Kogin Manas

Kogin Manas
General information
Height above mean sea level (en)	36 m
Tsawo	400 km
Labarin ƙasa
Tsarin Daidaiton Labarin Kasa	26°13′N 90°38′E
Kasa	Indiya
Hydrography (en)
Tributary (en)	duba Kuri Chhu (en)
Watershed area (en)	41,350 km²
Ruwan ruwa	Brahmaputra Basin (en) da Manas River Basin (en)
River mouth (en)	Brahmaputra River (en)

Kogin Manas (pron: [ˈmʌnəs]), wanda aka sani a Bhutan a matsayin Drangme Chhu, kogi ne mai wuce iyaka a cikin tsaunin Himalayan tsakanin kudancin Bhutan, Indiya, da China.  Ita ce mafi girma daga cikin manyan kogin guda huɗu na Bhutan, tare da sauran ukun sune kogin Amo Chu ko Torsa, Wang Chu ko Raidak, da Puna Tshang Chu ko Sankosh.  Yana haɗuwa da wasu manyan koguna guda uku kafin ya sake komawa Indiya a yammacin Assam.  Kogin yana gudana tsawon kilomita 400 (mili 250), gami da Tibet mai tsawon kilomita 24 (15 mi), Bhutan na tsawon kilomita 272 (169 mi), da Assam na tsawon kilomita 104 (65 mi) kafin ya shiga babban kogin Brahmaputra da ke Jogighopa.  Babban yankin kogin Manas, Kogin Aie, ya haɗu da shi a Assam a Bangpari..

Kwarin kogin Manas yana da manyan gandun daji guda biyu, wato Royal Manas National Park (kadada 43,854 (kadada 108,370), wanda aka kafa a cikin 1966) a Bhutan da Gidan Namun daji na Manas (wanda aka kafa a kadada 391,000, da kadada 970,500 zuwa 970,500 a cikin 970,000) hectare (kadada 230,000) a cikin Disamba 1985), wanda ya ƙunshi wani yanki na Project Tiger, ajiyar giwaye da ajiyar halittu, wanda ya zama Cibiyar Tarihin Duniya ta UNESCO da aka ayyana a cikin Disamba 1985. .

Yanayin ƙasa

Kogin Manas yana zubar da kilomita 41,350 (15,970 sq na gabashin Bhutan da arewa maso gabashin Indiya. Yana da manyan rassa guda uku: Drangme Chhu, Mangde Chhu, da Bumthang_River" id="mwQw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Bumthang River">Bumthang (Chamkhar) Chhu waɗanda ke rufe mafi yawan gabashin Bhutan, tare da Trongsa da kwarin Bumthang suma suna cikin ɓangaren. Yankin da aka zubar a cikin yankin Bhutan yana da 18,300 km² kuma yana da iyaka da daidaitattun ƙasa 26°13′01′′N 90°37′59′′E / 26.217°N 90.633°E / 26.21.717; 90.633. Wani ɓangare na babban tushe na kogin ya tashi a kudancin Tibet a tsawo na mita 4,500 (14,800 kafin ya shiga Indiya a Bum La Pass a kusurwar arewa maso yammacin Arunachal Pradesh .  

Kogin yana gudana ta hanyar gorges masu siffar V a cikin kudu maso yamma tsakanin kewayon biyu na Lower Himalayas a Bhutan kuma ya shiga Assam a kudancin tsakiyar tuddai na Himalayas. Kwarin ya fadada a cikin tuddai, inda aka yi alama da kafa maras kyau da maras kyau a cikin kogin. Yankin da ke sama yafi cike da dusar ƙanƙara yayin da tsakiya da ƙananan wuraren da ke da gandun daji.

