin yadudduka na basalt da sauran duwatsun dutsen wuta suka damu kuma suka wanke cikin kogi a lokacin ruwan sama. Duk da kariya ta shari'a, kusan kashi 22 cikin 100 na yankin da aka kare an yi rajista a lokacin rabi na biyu na karni na 20, kuma rushewa ya karu.   A wani lokaci a cikin 1996, Portland ya rufe samar da Bull Run saboda turbidity kuma ya sauya zuwa ruwa daga rijiyoyi. Dokar da aka zartar daga baya a wannan shekarar ta haramta yawancin katako a cikin ko kusa da ruwa, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin Ofishin Ruwa na Portland da Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka ta Amurka sun rufe yawancin hanyoyin katako kuma sun cire culverts da sauran ababen more rayuwa da ke taimakawa ga rushewa.

Bishiyoyi masu girma, mafi yawansu sun wuce shekaru 500 kuma sun fi 21 inches (53 cm) a diamita, sun rufe kusan rabin ruwa, kuma sauran ruwa ma suna da gandun daji sosai.  Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya kasance daga inci 80 (2,000 kusa da ruwan da ake amfani da shi zuwa inci 170 (4,300 kusa le headwaters. Fiye da nau'ikan namun daji 250, gami da kwayar cuta ta arewa, suna zaune a wannan gandun daji. A ƙasa da BRWMU, ruwan da ke cikin ruwa ba shi da ƙuntatawa. A ƙarshen karni na 19, an kafa wata al'umma da ba a kafa ta ba, Bull Run, kusa da kogi tare da aikin hydroelectric da layin dogo mai alaƙa.  Kimanin kilomita 6 (10 na ƙananan kogi yana buɗewa don kamun kifi da jirgin ruwa, kuma ƙasar da ke haɗuwa da kogin Bull Run da Sandy sun kasance wurin shakatawa na jama'a tun farkon karni na 20. 

Hanyar da ake ciki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A snow-capped conical mountain rises in the distance beyond heavily forested hills at the far end of a lake.
Kogin Bull Run ya fara ne a tafkin Bull Run . Dutsen Hood, bayan ruwa na Bull Run, ya tashi a nesa, kimanin kilomita 8 (13 zuwa kudu maso gabas.

Kogin Bull Run ya fara ne a Tafkin Bull Run, wani ruwa na halitta wanda Ofishin Ruwa na Portland ya gyara dan kadan, kusa da Dutsen Hilo a Dutsen Hood Wilderness.[3] Ya samo asali ne a yankin Clackamas County a arewacin Forest Road 18 (Lolo Pass Road), hanyoyin da ba a san sunansa ba sun shiga tafkin. Yana gudana a arewa maso yamma daga tafkin, kogin nan da nan ya shiga Multnomah County ya ci gaba gaba gaba da arewa maso yammacin kusan kilomita 5. Tare da wannan shimfiɗa, kogin yana gudana ta hanyar ma'aunin rafi na Amurka (USGS) a kilomita na kogi (RM) 20.9 ko kilomita na kudancin (RK) 30.6, yana wucewa a ƙarƙashin Forest Road 1025 da Forest Road 10 kuma yana karɓar Blazed Alder Creek daga hagu da Log Creek da Falls Creek, duka daga dama.   Sa'an nan kogin ya juya kudu maso yamma kuma ya wuce wani ma'auni na rafi kafin ya shiga Bull Run River Reservoir 1 a RM 15 (RK 24).    Har ila yau shiga tafkin shine Fir Creek daga hagu, North Fork Bull Run River daga dama, sannan Deer, Cougar, da Bear creeks, duk daga dama. Kogin Bull Run ya fita daga tafkin ta hanyar hanyar ruwa mai nisan kilomita 11 (18 daga bakin kogin. Hanyar Forest 10 tana gudana kusan daidai da gefen dama na kogi daga kusa da ruwa zuwa Hanyar Kudu maso Yammacin Bull Run, kusa da bakin.[4]

Shigar da Bull Run River Reservoir 2, kogin ya karɓi Camp Creek daga hagu, ya sake shiga Clackamas County, kuma ya karɓi Kogin South Fork Bull Run daga hagu.  Kogin ya fita daga tafkin ta hanyar zubar da ruwa a kusan RM 6 (RK 10).   Da ke ƙasa da Reservoir 2, Forest Road 10 (Waterworks Road) yana kan gefen dama na kogi, kuma Forest Road 14 yana kan hagu.    Kogin yana gudana ta hanyar ma'auni a RM 4.7 (RK 7.6) kuma yana wucewa a ƙarƙashin Forest Road 14 kafin ya karɓi Little Sandy River daga hagu a kusan RM 2 (RK 3).      Kogin ya juya arewa maso yamma, ya wuce a ƙarƙashin hanyar da ba a san sunanta ba sannan kuma a ƙarƙashin Hanyar Kudu maso Gabashin Bull Run kusa da al'ummar da ba a haɗa shi ba na Bull Run, wanda ke hannun dama na kogin, da kuma Gidan wutar lantarki na Bull Run Hydroelectric Project, wanda ke hagu. Hanyar Kudu maso Gabashin sansanin Namanu tana gudana kusan daidai da kogin tare da gefen dama daga nan zuwa bakin. Tare da wannan shimfiɗa, kogin yana karɓar Laughing Water Creek daga dama ya shiga Kogin Sandy a Dodge Park, kimanin kilomita 18.5 (29.8) daga haɗuwar kogin da Kogin Columbia.[4]

