Kogin Omo
| Kogin Omo | |
|---|---|
 | |
| General information | |
| Tsawo | 760 km |
| Labarin ƙasa | |
.png) | |
| Tsarin Daidaiton Labarin Kasa | 8°15′23″N 37°29′24″E / 8.2563°N 37.4899°E |
| Kasa | Habasha |
Hydrography (en)  | |
| Tributary (en) | |
| Tabkuna | Tafkin Turkana |
| River source (en) |
Shewa (en) |
| River mouth (en) | Tafkin Turkana |
Kogin Omo ( Amharic ; kuma ana kiransa Omo-Bottego) a kudancin Habasha shine kogin Habasha mafi girma a wajen Kogin Nilu . Tafarkin nasa yana kunshe ne gaba daya a cikin iyakokin kasar Habasha, kuma yana shiga tafkin Turkana da ke kan iyaka da Kenya . Kogin shine babban rafi na magudanar ruwa na endorheic, Basin Turkana .
Kogin ya shahara ne saboda yawan burbushin hominid na farko da binciken archaeological kamar kayan aikin dutse na farko, wanda ya haifar da hada shi a cikin UNESCO World Heritage List a cikin 1980. [1]
Yanayin ƙasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kogin Omo ya samo asali ne ta hanyar haɗuwa da Kogin Gibe, wanda shine mafi girman jimlar Kogin Omo, da Kogin Wabe, mafi girman gefen hagu na Omo. Idan aka ba su girman su, tsayi da darussan mutum na iya la'akari da kogin Omo da Gibe guda ɗaya amma tare da sunaye daban-daban. Sakamakon haka, ana kiran dukkan kogin Kogin Omo-Gibe River Basin. Wannan kogin ya haɗa da wani ɓangare na Yankin Yammacin Oromia da tsakiyar Kudancin Kasashe, Kasashe, da Yankin Jama'a.[2]
Hanyar ta gabaɗaya zuwa kudu, duk da haka tare da babban karkata zuwa yamma a kusan 7 ° N 37 ° 30 'E zuwa kusan 36 ° E inda ta juya kudu har zuwa 5 ° 30 'N inda ta yi babban S- karkata sannan ta ci gaba da hanyar kudu zuwa Tafkin Turkana. Dangane da kayan da Hukumar Kididdiga ta Tsakiya ta Habasha ta buga, Kogin Omo-Bottego yana da tsawon kilomita 760 (470 .
A cikin tafiyarsa Omo-Bottego yana da jimlar faduwar kimanin mita 700 (2,300 daga haɗuwar kogin Gibe da Wabe a mita 1,060 (3,480 zuwa mita 360 (1,180 a matakin tafkin, kuma saboda haka yana da saurin rafi a samansa, wanda Kokobi da sauran faduwa suka karya, kuma yana iya tafiya ne kawai don ɗan gajeren nesa a sama inda ya zubo cikin Tafkin Turkana, ɗaya daga cikin tabkuna na Gregory Rift. The Spectrum Guide to Ethiopia ya bayyana shi a matsayin sanannen shafin don rafting na ruwa mai fari a watan Satumba da Oktoba, lokacin da kogin har yanzu yana da tsawo daga lokacin ruwan sama. Mafi mahimmancin kogin shi ne Kogin Gibe; ƙananan koguna sun haɗa da kogin Wabi, Denchya, Gojeb, Mui da Usno.
Kogin Omo-Bottego ya kafa iyakokin gabas na tsoffin masarautun Janjero, da Garo. Kogin Omo kuma yana gudana bayan Mago da Omo National Parks, waɗanda aka sani da namun daji. Dabbobi da yawa suna zaune kusa da kuma a kan kogi, gami da Hippopotamuses, crocodiles da puff adders.
Binciken archaeological
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Dukan kogin Omo yana da mahimmanci a fannin ilimin ƙasa da archaeology. Fiye da burbushin burbushin 50,000 an gano su daga kwarin da ke ƙasa, gami da burbushi 230 na hominid wanda ya kasance a cikin Pliocene da Pleistocene.[3] An samo burbushin da ke cikin jinsin Australopithecus da Homo a wurare da yawa na archaeological, da kuma kayan aikin da aka yi daga Quartzite, mafi tsufa daga cikinsu ya koma kimanin shekaru miliyan 2.4 da suka gabata.[1] Lokacin da aka gano su, an yi tunanin cewa kayan aikin na iya kasancewa wani ɓangare na abin da ake kira masana'antar Oldowan, har ma da na asali fiye da abin da aka samu a cikin Olduvai Gorge. Bincike daga baya ya nuna cewa mummunan yanayin kayan aikin ya haifar da kayan masarufi marasa kyau, kuma dabarun da aka yi amfani da su da siffofin sun ba da damar haɗa su a cikin Oldowan.
