Kogin Ravi
30°35′N 71°49′E / 30.583°N 71.817°E
Kogin Ravi wani kogi ne mai wuce iyaka a Kudancin Asiya, yana ratsa arewa maso yammacin Indiya da gabashin Pakistan, kuma yana daya daga cikin manyan koguna guda biyar na yankin Punjab. [1][lower-alpha 1]
Karkashin Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus ta 1960, ruwan Ravi da wasu koguna biyu na Punjab (Sutlej da Kogin Beas) an ware su zuwa Indiya. Daga baya, an haɓaka aikin Basin Indus a Pakistan, wanda ke jigilar ruwa daga kogunan yammacin tsarin Indus don sake cika ɓangaren kogin Ravi da ke kwance a wannan ƙasa. Yawancin hanyoyin watsa ruwa tsakanin rahusa, ban ruwa, wutar lantarki da ayyuka da yawa an gina su a Indiya.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dangane da tarihin da aka samo asali daga Vedas, an san Kogin Ravi da Sanskrit-language romanization" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Irāvatī (Sanskrit). An san Ravi da Purushni ko Irawati ga Indiyawa a zamanin Vedic kuma a matsayin Hydraotes (Girkanci na dā: ) da kuma Hyarotis [5] ga Helenawa na dā.
Wani ɓangare na Yaƙin Sarakuna Goma an yi yaƙi a kan kogi, wanda bisa ga Yaska (Nirukta 9.26) yana nufin kogin Ravi a Punjab.
Yanayin ƙasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kogin Ravi, kogin da ke kan iyaka na Indiya da Pakistan, wani yanki ne mai mahimmanci na Kogin Indus kuma ya zama mashigin ruwan Indus. Ruwan kogin Ravi ya malala zuwa Tekun Arabiya (Tekun Indiya) ta kogin Indus na Pakistan. Kogin ya tashi a cikin Bara Bhangal, gundumar Kangra a Himachal Pradesh, Indiya. Kogin ya malalo yanki mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita 14,442 (5,576 sq mi) a Indiya bayan ya kwashe tsawon kilomita 720 (450 mi). Yana gudana zuwa yamma, kewayon Pir Panjal da Dhauladhar sun mamaye shi, yana samar da yanki mai kusurwa uku.
Hanyar kogi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Tushen ya kai
Kogin Ravi ya samo asali ne a cikin Himalayas a cikin Multhan tehsil na Gundumar Kangra ta Himachal Pradesh, Indiya.[2] Yana bin hanyar arewa maso yamma kuma kogi ne mai ɗorewa.[1] Ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta daga cikin koguna biyar na Punjab waɗanda ke tashi daga filayen kankara a tsawo na ƙafa 14,000 (4,300 , a gefen kudancin Mid Himalayas. Yana gudana ta cikin gundumomin Barabhangal, Bara Bansu, da Chamba. Yana gudana cikin rapids a farkonsa tare da duwatsu da aka gani a warwatse a cikin kogin. Kogin Ravi a cikin wannan isa yana gudana a cikin wani kwarin da ke da gangaren kogin 183 feet a kowace mil (34.7 m / km) kuma galibi ana ciyar da shi ta hanyar dusar ƙanƙara, saboda wannan yankin yana cikin Inuwa mai ruwan sama. Biyu daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayanta, Budhil da Nai ko Dhona sun haɗu da kilomita 64 (40 daga tushe. Kogin Budhil ya tashi a cikin tsaunuka na Lahul kuma an samo shi ne daga Manimahesh Kailash Peak da Tafkin