Rashin fitarwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A clear small steam flows through a densely wooded forest.
Kogin Bull Run kusa da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a Dutsen Hood National Forest

The USGS and the water bureau operate a stream gauge at RM 4.7 (RK 7.6), which is 1.8 miles (2.9 km) downstream from Bull Run Reservoir 2 and the water system intake. Measurements are for the river only and do not include water diverted upstream of the gauge to the city water supply or to a former power plant. The maximum flow at this station was 24,800 cubic feet per second (700 m3/s) on December 22, 1964, and the minimum flow was 1.1 cubic feet per second (0.031 m3/s) on October 4, 1974. The drainage area above this gauge is 107 square miles (280 km2), about 77 percent of the whole watershed.[5] The maximum flow occurred during the floods of December 1964 and January 1965, rated by the National Weather Service as one of Oregon's top 10 weather events of the 20th century.[6]

Since 1966, the USGS has monitored the flow of the Bull Run River at a stream gauge 14.8 miles (23.8 km) from the mouth. The average flow between then and 2008 was 404 cubic feet per second (11.4 m3/s). This is from a drainage area of 47.90 square miles (124.06 km2), about 34 percent of the entire watershed. The maximum flow recorded during this period was 15,800 cubic feet per second (450 m3/s) on November 5, 1999. The minimum was 30 cubic feet per second (0.85 m3/s) on October 28–31, 1987.

The uppermost stream gauge on the main stem is at RM 20.9 (RK 30.6), 1 mile (1.6 km) downstream from the outlet structure at Bull Run Lake. In operation since 1992, the gauge recorded an average flow of 26.1 cubic feet per second (0.74 m3/s) between then and 2009. This was from a drainage area of 5.08 square miles (13.2 km2), about 4 percent of the total watershed. The maximum flow recorded during this period was 148 cubic feet per second (4.2 m3/s) on February 7, 1996. The minimum was 8.2 cubic feet per second (0.23 m3/s) on October 28, 1992.[7]

Baya ga ma'aunin ma'auni guda uku, USGS tana aiki da wasu ma'aunonin rafi guda biyar a cikin ruwa na Bull Run. Kowane ɗayan masu zuwa yana da ma'auni ɗaya: Fir Creek, Blazed Alder Creek, North Fork, South Fork, da Little Sandy . [8]

Kusa da tsarin fitarwa na Bull Run Lake, mai rikodin ruwa na USGS a RM 21.9 (RK 46.8) ya tattara bayanai akan matakan tafkin tun 1992.    abun ciki na tafkin tsakanin lokacin da 2009 ya kasance acre-feet m3 a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, 1996, kuma mafi ƙarancin ya kasance 31,080 acre-foot (38,340,000 m3) ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 1992. [9] Hakanan tafkunan Bull Run guda biyu suna sanye take da masu rikodin ruwa.[10]

Ilimin ƙasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A small stream rushes over rocks through a forest.
Fir Creek, wani kogi na Kogin Bull Run

Kogin Columbia, mai shekaru goma 10 zuwa ashirin 20, wanda ke haifar da yawancin ruwan Bull Run an fallasa shi kusa da kasan kwari masu tsawo a gefen kogin da kewaye da shi.  A cikin rabin yammacin ruwa, tsarin Rhododendron, mai wadata a cikin turɓaya, ya rufe basalt, kuma daga baya kwararar dutsen basalt da andesite ya rufe duka tsofaffin tsari. Yankunan tsaunuka masu kauri suna faruwa a gabashin ɓangaren ruwa a tsaunuka sama da 2,500 feet (760 m) sama da matakin teku, kuma gangaren da ke fuskantar arewa sama da 2,600 feet (790 m) suna nuna shaidar glaciation. Fiye da ƙarni da yawa, rafi a cikin ruwa sun zana canyons ta hanyar Rhododendron zuwa matakin basalt. Tun da yake basalt yana tsayayya da rushewa, ruwan da ke tafiya a kansa ya kasance ba shi da wani abu. Kasa da kashi 2 cikin dari na ruwa yana cikin haɗari mai yawa don rushewar ƙasa.[11][12] 

Ruwa na Bull Run da Wutar Camp Creek ta 2023

Rashin ruwa guda uku na Kogin Bull Run - Bull Run Lake, Bull Run Reservoir 1, da Bull Run Resèrvoir 2 - suna da oligotrophic kuma ba sa riƙe siffofin rayuwa da yawa.[13][13]   Tafkin Bull Run yana cikin wani circus mai tsayi wanda aka toshe shi a ƙarshen sa ta hanyar jerin kwararar dutse da aka ɗora shi da tarkace daga moraine mai dusar ƙanƙara. Ƙananan rafi suna gudana cikin tafkin daga tuddai da ke sama da shi, ruwa yana fita daga tafkin galibi ta hanyar shiga cikin dutse mai laushi don shiga Kogin Bull Run kimanin kilomita 0.5 (0.80) a ƙasa.[13] Shaida ta nuna cewa a cikin dubban shekaru da suka gabata, kodayake gobarar daji a yankin da ayyukan dutsen wuta a Dutsen Hood ko Dutsen St. Helens sun haifar da canje-canje na wucin gadi a yanayin limnological na tafkin, "ko da yaushe ya koma yanayin da ya yi kama da waɗanda aka gani a yanzu. " Turbidity wani lokaci matsala ce a cikin Reservoirs 1 da 2 lokacin da ƙasa mara daidaituwa da ke tsakanin yadudduka na lava ya lalace cikin masu ba da gudana, musamman Arewa da Kudu. [13][13] 