Abubuwan da aka gano na farko a yankin sun kasance a cikin 1901, ta hanyar balaguron Faransa. Abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci an gano su ne daga baya, tsakanin 1967 da 1975, ta ƙungiyar masu binciken archaeological ta duniya. Wannan ƙungiyar ta sami abubuwa daban-daban da yawa, gami da ƙashin ƙashin mutum na Australopithecus, wanda aka kiyasta yana da shekaru miliyan 2.5. [4] Masu binciken tarihi sun kuma sami burbushin burbushin halittu na Olduwan hominids daga farkon zamanin Pleistocene har zuwa zamanin Pliocene. An sami kayan aikin Quartz tare da wasu daga cikin ragowar Homo sapiens da aka samu a bakin kogi.[4] Tun daga wannan lokacin, ƙungiyar hadin gwiwar Faransa da Amurka ce ta gudanar da binciken.[5]
Baya ga burbushin hominid na farko, an sami burbushin dabbobi masu shayarwa [5] da kifi [6] a cikin kwarin Omo.[3]
Tasirin Mutum
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ƙananan kwarin Omo a halin yanzu wasu sun yi imanin cewa ya kasance hanyar haɗuwa da dubban shekaru yayin da al'adu daban-daban da kabilun suka yi ƙaura a yankin, tare da babban jerin burbushin hominid.[7] Har zuwa yau, ana nazarin mutanen Lower Valley of the Omo, gami da Mursi, Suri, Nyangatom, Dizi da Me'en, saboda bambancin su.
Mai binciken Italiya Vittorio Bottego ya fara isa kogin Omo a ranar 29 ga Yuni 1896 a lokacin tafiyarsa ta biyu ta Afirka (1895-97), ya mutu a lokacin wannan tafiyar a ranar 17 ga Maris 1897. An sake sunan kogin Omo Omo-Bottego don girmama shi. Herbert Henry Austin da mutanensa sun isa Omo delta a ranar 12 ga Satumba 1898, kuma sun gano cewa wani balaguron Habasha, karkashin jagorancin Ras Wolda Giyorgis, a baya ya dasa tutar Habasha a arewacin Tekun Turkana a ranar 7 ga Afrilu. Lieutenant Alexander Bulatovich ya jagoranci balaguron Habasha na biyu wanda ya isa tafkin a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta, 1899, kuma ya kasance mai lalacewa. Duk da haka, Faransanci a cikin jam'iyyar sun tsara taswirar daidai a karo na farko da yawa daga cikin hanyoyin Kogin Omo. Wannan fassarar Kogin Omo ta ci gaba da amfani har zuwa shekarun 1930 lokacin da masu zane-zane na mulkin mallaka na Italiya suka yi sabon fassarar kogin da delta dinsa.
Tashoshin wutar lantarki na ruwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Akwai tashoshin wutar lantarki da madatsun ruwa da yawa a cikin kogin Omo waɗanda ake kira bayan Kogin Gilgel Gibe da Kogin Gibe, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Kogin Omo. Duk da sunan da ke rikitarwa su ne tashoshin wutar lantarki na asali da madatsun ruwa da ke kan Kogin Omo.
Tashar wutar lantarki ta Gilgel Gibe II
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tashar wutar lantarki ta Gilgel Gibe II
Ruwan ruwa na Gibe III
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dam din Gibe III Hydroelectric babban madatsar ruwa ne mai tsayi mai tsayi 243 (797 tare da tashar wutar lantarki mai alaƙa a kan Kogin Omo a Habasha. Ita ce mafi girman tashar wutar lantarki a Habasha tare da fitar da wutar lantarki kusan 1870 Megawatt (MW), don haka fiye da ninki biyu na jimlar shigar da aka shigar a Habasha daga matakin 2007 na 814 MW. An samu rikici game da gina shi, tare da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da yawa da suka kafa kamfen don adawa da shi. A cewar Terri Hathaway, darektan shirin Rivers na Afirka na Duniya, Gibe III shine "madatsar ruwa mafi lalacewa da ake ginawa a Afirka. " Aikin zai hukunta "rabu miliyan daya daga cikin mutanen da ke fama da yunwa da rikici a yankin. " Wani rukuni na masu fafutuka na duniya sun kaddamar da korafin kan layi game da aikin madatsar ruwan Habasha game da damuwa da haƙƙin ɗan adam.
Koyaya, Azeb Asnake, manajan aikin Gibe III na mai ba da wutar lantarki na gwamnati, ya ce an shirya matakin ragewa idan wani abu ya faru. Baya ga wannan, Asnake ya yi hasashen cewa babu mummunan sakamako daga aikin, ya kara da cewa fiye da rabin mutanen da ke zaune a yankin sun dogara da taimakon abinci kuma sabon tashar ya zama dole kamar yadda a halin yanzu kamfanin ke samar da wutar lantarki ne kawai ga kashi 25 cikin dari na yawan jama'a.
