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Kogin Senegal

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Kogin Senegal
General information
Height above mean sea level (en) Fassara 92 m
Tsawo 1,050 km
Labarin ƙasa
Map
Tsarin Daidaiton Labarin Kasa 13°48′52″N 10°49′49″W / 13.8144°N 10.8302°W / 13.8144; -10.8302
Kasa Muritaniya, Senegal da Mali
Hydrography (en) Fassara
Tributary (en) Fassara
Watershed area (en) Fassara 419,575 km²
Ruwan ruwa Senegal River basin (en) Fassara
River source (en) Fassara Kogin Bafing da Kogin Bakoy
River mouth (en) Fassara Tekun Atalanta

Kogin Senegal (Larabci: نهر السنغال Nahr As-sinigāl, Faransanci: Fleuve Sénégal) rafi ne mai tsawon kilomita 1,086, (675 mi) a Yammacin Afirka wanda ya,zama iyaka tsakanin Senegal da Mauritania. Tana da kwarin magudanar ruwa mai nisan kilomita 270,000 km2 (100,000 sq mi), matsakaicin kwararawar 680 m3/s (24,000 cu ft/s), da fitowar shekara 21,5 km3 (5.2 cu mi). Muhimman masu bautar ƙasa sune Kogin Falémé, Kogin ƙarakoro, da Kogin Gorgol. Kogin ya kasu kashi biyu da zarar ya wuce Kaédi reshen hagu, wanda ake kira Doué, yana tafiya daidai da babban kogin zuwa arewa. Bayan kilomita 200 (mil 120) rassan biyu sun sake komawa,cikin 'yan kilomita kaɗan daga ƙarƙashin Pondor.

A cikin shekarar 1972 Mali, Mauritania da Senegal sun kafa Organisation don la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal (OMVS) don sarrafa kwarin kogin. Guinea ta shiga cikin 2005. A halin yanzu, kawai ana amfani da kogin sosai don jigilar kayayyaki da fasinjoji. OMVS sun duba yuwuwar ƙirƙirar tashar mai tafiya 55 m (180 ft) a faɗi tsakanin ƙaramin garin Ambidédi a Mali da Saint-Louis, nisan mil 905 (562 mi). Za ta bai wa Mali marar ruwa hanya kai tsaye zuwa Tekun Atlantika.

Ruwa na ruwa a cikin kwarin Kogin Senegal yana da alaƙa ta kusa da na Kogin Gambiya, kuma galibi ana haɗa su biyu a ƙarƙashin wani yanayi da ake kira Senegal-Gambia Catchments. Nau'ikan kwaɗi uku da kifi ɗaya ne kaɗai suka mamaye wannan yanayin.

Kogin kuma yana da manyan madatsun ruwa guda biyu a kan hanyar sa, Dam ɗin Manantali a Mali da Dam ɗin Maka-Diama da ke kan iyakar Mauritania da Senegal. Tsakanin akwai Félou Hydroelectric Plant, wanda aka gina a shekarar 1927, amma aka maye gurbinsa a 2014. Ginin Gouina Hydroelectric Plant, upstream na Felou a Gouina Falls ya fara ne a 2013.

Labarin ƙasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Babban ruwan Senegal shine kogunan Semefé (Bakoye) da Bafing waɗanda duka sun samo asali ne daga Guinea; sun kafa wani karamin sashi na iyakar Guinea -Mali kafin su hadu a Bafoulabé a Mali. Daga can, kogin Senegal yana kwarara zuwa yamma sannan arewa ta hanyar Talari Gorges kusa da Galougo da kan Gouina Falls, sannan ya zarce a hankali ya wuce Kayes, inda kuma ya karɓi Kolimbiné. Bayan yawo tare tare da Karakoro, yana tsawaita tafarkin tsohon a kan iyakar Mali -Mauritania zuwa wasu kilomita goma zuwa Bakel inda yake gudana tare da Kogin Falémé, wanda kuma yana da tushe a Guinea, daga baya yana tafiya tare da wani ɗan ƙaramin yanki. Daga nan Guinea-Mali za ta gano mafi yawan iyakar Senegal da Mali har zuwa Bakel. Ƙasar ta Senegal na ci gaba da ratsawa ta cikin ƙasa mai ɗanɗano a arewacin Senegal, inda ta ke iyaka da Mauritania har zuwa cikin Tekun Atlantika. A cikin Kaedi yana karɓar Gorgol daga Mauritania. Ta ratsa Boghé ta isa Richard Toll inda Ferlo ke haɗa shi daga Lac de Guiers na cikin Senegal. Yana wucewa ta Rosso kuma, yana gab da bakinsa, a kusa da tsibirin Senegal wanda garin Saint-Louis yake, sannan ya juya kudu. An raba shi da Tekun Atlantika ta bakin siririn yashi mai suna Langue de Barbarie kafin ya shiga cikin tekun da kansa.