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mutanen farko

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Shaidar archaeological ta nuna cewa 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun zauna a gefen ƙananan Kogin Columbia tun farkon shekaru dubu goma 10,000 da suka gabata.[14]  Yankin da ke kusa da abin da daga baya ya zama The Dalles, a gabashin Columbia na bakin Kogin Sandy, daga ƙarshe ya zama muhimmiyar cibiyar kasuwanci. Indiyawa sun kafa ƙauyuka a kan ambaliyar ruwa kuma sun yi tafiya a wasu lokutan don tattara huckleberries da sauran abinci a kan filayen tsaunuka, don kamun kifi don salmon, da kuma farautar elk da deer. Kodayake babu wata hujja kai tsaye da ta wanzu cewa waɗannan Indiyawa na ƙananan Columbia sun yi tafiya zuwa Sandy, mai yiwuwa sun yi.[14] Alamar waɗannan mutane sun haɗa da petroglyphs da aka sassaƙa a cikin duwatsu na Kogin Columbia. A cikin 'yan dubban shekaru da suka gabata, Indiyawa sun kirkiro hanyoyi a fadin Cascade Range a kusa da Dutsen Hood. A cikin karni na 19, wannan hanyar sadarwa ta haɗa Wascopam Mission kusa da Dalles zuwa ƙauyuka a cikin Willamette Valley.  Wata sananniyar hanyar ta haye Lolo Pass, kusa da kogin Bull Run, kuma wani, wanda daga baya ya zama Barlow Road, ya sadu da hanyar Lolo Pass kusan inda kogin Zigzag da Salmon suka shiga Sandy.[14] Indiyawa daga ƙauyuka da ke kusa da Columbia, Clackamas, da sauran koguna suma sun yi tafiya ta ruwa zuwa yankin Kogin Sandy don kamun kifi don salmon da tattara 'ya'yan itace, kwayoyi da tushen.[14] Ƙabilar Klickitat tana kiran tafkin Bull Run a matsayin Gohabedikt, ma'ana "Loon Lake".[15]

Masu bincike, mazauna, da ayyukan ruwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Binciken Kogin Bull Run a cikin 1891

Kafin Lewis da Clark Expedition na 1805, 'yan Turai kaɗan ko' yan Turai-Amurka sun ziyarci tafkin Kogin Sandy. Ɗaya daga cikin ziyarar farko da aka rubuta zuwa saman Sandy ya faru ne a 1838, lokacin da Daniel Lee ya kori shanu daga kwarin Willamette zuwa Wascopam ta hanyar hanyar Indiya a kan Lolo Pass. A shekara ta 1840, majagaba suna amfani da hanyar don haye Cascades, kuma hanyar Barlow, ta bi wata tsohuwar hanyar, ta buɗe a 1846. Ɗaya daga cikin rassansa ya gudana tare da Devil's Backbone, wani tudu da ke raba Sandy da Little Sandy basins. Wasu daga cikin wadannan sababbin sun zauna a gefen Kogin Sandy.[14]

Gina hanyar farko ta Bull Run.

A cikin 1886, Kwamitin Ruwa na Portland, wanda ya riga ya kasance Ofishin Ruwa na Portland, ya fara neman mafi kyawun tushen ruwan sha. Kwamitin, wanda Henry Failing ya jagoranta, ya ba da izini ga Isaac W. Smith, injiniya da mai binciken ƙasa, don bincika duk wani ruwa mai inganci a yankin. Smith ya zaɓi Kogin Bull Run, kuma tafiyar bincike ta watanni biyar ta kai shi ga kammala cewa tsarin jan hankali na iya isar da ruwa mai tsabta daga Bull Run zuwa Portland.[16] A shekara ta 1892, Shugaban Amurka Benjamin Harrison ya sanya hannu kan wata sanarwa da ta kirkiro wani yanki mai kariya, Bull Run Reserve, a cikin ruwa. A shekara ta 1895 Portland ta gina madatsar ruwa a kan Kogin Bull Run, kuma ta kammala hanyar farko (Conduit 1) don ɗaukar ruwan Bull Run zuwa birni.[14] A kusan lokaci guda kamar binciken Smith, wani karamin al'umma na noma, da farko ana kiranta Unavilla amma an sake masa suna Bull Run a shekara ta 1895, ya girma kusa da haɗuwar kogin Bull Run da Sandy.[14] A halin yanzu, ci gaba ga Hanyar Barlow ya karfafa karuwar yawan jama'a tare da ƙananan Sandy da kafa biranen kamar Gresham da Sandy. Duk da haka, a shekara ta 1900 yawancin tafkin Sandy na sama har yanzu yana da nisa, daji, kuma ana iya isa shi ta hanyoyi.[14]

fadada tsarin ajiya da isar da shi a matakai, birnin ya gina Conduit 2 daga Bull Run zuwa Portland a 1911, kuma a 1917 ya gina karamin madatsar ruwa a babban tashar ruwa na Bull Run Lake.[16][16]  A cikin 1921, birni ya maye gurbin madatsar ruwa da sabon, kimanin 40 feet (12 tsawo, kuma ya kara Conduit 3.[16]  A cikin 1929, Portland ta gina Dam 1 (Ben Morrow Da, wanda ke da kimanin mita 200 (61 m) tsawo.[14]  Don ci gaba da ci gaban yawan jama'a da karuwar buƙatun ruwa, birnin ya kirkiro Reservoir 2 a bayan Dam 2.[16] Sabuwar madatsar ruwan, wadda aka kammala a 1962 a shafin madatsar ruwa, tsari ne na dutse, 110 feet (34 m) tsawo.[16] A wannan lokacin, birnin ya riga ya maye gurbin tsohuwar Conduit 1 da Conduit 4.[16]  