Ambaliyar ruwa ta 2006
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ruwan sama mai tsanani a shekara ta 2006 ya sa Omo ya ambaliya a ƙasa, ya nutsar da akalla mutane 456 kuma ya rataye sama da mutane 20,000 a cikin kwanaki biyar da suka ƙare 16 ga Agusta. Duk da yake ruwan sama mai yawa na yanayi na al'ada ne ga wannan ɓangaren ƙasar, ana zargin wuce gona da iri da kuma sare daji saboda wannan bala'in. "Kogin da ke Habasha ba su da ikon riƙe ruwa kamar yadda suka yi shekaru da suka gabata, saboda suna cike da laka, "Kwallon Hukumar Abinci ta Duniya Paulette Jones ta ce. "Yana ɗaukar ƙarancin ruwan sama ... don yin kogi a kowane ɓangare na ƙasar. " Ruwan ruwa na yanayi na Kogin Omo yana da mahimmanci ga ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin da ke zaune tare da shi. Ambaliyar ta kawo yashi mai kyau kuma ta mamaye bankunan da ruwa, ta sa noma a bakin kogi ya yiwu. Mutanen da suka bambanta a kan ƙananan Omo - wadanda suka hada da Turkana, Dassanach, Hamer, Nyangatom, Karo, Kwegu, Mursi, Bodi, da Me'en - suna samun babban bangare na abincin su daga ambaliyar ruwa.[8]
Babban ambaliyar ruwa ta 2006 ita ce kawai ta faru a cikin shekaru hamsin da suka gabata. Raguwar kwanan nan a matakin Tafkin Turkana, wanda aka gane shi gabaɗaya don karɓar kusan kashi casa'in cikin ɗari na ruwansa daga shigowar Kogin Omo, ya riga ya haifar da hauhawar matakin gishiri.
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Lower Valley of the Omo". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 18 September 2021. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "unesco" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Lehner, Bernhard; Verdin, Kristine; Jarvis, Andy (2008-03-04). "New Global Hydrography Derived From Spaceborne Elevation Data". Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union. 89 (10): 93–94. doi:10.1029/2008eo100001. ISSN 0096-3941.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Alemseged, Z (April 2003). "An integrated approach to taphonomy and faunal change in the Shungura Formation (Ethiopia) and its implication for hominid evolution". Journal of Human Evolution. 44 (4): 451–478. doi:10.1016/S0047-2484(03)00012-5. PMID 12727463. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Alemseged" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedreadersnatural - ↑ 5.0 5.1 Plummer, Thomas W.; Ferraro, Joseph V.; Louys, Julien; Hertel, Fritz; Alemseged, Zeresenay; Bobe, René; Bishop, L.C. (November 2015). "Bovid ecomorphology and hominin paleoenvironments of the Shungura Formation, lower Omo River Valley, Ethiopia". Journal of Human Evolution. 88: 108–126. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.06.006. PMID 26208956.
|hdl-access=requires|hdl=(help) Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "Plummer" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Trapani, Josh (September 2008). "Quaternary fossil fish from the Kibish Formation, Omo Valley, Ethiopia". Journal of Human Evolution. 55 (3): 521–530. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.05.017. PMID 18691738.
- ↑ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Lower Valley of the Omo". UNESCO World Heritage Centre (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-01-06.
- ↑ "Ethiopia's Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-09-02. Retrieved 2009-10-17.
Shafuka na musamman
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin] |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kogin Omo. |
Wikimedia Commons on Kogin Omo
- Omo National Park
- The African Tribes of OMO
- Africa Resources Working Group Gibe III Dam Omo River
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9PUSPE_7ek8&t=4s Walking With The Mursi is an adventure/travel documentary spanning four continents as David Willing hikes 500km across Ethiopia's remote Omo Valley, home of the fascinating Mursi tribes.
Majiya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Butzer, Karl W. (1971). Recent history of an Ethiopian delta: the Omo River and the level of Lake Rudolph, Research paper 136, Department of Geography, University of Chicago, 184 p., LCCN 70-184080
- Camerapix (2000). Spectrum Guide to Ethiopia, First American Ed., Brooklyn: Interlink, ISBN 1-56656-350-X
- Crandall, Ben (2007). The Omo River Valley, eMuseum @ Minnesota State University, Mankato; website accessed 31 October 2007
- Hurd, W. (2006). "Rangers by Birth", Cultural Survival Quarterly, 30.2, website accessed 31 October 2007
- UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2007). Lower Valley of the Omo, World Heritage List, website accessed 31 October 2007
- Vannutelli, L. and Citerni, C. (1899). Seconda spedizione Bòttego: L'Omo, viaggio d'esplorazione nell'Africa Orientale, Milano : Hoepli, 650 p.