Ruwa mai tsabta na Kogin Manas a cikin wuri mai tsarki

Jimlar haɗewar tsayin dukkan magudanan ruwa na tsarin kogin a Bhutan ya kai nisan kilomita 3,200 (mile 2,000). Babban tushen kogin, Tawang Chu, ya samo asali ne daga gundumar Tawang na Arunachal Pradesh a Indiya kuma bayan ya gudana ta hanyar kudu maso yamma ya shiga Bhutan kusa da Trashigang. A Duksum a Trashi Yangtse, Tawang Chu yana tare da Kholong Chu, wanda ke tasowa a cikin kewayon dusar ƙanƙara ta arewacin Himalaya na Bhutan. Daga ƙasa, Gamri Chu, wanda ke gangarowa daga Sakten, ya haɗa shi. A Trashigang, fadin kogin yana da kusan mita 550 (1,800 ft) kuma tsayin kogin ya kai mita 606 (1,988 ft).

Lhobrak, ko Kuri Chhu, shine babban yankin tsakiyar yankin Manas. Shine kogin daya tilo wanda ya taso arewa da Babban Himalayas kuma ya hade da Manas a Gongri Zomsa tsakanin gundumomin Mongar da Pema Gatshel. Daga baya, a Panbang a gundumar Zhemgang, rafin da ke hade tare da Mangde Chhu. Anan hawan kogin ya kai mita 121 (397 ft). An kafa Mangde Chu ta koguna biyu, wato Mangde Chu, wanda ke tasowa a arewacin Bhutan kusa da Kula Kangri Peak inda tsayin ya kai mita 5,666 (18,589 ft), da kogin Bumthang, wanda kuma ake kira Chamkhar Chu. .

Bayan ya gudana a cikin kudu maso yammacin gabaɗaya na kimanin kilomita 29 (18 Ƙara-ve-ignore="">mi) a Bhutan, Kogin Aie, wanda aka fi sani da Kogin Mow a Gundumar Sarpang a Bhutan، ya haɗu da Manas a Gundumar Goalpara ta Assam a ƙauyen Agrong . Daga nan, yana biye da hanya mai laushi na kimanin kilomita 75 (47 kuma yana kwarara cikin Brahmaputra kusa da Jogighopa. Kogin Aie, wanda ke tashi a cikin Black Mountains a tsawo na kimanin mita 4,915 (16,125 kusa da ƙauyen Bangpari, yana da kimanin kilomita 110 (68 a tsawon. Jimlar tsawon Manas, kamar yadda aka auna tare da mafi tsawo mai ba da gudummawa Kur, yana da kilomita 376 (234 , daga cikinsu kimanin kilomita 104 (65 yana cikin Indiya. Kimanin kilomita 270 (170 mi) na wannan tsawon suna cikin tsaunuka ko tsaunuka, tare da ma'auni a cikin filayen. Kogin Manas shine mafi girman bakin teku na arewacin Brahmaputra, tare da matsakaicin rikodin mita 7,641, kuma yana ba da gudummawa 5.48% na jimlar matsakaicin Brahmaputre. 

Kwarin kogi a cikin tuddai yana kewaye da ƙananan ciyawa da ke tsakanin tuddai masu gandun daji tare da koguna da yawa, rafi da tashoshin ruwa na halitta da suka danganci tsarin kogi. A cikin ƙananan kogin, akwai wurare masu santsi masu santsi da ke cike da itatuwa. Yankunan da ke arewacin haɗuwa da Brahmaputra, wanda aka sani da Terai ko Duars (kalmar Sanskrit da ke nufin "tafiyewa" ko "ƙofofin"), sun ƙunshi kilomita 15-30 (9.3-18.6 na tsaunuka masu ban sha'awa kuma suna da kyau sosai. Kowane Duar (tare da tsawo daban-daban daga mita 100 (330 zuwa kusa da matakin teku yayin da suka shiga Brahmaputra) ana kiransa bayan rafi ko kewaye tsakanin rafi biyu. An haɓaka ƙasashe masu kyau zuwa wuraren shayi da filayen paddy.

Ilimin ruwa

Gidan Manas kusan dukkanin tsaunuka ne, yana tashi a cikin sararin kilomita 140 (87 daga tsawo na kimanin mita 100 (330 kusa da iyakar Indiya zuwa manyan tsaunuka na Himalayan sama da mita 7,500 (24,600 tare da babban yankin Himalayan da ke kan iyaka da Bhutan da Tibet. Babban tsawo da yanayin yanayi daban-daban suna nunawa a cikin wadatattun bambancin fauna da flora na yankin.