A small river flows by a two-story masonry building with many windows.
Tashar wutar lantarki da ba ta wanzu a gefen kogi

The lower Bull Run River changed dramatically in 1906, when the Mount Hood Railway and Power Company (MHR&P) began work on the Bull Run Hydroelectric Project. The project included a powerhouse on the Bull Run River at RM 1.5 (RK 2.4), and a diversion dam on one of its largest tributaries, the Little Sandy River, 1.7 miles (2.7 km) from its confluence with the Bull Run River. Water from the Little Sandy Dam diverted much of the Little Sandy's flow through a wooden flume about 3.2 miles (5.1 km) long to a 140 acres (0.57 km2) reservoir called Roslyn Lake and from there to the powerhouse.[14]

Don fara aikin, MHR & P suna buƙatar samun dama ga shafin wutar lantarki. A lokacin, ya ɗauki sa'o'i uku ta hanyar motsa jiki don isa Bull Run daga tashar jirgin sama ta lantarki a Boring. Dole ne a shimfiɗa hanyoyi a yankin don a yi amfani da su a lokacin ruwan sama mai yawa. Samun damar ya inganta a tsakiyar shekara ta 1911, lokacin da kamfanin ya gama gini a kan layin dogo mai nisan kilomita 35 tsakanin unguwar Montavilla a gabashin Portland da Bull Run. [17][14] A cikin 1912, shekarar da wutar lantarki ta fara samar da wutar lantarki, MHR&P ta haɗu da Portland Railway, Light and Power Company, (PRL&P), wanda daga baya ya canza layin don amfani da trolleys na lantarki.[17]

In 1913, the PRL&P, the predecessor of the electric utility company known as Portland General Electric (PGE), expanded the hydroelectric project by building Marmot Dam at RM 30 (RK 48) on the Sandy River, from which it diverted water through canals and tunnels, the longest of which was 4,690 feet (1,430 m), to the Little Sandy River upstream of the Little Sandy Dam.[14] This increased the maximum flow along the flume to Roslyn Lake from about 200 cubic feet per second (5.7 m3/s) to about 800 cubic feet per second (23 m3/s). Since the combined flow entered the lower Bull Run River after leaving the powerhouse, the system altered the flows of three rivers.[14] In 1999, close to a century after the start of the project, PGE announced that it would remove the Marmot and Little Sandy dams and related equipment and close the 22-megawatt powerhouse because of costs associated with maintenance and fish protection.[18] Marmot Dam was demolished in 2007 and the Little Sandy Dam in 2008, restoring natural flows to the Sandy and Little Sandy.[18][19]

A cikin shekara ta alif 1982, aiki a kan Portland Hydroelectric Project, wanda ba shi da alaƙa da Bull Run Hydroele Electric Project, ya fara samar da wutar lantarki a gidajen wutar lantarki a ƙarƙashin madatsun ruwa a Reservoirs 1 da 2 a kan Kogin Bull Run . [20] Portland tana sayar da wutar lantarki daga tashar 24-megawatt a Dam 1 da kuma tashar 12-megawatt zuwa Dam 2 zuwa PGE, wanda ke aiki da kuma kula da kayan aikin.[16][20]   PGE, kamfani ne tare da ofisoshin gida a Portland, yana da wasu hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki da yawa, wanda yake siyarwa ga abokan ciniki a cikin yanki mai nisan kilomita dubu goma 10,000 a arewacin Willamette Valley.[][21]

Kashewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A woman, dressed in dark clothing contrasting with fuchsia hair ribbons and a fuchsia sweatshirt wrapped around her waist, hikes through a dark forest with the aid of metal walking sticks.
Wani baƙo a kan yawon shakatawa na Ofishin Ruwa na Portland na ruwa yana tafiya tare da hanyar gandun daji kusa da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa.

A shekara ta 1973, Joseph Miller, Jr., likitan Portland da ya yi ritaya, ya kai karar Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka, yana mai cewa katako ta keta dokar Bull Run Trespass Act. A shekara ta 1976, Alkalin Gundumar Amurka James M. Burns ya amince, kuma an dakatar da katako. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, Majalisa ta soke Dokar Cin zarafin Bull Run kuma ta maye gurbin ta da Dokar Gudanar da Ruwa ta Bull Run ta 1977, wanda ya haifar da Sashin Gudanar da Ruwan Bull Run (BRWMU) (ya maye gurbin Bull Run Reserve) kuma ya halatta ci gaba da yin katako na Bull Run sai dai idan za a iya nuna shi don rage ingancin ruwa.[22] Kashe katako da muhawara game da katako sun ci gaba. A cikin 1994 kimanin kashi 75 cikin dari na BRWMU an sanya shi a cikin ajiya don kare kwayar arewa da sauran nau'o'in da suka dogara da gandun daji masu tsufa.[22]  A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1996, ruwan sama mai yawa daga ruwan sama mai tsanani a cikin ruwa ya wanke ƙasa mai yawa a cikin tafkunan ajiyar Bull Run cewa birni ya rufe samar da Bull Run kuma ya sauya a lokacin rikicin zuwa samar da gaggawa daga filin rijiyar tare da Kogin Columbia.[23] Daga baya a cikin 1996, Majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Kare albarkatun Oregon, wanda ya haramta katako a duk ƙasashen Forest Service a cikin ruwan da ke cikin Bull Run da kuma wasu kadada 3,500 (14 na ƙasar da ta kwarara zuwa ƙananan Kogin Bull Run.[22] A shekara ta 2001, Dokar Little Sandy ta tsawaita haramcin ga dukan BRWMU da ƙasashen jama'a tare da Little Sandy River . [24]