Manimahesh, a tsawo na mita 4,080 (13,390 , kuma duka biyun wuraren aikin hajji ne na . Dukan tsawon Budhil yana da kilomita 72 (45 inda yake da gangaren gado na ƙafa 314 a kowace mil (59.5 m / km). Yana gudana ta tsohuwar babban birnin Bharmwar, wanda yanzu ake kira Bharmour a Himachal Pradesh . A lokacin 1858-1860, Raja na Bharmour ya yi la'akari da kwarin Budhil a matsayin kyakkyawan tushen bishiyoyin Deodar don samarwa ga Raj na Burtaniya. Koyaya, wani ɓangare na gandun daji da ke kewaye da haikalin an dauke shi mai tsarki kuma an ayyana shi a matsayin yanki mai tanadi. Hanya ta biyu, Nai, ta tashi a Kali Debi, kuma tana gudana na kilomita 48 (30 mi), tare da gangaren gado na 366 feet a kowace mil (69.3 m / km), daga asalinsa a Trilokinath zuwa haɗuwa da Ravi. An kuma yi amfani da wannan kwarin saboda arzikin gandun daji a lokacin Turanci.[3][4]
Wani babban kogin da ke hade da kogin Ravi, kusa da Bharmour, tsohon babban birnin Chamba, shine kogin Seul daga arewa. Kwarin da kogin ya kafa shi ma an yi amfani da shi don albarkatun itacen da ke cikinsa. Duk da haka, kwarin yana da manyan filaye, waɗanda suke da kyau sosai kuma ana kiransu "lambun Chamba". Abubuwan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a nan suna ba da hatsi ga babban birnin kasar da kuma garin Dalhousie da kewaye. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren da ke haɗuwa da Ravi River kusa da Basohli (J&K) shine Seva. An kuma yi amfani da wannan kogin don albarkatun dazuzzuka, (wanda Raja na Chamba ke kula da shi a lokacin) wanda ya samo asali daga yankin Jammu. Kwarin kuma an kafa shi da wani babban rafi wanda ya haɗu da Kogin Seul, Baira-Nalla. Ramin kwandon sa yana cikin gundumar Chamba, dake saman Tissa. Baira yana zubar da gangaren kudanci na Pir Panjal Range. Kwarin yana da bambancin tsayi tsakanin 5,321 da mita 2,693 (17,457 da 8,835 ft). [3][4]
Tant Gari wani ƙaramin yanki ne wanda ke tasowa daga tsaunukan tsaunuka na yanki na Pir Panjal Range gabas da Bharmour. Kwarin da aka kafa ta wannan kogin yana da siffar U mai siffar gadon kogin da aka warwatse da duwatsu da glacial morainic adibas. [4]
- Babban Kogin Ravi
Babban Kogin Ravi yana gudana ta hanyar tushe na Dalhousie, bayan garin Chamba. Yana da tsawo na mita 856 (2,807 (inda akwai gada mai tsawo na katako don haye Kogin Ravi). [5] Yana gudana zuwa kudu maso yamma, kusa da Dalhousie, sannan ya yanke wani kwari a cikin Dhauladhar Range, kafin ya shiga filin Punjab kusa da Madhopur da Pathankot. Daga nan sai ya gudana tare da iyakar Indo-Pak na kilomita 80 (50 kafin ya shiga Pakistan kuma ya shiga Kogin Chenab. Jimlar tsawon kogin kusan kilomita 725 ne (450 . [1]
Tant Gari wani ƙaramin yanki ne wanda ke tasowa daga tsaunukan tsaunuka na yanki na Pir Panjal Range gabas da Bharmour. Kwarin da aka kafa ta wannan kogin yana da siffar U mai siffar gadon kogin da aka warwatse da duwatsu da glacial morainic adibas.