Yanayi

Yanayi a gefen kogi ya bambanta sosai, daga yanayin zafi, mai zafi a kudu zuwa sanyi, yanayin busassun alpine a arewa. Daga Mayu zuwa Oktoba, ruwan sama na kudu maso yamma yana kawo ruwan sama mai yawa - fiye da 4,000 millimeters (160 in) a yankin kudu - kuma akwai lokacin fari hunturu. Bugu da ƙari a arewa, ruwan sama gabaɗaya ba shi da yawa, na tsari na 600 zuwa 700 millimeters (24 zuwa 28 in) da aka rubuta daga Yuni zuwa Agusta. Bambanci tsakanin matsakaicin da mafi ƙarancin kogin a lokacin damina da lokacin fari an ce ya kai sau 20.

Babbar gada a fadin Kogin Manas a cikin wani yanki na wurin shakatawa

Daga cikin babban kwarin kogin, an sanya yankuna masu kariya da yawa ko wuraren ajiya musamman, a cikin Bhutan da Indiya, waɗanda aka ayyana wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa ko wuraren tsarki. Gidajen daji guda biyu da wuraren ajiyar namun daji sun rufe yanki na kilomita 9,938.54 (3,837.29 sq , kusan kashi 24% na jimlar yankin 'i kilomita 41,350 (15,970 sq na tafkin Manas. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

Gidan shakatawa na Royal Manas

Gidan gandun dajin na Royal Manas a kudancin Bhutan, wanda aka yi la'akari da al'adun gargajiya na Bhutan, an fara ayyana shi a matsayin mafakar namun daji sannan daga baya ya kai matsayin wurin shakatawa na kasa a shekarar 1993. Tsarin muhalli na Himalayan. [an ambaci] Gidan shakatawa yana iyaka da arewa ta Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park kuma zuwa kudu ta Manas Tiger Reserve a Indiya. A cikin Bhutan, hanyoyin nazarin halittu da ke da alaƙa da wurin shakatawa sun haɗa da wurin shakatawa na Phrumsengla a arewa, Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary a yamma, da Jomotsangkha Wildlife Sanctuary a gabas. [Abin da ake buƙata] Wurin shakatawa yana da ɗimbin ɗimbin ciyayi na wurare masu zafi, dazuzzukan dazuzzuka masu ɗanɗano, ciyayi mai tsayi, da ciyayi. [abubuwan da ake buƙata] Daban-daban na flora da fauna da aka gano a cikin wurin shakatawa sune nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa 45, nau'ikan tsuntsaye 366, da nau'ikan tsire-tsire na jijiyoyi 900. Asusun namun daji na duniya (WWF) yana aiki tuƙuru kan tsarin kula da kiyayewa tare da haɗin gwiwar hukumomin namun daji na gida don adanawa da kuma kare wannan al'adun gargajiyar. salvanius), kurege (Caprolagus hispidus), rhinoceros masu ƙaho ɗaya mafi girma (Rhinoceros unicornis), da buffalo na ruwa na Asiya (Bubalus arnee). Akwai nau'ikan tsuntsaye guda 362, daga cikinsu an rubuta nau'ikan kaho guda huɗu (wuyan-wuya, da wreathed, pied, da babban Indiyawa). Baya ga dolphin kogin Ganges (Platanista gangetica) wasu nau'ikan ruwa da aka gano a cikin kogin Manas sune mahseer mai zurfi (Tor tor), mahseer na zinariya (Tor putitora), da cakulan mahseer ko katle (Acrossocheilus hexangonolepis). Mutane dubu biyar suna zaune a cikin iyakokin wuraren shakatawa a kauyuka da yawa. Tigers, dabbar da aka fi girmamawa a Bhutan, an kiyasta adadinta ya kai kusan 100 kuma galibi an killace su a wannan wurin shakatawa na kasa da makwabciyarta Manas National Park a Indiya..