Tsakanin 1958 da 1993, lokacin da aka yanke katako na ƙarshe a cikin BRWMU, kimanin kadada 14,500 (59 , kusan kashi cikin dari na ruwan da ke cikin ruwa, an katako.[22]  Tun daga wannan lokacin, don rage lalacewa daga kayan aikin katako, Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka da ofishin ruwa suna dakatar da sassan hanyar hanyar gandun daji ta Bull Run, wanda ya girma zuwa mil 346 (kilomita 557). [25] A lokacin kaka na shekara ta 2008, sun rufe hanyoyi masu nisan kilomita 78 (kilomita 126) rushe wasu mil 63 (kilomitara 101), kuma suna cire rami 245. 

Rashin ruwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A gate and fence block a forest road. Lettering on a warning sign on the gate says in part, "No Trespassing: Bull Run Watershed"
Ƙofar da aka kulle da shinge a kan Hanyar Ruwa ta Kudu maso Gabas (Hanyar daji 10) ta ƙuntata shigarwa zuwa ƙarshen yammacin Yankin Gudanar da Bull Run. 

The Bull Run watershed drains 139 square miles (360 km2), most of which is in the Mount Hood National Forest in Multnomah and Clackamas counties in northwest Oregon. The confluence of the Bull Run and Sandy rivers at Dodge Park, about 20 miles (32 km) east of downtown Portland,[11] marks the watershed's western (downstream) end, while on the east it borders Hood River County, and at Hiyo Mountain it is about 6 miles (9.7 km) northwest of Mount Hood in the Cascade Range. It is a sub-watershed of the Lower Columbia–Sandy Watershed. Elevations within the watershed range from 4,750 feet (1,450 m) at Buck Peak on the watershed's northeastern boundary to 243 feet (74 m) at the mouth of the Bull Run River.[11]

A matsayin babban tushen ruwan sha na Portland, [26] an ƙuntata ruwa ga amfani da ke da alaƙa da tattara ruwa, ajiya, da magani, da kuma kula da gandun daji. Yankin kariya na ruwan sha na birnin ya kunshi murabba'in mil 10 (260 na kwandon da ke sama da ruwa a RM 6.2 (RK 10).   Yankin kariya yana daga cikin yanki mafi girma, BRWMU, wanda ke rufe murabba'in mil 143 (370 . [] Ya kasance mafi yawa a cikin yankunan Multnomah da Clackamas amma ya shimfiɗa a wurare a gefen gabashin zuwa Hood River County.[16] As of 2010, Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka tana kula da kashi shasa'in da biyar 95 cikin 100 na BRWMU a ƙasar mallakar gwamnatin tarayya; Ofishin Ruwa na Portland yana kula da kashi 4 cikin 100 wanda Birnin Portland ke mallakar, kuma Ofishin Gudanar da Kasa yana kula da sauran kashi 1, wanda ke kan ƙasar tarayya.[27]    Ƙananan ɓangarorin ruwa waɗanda ke tare da ƙananan tushe ko tare da masu ba da gudummawa suna cikin ɓangaren waje da BRWMU kuma suna ƙarƙashin wasu iko.[27]

Rashin ruwa da ke kan iyaka da kogin Bull Run shine na Kogin West Fork Hood zuwa gabas da arewa maso gabas, Kogin Sandy zuwa kudu da yamma, da Kogin Columbia zuwa arewa. Ƙananan kogin Columbia, kowannensu yana da ruwa mai zurfi da ke kan iyakar ruwan Bull Run, yana gudana daga arewa daga tudu tsakanin kogin Bull Run da Columbia. Wadannan sun hada da Multnomah_County,_Oregon)" id="mwAdg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Eagle Creek (Multnomah County, Oregon)">Eagle, Tanner, Moffett, McCord, Horsetail, Oneonta, Multnomah, da Bridle Veil creeks, wanda ke nutsewa a kan daya ko fiye da ruwa yayin da suka shiga Columbia Gorge .

Yanayi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A latticed metal tower has been placed inside a metal fence in a snow-covered forest clearing.
Tashar SNOTEL ta Blazed Alder a cikin hunturu

Yanayin da ke gefen Kogin Bull Run ya dace da yammacin Oregon Cascades. Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya kasance daga inci 80 (2,000 kusa da abin sha don samar da ruwa na Portland zuwa kusan inci 170 (4,300 kusa na ruwa.[11] Lokacin rani ya bushe, kuma hunturu, musamman Nuwamba zuwa Janairu, yana da rigar. A ƙananan tsaunuka, yawancin hazo yana zuwa a cikin ruwan sama, amma a mafi girman tsaunuka kashi 25 zuwa 30 cikin dari na danshi yana zuwa a matsayin dusar ƙanƙara.[28]  Ruwan hazo na iya ƙarawa sosai ga jimlar ruwan sama a kusa da Tafkin Bull Run . [15] Wani binciken da aka buga a shekarar 1982 ya ba da shawarar cewa ma'aunin ruwan sama da aka sanya a wuraren budewa na iya rage gudummawar hazo zuwa yankunan da ke da gandun daji sosai har zuwa kashi 30 cikin dari.[29]  dusar ƙanƙara da aka tara ba ta da yawa a tsaunuka har zuwa 2,000 feet (610 m) sama da matakin teku amma wani lokacin yakan kai 6 to 10 feet (1.8 to 3.0 m) sama le 4,000 feet (1,200 . [28] Rage dusar ƙanƙara yana ƙarawa ga rafi a watan Afrilu da Mayu, kuma busassun ƙasa yana hana rafi a cikin Agusta.[30] Gabaɗaya, yanayin zafi yana da sauƙi. Rashin raguwa a watan Janairu ya kasance daga ƙasa da daskarewa zuwa kusan 25 °F (−4 °C) ° F (-4 ° C), yayin da Yuli ya fi girma yawanci kusan 80 °F (27 °C) ° F (27 ° C). [28]