Yayin da Ravi ke wucewa ta Lahore a Pakistan (kilomita 26 (mili 16) a ƙarƙashin Amritsar a Indiya) ana kiransa "Kogin Lahore" tunda wannan birni yana gefen gabas. Bayan wucewa ta Lahore kogin ya juya zuwa Kamalia sannan ya ratsa cikin kogin Chenab, kudu da garin Ahmadpur Sial. A gefen yammacinsa akwai garin Shahdara Bagh tare da kabarin Jahangir da kabarin Noor Jahan. [1]
- Canjin kogin
Dangane da binciken hotunan tauraron dan adam da aka gudanar tsawon shekaru 20 (tsakanin 1972 – 1973 da 1991 – 1993), kogin da ke kan iyakar Indiya da Pakistan yana yin tasiri sosai a cikin filayen Amritsar, Pathankot, da Gurdaspur na Punjab. Wannan ya haifar da lalacewa a jere a Indiya sakamakon yadda kogin ya canza hanyarsa zuwa Indiya. Dalilin da ake dangantawa da wannan sauyi a tafiyar kogin shine manya-manyan gine-gine na horar da kogi da Pakistan ta gina a bangaren kogin, kusa da tsohon hanyar kogin. An ba da rahoton cewa motsin kogin ya kai nisan kilomita 4.8 (3.0 mi) zuwa Indiya.[6]
- Rashin gurɓata ruwan kogi
A cikin kogin Ravi da ke gudana daga Indiya zuwa Pakistan, a cikin birane na Lahore an ruwaito matakan gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin kogin suna da yawa, wanda aka danganta shi da zubar da ruwa mai yawa na masana'antu da aikin gona da kuma tsarin magudanar ruwa a cikin ƙasashe biyu.[7] Tsawon kilomita 72 (45 na Kogin Ravi daga Lahore Siphon zuwa Baloki yana nuna gurɓataccen ruwa da laka tare da Cd, Cr, Pt, da Cu. Rahotanni na baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa kogin ya fi gurɓata a duniya, tare da ragowar magunguna kamar paracetamol, nicotine, caffeine, da magunguna don farfajiya da ciwon sukari da aka gano a cikin ruwansa. Ruwan kogin ya gurɓata sosai kuma ya zama tushen gurɓata ruwan kogin, duk da cewa an bincika wasu iko akan fitarwa ba tare da izini ba a cikin kogi. Saboda haka, matakan da za a bincika sake dawo da ƙarfe daga turɓaya zuwa cikin kogin yana buƙatar kulawa. Rashin ruwa mafi muni da ya shafi shi ne Hadharaam, mai ba da gudummawa ga Kogin Ravi. Har ila yau, matsala ce ta kan iyaka da ta shafi Indiya da Pakistan. An kaddamar da shirin na musamman na UNDP a cikin 2006 don magance batun a cikin ƙasashe biyu.[7]
Tsire-tsire
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yankin arewacin da ke kewaye da Ravi shine layin rayuwa na tsire-tsire daban-daban, musamman deodar, walnut, holly oak, Mulberry, Alder, mai cin abinci pine, Himalayan cypress, chinar, Daphne papyracea, arewacin Indiya rosewood, zaitun, da Toxicodendron acuminatum.[8][9]
Ilimin ruwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana rarraba ruwan Kogin Ravi ga Indiya a karkashin Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus, wanda Indiya da Pakistan suka sanya hannu. A cikin Indiya, kogin yana ƙarƙashin ikon jihohin Punjab, Jammu & Kashmir, da Himachal, da jihohin da ba na Riparian ba na Haryana, da Rajasthan, amma Kotun Koli ta Indiya da Kotun Ravi Beas, waɗanda aka kafa a 1986 don manufar. Gudun shekara-shekara a Indiya har zuwa ƙetare na ƙarshe a Pakistan shine 11.52 million acre feet (14.21 km3) miliyan acre-feet (14.21 cubic kilometers) (MAF) daga cikinsu 6.971 MAF yana samuwa a saman Madhopur headworks.[10] Yawancin ruwan da aka samar a ƙasa da Madhopur (4.549 MAF) yana gudana zuwa Pakistan daga Indiya.
Amfani da farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Ravi River". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 11 April 2010. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Britannica" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Executive Summary of Environmental Impact Assessment Report Bajoli Holi H. E. Project (180 MW)Chamba, Himachal Pradesh" (PDF). R. S. Envirolink Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 2010. p. 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cleghorn 2001
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Ravi River in Himachal". Himachal World.com. Retrieved 14 April 2010. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Himachal" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Cleghorn 2001
- ↑ Thomas, Abraham; Sharma, PK (1998). "The shift of ravi river and the geomorphological features along its course in Amritsar and Gurdaspur districts of punjab". Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing. 26 (1–2): 57–68. Bibcode:1998JISRS..26...57T. doi:10.1007/BF03007340. S2CID 140634479.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Pakistan, India Join Hands to Clean Canal". River Basin Initiative. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2010.
- ↑ Cleghorn 2001
- ↑ Cleghorn 2001
- ↑ "Pages 261 and 291, Report Of The Ravi- Beas Water Tribunal Report (1987)" (PDF). Central Water Commission. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
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