Dabbobin da ba su da yawa a duniya, langur mai zinariya, wanda ke bunƙasa a cikin gandun daji masu yawa tare da dogon wutsiya tare da tassel a ƙarshen, ana samun su a duka Bhutan da Indiya, a cikin wuraren tsarkake gandun daji guda biyu. Wadannan birai, waɗanda aka samo a cikin rukuni, ba su da gashi a fuskarsu amma suna da ruff na zinariya mai karimci a jikin su. Ana samun su a cikin adadi mai yawa - kusan 180 a Indiya da 1,200 a Bhutan, kamar yadda ƙididdigar da aka yi a 1978 da 1980 bi da bi.

Gidan Tsaro na Dajin Manas

Gidan Tsaro na Manas a cikin kwarin Manas

Gidan Tsaro na Manas, wanda ke cikin Assam, an dauke shi daya daga cikin "mafi kyawun wuraren ajiyar namun daji na Asiya" kuma yana cikin Gidan Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO. Yana da alaƙa da Royal Manas National Park na Bhutan zuwa arewacinsa. Yanzu ya ƙunshi ajiyar halittu, ajiyar tiger, da kuma ajiyar giwa. Gidan shakatawa yana da gandun daji sosai kuma ya ƙunshi wuraren ciyawa da marshes. A cikin 1928, an sanya ainihin yankin a matsayin wuri mai tsarki kuma a cikin 1978 an ayyana shi a matsayin ajiyar tiger.

Kogin Manas da mahaɗanta Hakua suna gudana ta wurin wuri mai tsarki. Wani nau'i mai zurfi na alluvium shine mafi yawan ƙasa ƙasa. A karkashin yanayin yanayi na subtropical (tare da 30 °C (86 °F) millimeters (1.2 in) na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da zafin jiki ya bambanta tsakanin matsakaicin 30 ° C (86 ° F) da mafi ƙarancin 5 °C (41 °F) ° C (41 ° F)), gandun daji ya ƙunshi tsire-tsire na gandun daji tare da gauraye deciduous, littorals, da maras kyau, kuma an haɗa su da bamboo da cane. Ambaliyar ruwa tana faruwa a manyan sassan bioreserve.

Ana gudanar da wurin shakatawa a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyoyin kula da kiyayewa da yawa kamar su Core Zone, Yankin Buffer, da Yankin Tattalin Arziki. An san wurin shakatawa saboda namun daji da ba su da yawa kuma masu haɗari kamar su damisa da giwaye, da kuma kunkuru mai rufin Assam, kuren da aka yi wa rufin, kuren zinariya da langurs, pygmy hog, rhinoceros mai ƙaho ɗaya, buffalo na Asiya, barewa, barewa, damisa, damisa mai ruɗi, damisa mai duhu, damisa mai duhu, damisa mai duhu, damisa mai duhu, damisa mai duhu, damisa mai duhu. da dolphin kogin. Gidan shakatawa na gida ne ga nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa guda 22 da ke cikin hatsari. Dabbobi masu rarrafe sun hada da dawa, crocodiles na Indiya na yau da kullun, gharial, macizai na yau da kullun, maciji na cat, da sauran nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan iri. Tsuntsaye sun haɗa da ƙaho, cranes na gama gari, jajayen jakunkuna na yau da kullun, katako na Eurasian, gaggafa gaggafa, masu dusar ƙanƙara masu baƙar fata, ƙananan grebes, nau'ikan herons, black ibises, Eurasian sparrowhawks, tabo-babban mikiya, da sauran su. Nau'in kifi sun haɗa da katli, jurraha, chenga, telliah, labeo, da mahseer. An dauki matakan kiyayewa don hana farautar farauta, kamun kifi da yawa, cin zarafi, da sauran batutuwa masu yawa. Waɗannan matakan suna nufin rage tsoma bakin ɗan adam a cikin yanki mai rauni, don ba da damar ƙirƙirar bayanan bayanai, da gudanar da bincike kan yawan dabbobi da shuka don ingantaccen kiyaye yanayin muhalli..