Ofishin Kula da albarkatun kasa (NRCS) na Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka tana aiki da tashoshin telemetry na dusar ƙanƙara (SNOTEL) a wurare uku a cikin ruwa na Bull Run don taimakawa wajen hango yadda za a sami ruwa daga narkewar dusar ƙara. Gudun dusar ƙanƙara da yawa sun bambanta da lokaci da wuri. A tashar Blazed Alder Creek, mafi girma daga cikin uku a 3,650 feet (1,110 sama da matakin teku, matsakaicin ruwan dusar ƙanƙara (SWE) (yawan ruwa a cikin dusar ƙara da aka tara) ya kasance a cikin 2009 daga 0 a cikin Yuli-Oktoba zuwa kusan inci 50 (1,300 a cikin Afrilu.[31] Wata tashar a kan Arewacin Fork a tsawo na 3,060 feet (930 m) ta ba da rahoton mafi ƙarancin matsakaicin SWE na 0 a watan Yuli-Oktoba 2009 kuma matsakaicin kusan 37 inches (940 mm) a watan Afrilu.[32] A cikin wannan shekarar a tashar Kudancin Fork, tsawo 2,690 feet (820 m) , matsakaicin SWE ya bambanta daga 0 a watan Yuni-Satumba zuwa kimanin inci 10 (250 a watan Maris.[33]

Infrastructure

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A large concrete dam impounds a lake surrounded by tree-covered hills.
Bull Run Reservoir 1 yana bayan madatsar ruwa mai nauyi da aka gina a 1929. 

Although most of the watershed is generally closed to the public, the protected area includes forest roads, buildings, three dams and reservoirs, two hydroelectric power stations, and other infrastructure used by government employees who manage the forest and the water supply system. The system includes a concrete dam and spillway, added to the natural outlet of Bull Run Lake. The dam, completed in about 1960, was preceded in 1915 by a timber-and-rockfill structure and later by other measures to increase the lake's storage capacity and to prevent seepage. These measures raised the lake's usable storage from about 2.8 billion US gallons (11,000,000 m3) to about 4.3 billion US gallons (16,000,000 m3), an increase of about 55 percent.[15] Dam 1, which impounds Reservoir 1, is a concrete arch-gravity dam about 200 feet (61 m) high,[14] and Dam 2, a rockfill structure about 110 feet (34 m) high, impounds Reservoir 2.[16] Although the two reservoirs combined can hold up to about 17 billion US gallons (64,000,000 m3), their total usable storage is only about 10 billion US gallons (38,000,000 m3).[34]

Rashin ruwa mai laushi (headworks) a Bull Run yana ƙasa da Dam 2.[11] Wannan shi ne inda ake karkatar da ruwa daga kogi don chlorination sannan a tura shi cikin hanyoyin rarraba guda uku don isar da shi zuwa Portland.[34] Kimanin kashi 23 cikin dari na ruwan da ke gudana a shekara-shekara ana karkatar da shi zuwa samar da ruwa na birnin.[8] 

Manyan hanyoyi a cikin BRWMU sun haɗa da Forest Road 10, wanda ke gudana don yawancin tsawonsa tare da gefen arewacin kogi.  Ya haɗa al'ummar Bull Run kusa da bakin kogi da Forest Road 18 (Lolo Pass Road) a gabashin Bull Run Lake.  Rashin da ke kan hanyar Forest 10 a cikin ruwa na Reservoir 2, hanyoyin Forest 12 da 14 sun samar da madauki a kudancin kogi.   Hanyoyin sun kai gabas kamar Goodfellow Lakes, kusa da asalin Little Sandy River. A ƙasa da BRWMU, Bull Run Road, bude ga jama'a, ya haye kogi tsakanin al'ummar Bull Run da Dodge Park.

Bull Run River Bridge, 240 feet (73 m) Pennsylvania-petit truss span wanda ke ɗauke da Bull Run Road, asalinsa shine yammacin truss na Burnside Bridge a kan Willamette River a cikin garin Portland. Ya haɗa da ɓangarorin da aka yi da ƙarfe da ƙarfe, kuma ƙofofinsa sun haɗa da abubuwan ƙirar jirgin ruwa da ake nufi da Portland, tashar jiragen ruwa ta ciki. An gina shi a shekara ta 1894, an tura gadar zuwa Bull Run a 1926, lokacin da sabon gadar Burnside ya maye gurbin tsohuwar. Ginin Kogin Sandy a kan Kogin Sandy da ke Dodge Park, kawai a kan kogi daga bakin Kogin Bull Run, shine 300 feet (91 m) gabas na Burnside Bridge.[35][36]

Tsire-tsire da dabbobi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An owl on a tree branch gazes with wide eyes toward an unseen camera.
Kwando mai tabo na arewa