A shekara ta 1980, wurin shakatawa ya kasance tsakiya ga tashin hankali na Bodoland na Assam yayin da Bodos da ke mamaye yankin suka nemi mafaka a cikin wuri mai tsarki. Bodos suna neman cin gashin kansu ko kuma wata jiha ta daban ta kansu a kan dalilan cewa an sanya ƙasashensu cikin Assam a lokacin mulkin Burtaniya.

Batutuwan muhalli

Haikali na Brahma a kwarin Manas a Kokrajhar a Assam

Kogin Manas sau da yawa ya kasance a tsakiyar rikice-rikicen muhalli, musamman a cikin shekarun 1980. An gabatar da madatsun ruwa guda biyu a gefen Bhutanese na kogin don samar da wutar lantarki da kuma sarrafa kwararar Brahmaputra a bakin arewacinsa da kuma samar da hanyar tsarin ban ruwa. Koyaya, ba kawai akwai damuwa na cikin gida ba amma na ƙasa da na duniya tsakanin masu kula da muhalli game da shawarwarin, waɗanda suka ba da isasshen tallafi don tabbatar da cewa an sauke shawarwarin madatsar ruwa a 1986. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1989, kungiyar All Bodo Students Union (ABSU) ta mamaye wurin shakatawa kuma ta kashe masu kula da masu gadi da yawa, suna ba da izinin shigar da masu farauta da masu katako waɗanda suka haifar da barazana ga namun daji na wurin shakatawa da koginsa. Barazanar ambaliyar ruwa ta kasance kamar yadda ta kasance a cikin 2010.

Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan ci gaba da aka tsara a baya a kan Kogin Manas ya yi la'akari da kula da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin Kogin Brahmaputra da haɓaka kwarara a cikin tsarin kogin Ganga ta hanyar gina madatsar ruwa a kan Manas a kan iyakar Indo-Bhutan. Ruwan da aka adana a bayan tafkin an ba da shawarar a canja shi ta hanyar dogon tsarin tashar ta hanyar tuddai na Himalayas (skirting Bangladesh), ƙetare manyan koguna 25 da ƙananan koguna, daga cikinsu manyan koguna Sankosh, Raidak, Amo (Torsa), Karatoya, Teesta, Atrai da Mahananda suna gudana ta Arewacin Bengal, kuma a ƙarshe zuwa Kogin Kosi a Arewacin Bihar. Ba a ci gaba da aikin ba saboda mummunan ra'ayi na jama'a da damuwa game da muhalli.

Wani shawara da aka gabatar a cikin 1970s na gina dam akan kogin don amfani da damammaki na wuta, ban ruwa, da kuma shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa a Assam ya ƙunshi magudanar ruwa mai tsawon kilomita 100 (62 mi) daga tafki na Manas zuwa wani tafki a kan kogin Sankosh. Kamar yadda magudanar ruwa za ta ratsa ta yankin Tiger na Manas, Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Dazuzzuka ta Gwamnatin Indiya ta nuna rashin amincewa da shawarar bisa dalilan da ke haifar da illa ga yanayin ruwa da muhalli na yankin da zai faru saboda dam din. Wannan ra'ayi kuma ya sami goyon bayan kwamitin UNESCO na UNESCO. Marigayi Firayim Ministan Indiya Rajiv Gandhi ya amince da ƙin yarda kuma ya yanke shawarar dakatar da aikin. Yana da wuya a farfado. An gabatar da shawarar azaman aikin haɗin gwiwa na Indiya da Bhutan. Rahoton da aka riga aka shirya don wannan aikin Manas multipurpose aikin ya yi hasashen samar da wutar lantarki na MW 2800. Wani aikin haɗin gwiwa a kan Mangde Chu, wani yanki na Manas a tsakiyar Bhutan, ya yi hasashen samar da wutar lantarki na 360/600 MW, wanda aka shirya cikakken rahoton aikin (DPR).