Kyakkyawan gandun daji sun rufe kusan kashi shasa'in da biyar 95 cikin dari na ruwa.[37]  Douglas-fir shine nau'in bishiyoyi mafi rinjaye a cikin kwandon da ke ƙasa da ƙafa 3,400 (1,000 sama da matakin teku, inda yammacin redcedar ke bunƙasa a yankuna masu laushi kuma yammacin hemlock yana girma. Douglas-fir da noble fir sune nau'ikan da suka fi dacewa a tsaunuka masu tsawo, kuma Pacific silver fir shine nau'ikan mafi girma. Bishiyoyi masu girma, waɗanda ke rufe kusan kashi 54 cikin dari na ruwa, galibi sun wuce shekaru 500 kuma suna da diamita sama da 21 inches (53 cm) .   Itace tsakanin 9 and 21 inches (23 and 53 cm) a diamita sun rufe kusan kashi 34 cikin dari na kwandon, yayin da ƙananan itatuwa suka mamaye sauran kashi 12.[38]   Gidan gandun daji yana tallafawa ƙananan tsire-tsire kamar salal da fern.[37] Kimanin kashi 5 cikin dari na ruwa ya kunshi ruwa marasa tsire-tsire ko dutse mara tsire-shire da kuma karamin yanki na ciyawa.[37] 

Fiye da nau'ikan namun daji 250, gami da falcon peregrine, bald eagle da northern spotted owl ana zaton suna yawan zuwa cikin ruwa.[39] Tsuntsaye masu ƙaura kamar loons suna amfani da kwandon don ciyarwa da gida yayin da suke tafiya tare da Pacific Flyway. Nau'in kifaye na asali sun haɗa da Chinook da coho salmon, steelhead, bakin teku cutthroat trout, Pacific lamprey, da rainbow trout, [39] amma tun daga 1922 madatsar ruwan ko magajinsa, Dam 2, sun toshe hanyar kifi mai suna anadromous zuwa kogin sama da masu goyon bayanta.[14] Yawancin nau'o'in amphibian da dabbobi masu rarrafe suna bunƙasa kusa da rafi da tafkuna. Roosevelt elk, Baƙar fata ta Amurka, Coyote, Cougar, baƙar rawaya, kogin kogin kogon Arewacin Amurka, Mink na Amurka, da Beaver na Arewacin Amurka suna daga cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa da aka samu a cikin ruwa.[39]

Wasanni

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
About 10 people are gathered along a rocky shore or swimming in a river in a forest.
Ramin yin iyo a Dodge Park a kan Kogin Sandy, dan kadan sama da haɗuwa da Kogin Bull Run

Kusa da haɗuwar kogin Bull Run da Sandy, 14 acres (5.7 ha) Dodge Park yana ba da wuraren shakatawa masu inuwa, rami na yin iyo, rairayin bakin teku, da tashar jirgin ruwa don ƙaddamar da rafts, kayak, da Jiragen ruwa a kan Kogin Sandy. Ofishin Ruwa na Portland ya mallaki kuma yana kula da wurin shakatawa, wanda aka kafa a farkon karni na 20. [40] Da farko ana kiranta Bull Run Park, an sake masa suna don Frank Dodge, mai kula da ofishin ruwa daga 1897 zuwa 1914.[42] Har sai da manyan motoci suka maye gurbinsa, motar lantarki zuwa Bull Run ta ɗauki fasinjoji zuwa da kuma daga wurin shakatawa har zuwa shekara ta alif 1930. Ofishin ruwa ya kiyasta cewa akalla mutane 30,000 sun ziyarci wurin shakatawa a 1926.[17]  As of 2015, ofishin yana da shirye-shiryen dawowa da inganta wurin shakatawa yayin da lokaci da kuɗi suka ba da izini.[43]

Kodayake yawancin ruwan Kogin Bull Run an rufe shi ga jama'a, masu sha'awar ruwan farin wani lokacin suna gudana a ƙasa mai nisan kilomita 4.5 (kilomita 4.0) daga gadar Bull Run Road zuwa Kogin Sandy. Wurin da aka sanya don gudu yana ƙasa da gidan wutar lantarki, kuma fitarwa yana a Dodge Park. Gudun yana nuna hanyar slalom ta dindindin kusa da shigarwa, shida aji 3 rapids a cikin mil 2 na farko (kilomita 3), da ɗan gajeren lokaci na aji 2 ruwa a ƙarshen gudu.[44]

A small bus painted with a mural is parked in front of a house near a lake. Lettering on the bus door says, "Portland Water Bureau: From Forest to Faucet".
Basar yawon shakatawa ta Bull Run

Kifi yana iyakance ga ƙananan kogin. Hatchery Chinook salmon da rani da hunturu steelhead wani lokacin ana kama su kusa da haɗuwa da Kogin Sandy, kuma ana ba da izinin kamawa da saki kifi don trout na daji daga bakin kogin zuwa gefen tafkin ruwa na Bull Run.[45]

Samun damar zuwa sashin Gudanar da Ruwa na Bull Run gabaɗaya yana iyakance ga ma'aikatan gwamnati da baƙi a kan kasuwancin hukuma, kuma masu tsaro suna sa ido a ƙofofin ƙofofi uku. Koyaya, ofishin ruwa yana ba da yawon shakatawa na jama'a a lokacin rani da faduwa, kuma masu tafiya na iya amfani da Pacific Crest Trail, wanda ke gudana tare da gefen gabas na ruwa kusa da Dutsen Hood.[46][47] Ofishin yana da matsakaicin kusan yawon shakatawa na rukuni tamanin da biyar 85 a shekara.[48]

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Garin daji na Bull Run
  • Jerin koguna na Oregon
  • Hanyar tunawa da Mark O. Hatfield

manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

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Bayanan da aka ambata

  1. ↑ Snyder & Brownell 1996, p. 31.
  2. ↑ Snyder & Brownell 1996, p. 14.
  3. ↑ The river begins at the dam at the southwest end of the lake near the water-stage recorder at RM 29.1 (RK 46.8). Surface flow from the lake occurs only when the Portland Water Bureau deliberately releases water.[1] Even when water is not flowing on the surface, it constantly seeps through unconsolidated rock near and under the dam and emerges in springs further down the drainage.[2]
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 United States Geological Survey (USGS). "United States Geological Survey Topographic Map". TopoQuest. Retrieved July 8, 2009.
  5. ↑ "USGS 14140000 Bull Run River near Bull Run (River Only), OR". United States Geological Survey. 2009. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
  6. ↑ "Oregon's Top 10 Weather Events of 1900s". National Weather Service. Retrieved March 9, 2010.
  7. ↑ "Water-Data Report 2009: USGS 14138720 Bull Run River at Lower Flume near Brightwood, OR" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 20, 2012. Retrieved March 14, 2010.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Rain, Snow and Streamflow". Portland Water Bureau. Archived from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved March 14, 2010.
  9. ↑ "Water-Data Report 2009: USGS 14138560 Bull Run Lake near Brightwood, OR" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  10. ↑ "Oregon Water Data Report, Water Year 2005 – Bull Run Basin" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Retrieved March 16, 2010.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 "Source Water Assessment Report". Portland Water Bureau. 2006. Archived from the original on August 11, 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
  12. ↑ "Landscape and Geology". Portland Water Bureau. 2009. Archived from the original on August 11, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2009.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Johnson et al. 1985.
  14. ↑ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13 14.14 Taylor 1998.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Snyder & Brownell 1996.
  16. ↑ 16.00 16.01 16.02 16.03 16.04 16.05 16.06 16.07 16.08 16.09 Short 1983.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 "Dodge Park History". Portland Water Bureau. Archived from the original on August 11, 2015. Retrieved January 17, 2010.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Sandy River". Portland General Electric. Archived from the original on February 13, 2015. Retrieved January 17, 2010.
  19. ↑ "Oregon Field Guide: Marmot Dam Removed". Oregon Public Broadcasting. February 21, 2008. Archived from the original on February 13, 2015. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Bureau of Hydroelectric Power". City of Portland. Archived from the original on February 13, 2015. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
  21. ↑ "Our Company: Quick Facts". Portland General Electric. 2009. Archived from the original on August 20, 2010. Retrieved August 15, 2010.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 U.S. Forest Service and Portland Water Bureau (July 2007). "Report to the Community Regarding a New Bull Run Watershed Management Unit Agreement". Portland Water Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 8, 2011. Retrieved August 8, 2010.
  23. ↑ Larson, Douglas (May–June 2009). "The Battle of Bull Run". American Scientist. 97 (3): 182. doi:10.1511/2009.78.182. Retrieved March 30, 2022.
  24. ↑ "Public Law 107–30: Little Sandy River Watershed Protection" (PDF). Library of Congress. August 20, 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 11, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
  25. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Milstein
  26. ↑ "Bull Run Watershed". Portland Water Bureau. 2011. Archived from the original on February 13, 2015. Retrieved November 26, 2011.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "Treatment Variance Request, Section 2: Portland's Bull Run Watershed" (PDF). Portland Water Bureau. p. 10. Archived from the original on August 11, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 United States Forest Service, "Environmental Assessment", p. III-6
  29. ↑ Ham, R. Dennis (October 1982). "Fog Drip in the Bull Run Municipal Watershed, Oregon". Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 18 (5): 785–789. Bibcode:1982JAWRA..18..785H. doi:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1982.tb00073.x.
  30. ↑ VanRheenen, Palmer & Hahn 2011.
  31. ↑ "Blazed Alder Snotel Data". Natural Resources Conservation Service. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
  32. ↑ "North Fork Snotel Data". Natural Resources Conservation Service. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
  33. ↑ "South Fork Bull Run Snotel Data". Natural Resources Conservation Service. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "Treatment Variance Request, Section 2: Portland's Bull Run Watershed" (PDF). Portland Water Bureau. p. 6. Archived from the original on August 11, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
  35. ↑ Smith, Norman & Dykman 1989.
  36. ↑ Wortman & Wortman 2006.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Portland Water Bureau. "Forests and Vegetation". City of Portland. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
  38. ↑ Mansperger, Harold (2006). "The Bull Run River Watershed: Our Treasured Water Supply" (PDF). Portland Community College. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 13, 2015. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 "Fish and Wildlife". Portland Water Bureau. 2009. Archived from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved September 26, 2009.
  40. ↑ "Dodge Park". City of Portland. 2009. Archived from the original on February 13, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2009.
  41. ↑ "Frank Dodge: Naming Dodge Park". Portland Water Bureau. March 6, 2006. Archived from the original on July 8, 2006. Retrieved July 18, 2010.
  42. ↑ Dodge Island, a small island in Bull Run Lake, was also named for him.[41]
  43. ↑ "Dodge Park Master Plan". City of Portland. 2015. Archived from the original on February 13, 2015. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
  44. ↑ Giordano 2004.
  45. ↑ Sheehan 2005.
  46. ↑ "Bull Run Watershed Tours and Field Trips". Portland Water Bureau. 2015. Archived from the original on February 13, 2015. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
  47. ↑ Portland Utility Review Board; et al. (June 16, 2006). "Bull Run Management Unit Fire Plan". Portland Water Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2015. Retrieved October 16, 2009.
  48. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Examiner

Ayyukan da aka ambata

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

 

Haɗin waje

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Samfuri:Portland, Oregon, watersheds

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