Kogin yana da manyan madatsun ruwa guda biyu a kan hanyarsa, madatsar ruwa ta Manantali a Mali da Dam na Maka-Diama da ke kan iyakar Mauritania da Senegal, kusa da mashigar ruwa, yana hana samun ruwan gishiri zuwa sama. Tsakanin Manantali da Maka-Diama akwai Félou Hydroelectric Plant wanda aka kammala shi a 1927 kuma yana amfani da weir. An maye gurbin tashar wutar lantarki a shekarar 2014. A shekarar 2013, an fara gina Ginin Gouina Hydroelectric Shuka a saman Felou a Gouina Falls.

Kogin Senegal yana da kwarin magudanar ruwa mai nisan kilomita 270,000 km2 (100,000 sq mi), matsakaicin kwararawar 680 m3/s (24,000 cu ft/s), da fitarwar shekara -shekara na 21.5 km3 (5.2 cu mi).[1][2] Muhimman masu bautar ƙasa sune Kogin Falémé, Kogin Karakoro, da Kogin Gorgol.

Ƙasar Kaédi kogin ya kasu kashi biyu. Reshen hagu da ake kira Doué yana gudana daidai da babban kogin zuwa arewa. Bayan kilomita 200 (mil 120) rassan biyu sun sake komawa cikin 'yan kilomita kaɗan daga ƙarƙashin Pondor. Ana kiran doguwar ƙasar tsakanin rassan biyu Île á Morfil.[1]

A cikin 1972 Mali, Mauritania da Senegal sun kafa Kungiyar don la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal (OMVS) don sarrafa kwarin kogin. Guinea ta shiga cikin 2005.

A halin yanzun kuma, ana amfani da ruwa mai iyaka sosai don jigilar kayayyaki da fasinjoji. OMVS sun duba yuwuwar ƙirƙirar tashar mai tafiya 55 m (180 ft) a faɗi tsakanin ƙaramin garin Ambidédi a Mali da Saint-Louis, nisan mil 905 (562 mi). Za ta bai wa Mali marar ruwa hanya kai tsaye zuwa Tekun Atlantika.[1]

Ruwa na ruwa a cikin kwarin Kogin Senegal yana da alaƙa ta kusa da na Kogin Gambiya, kuma galibi ana haɗa su biyu a ƙarƙashin wani yanayi da ake kira Senegal-Gambia Catchments. Kodayake wadatar jinsi tana da matsakaiciya, nau'in kwaɗi uku da kifaye ɗaya ne kawai ke mamaye wannan yanayin.[3]

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wurin da aka mamaye a baya da mutanen Serer, waɗanda bayan cin zarafi na addini da kabilanci da sojojin Musulunci a ƙarni na 11, ya haifar da hijirar Serer zuwa kudu.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10]

Akwai sanin kogin Senegal ga tsoffin al’ummomin Bahar Rum. Shi ko wani kogi aka kira Bambotus ta Pliny the Elder (mai yiwuwa daga Phoenician "behemoth" don hippopotamus)[11] kuma Nias ta Claudius Ptolemy. Hanno Carthaginian ya ziyarta kusan 450 K.Z. a lokacin tafiyarsa daga Carthage ta pillars of Herakles zuwa Theon Ochema (mai yiwuwa Mount Cameroon) a Gulf of Guinea. An yi kasuwanci daga nan zuwa Duniya ta Mediterranean, har sai destruction of Carthage da kuma west African hanyar kasuwancinta a 146 K.Z.

Tushen Larabawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A farkon zamanin Tsakiyar (kimanin 800 K.Z.), kogin Senegal ya dawo da hulɗa da duniya ta Bahar Rum tare da kafa hanyar Trans-Saharan trade tsakanin Morocco da Ghana Empire. Masu taswirar Larabawa, kamar al-Masudi na Bagadaza (957), al-Bakri na Spain (1068) da al-Idrisi na Sicily (1154), sun bayar da wasu daga cikin bayanai na farko game da kogin Senegal.[12] Masu taswirar Larabawa na farko sun yi imani cewa saman kogin Senegal da saman Niger River suna haɗe da juna, kuma suna samar da kogi guda ɗaya daga gabas zuwa yamma, wanda suka kira "Nilu ta Yamma".[13] (A gaskiya, wasu daga cikin ruwan kogin Senegal suna kusa da kogin Niger a Mali da Guinea.) An yi imani cewa shi reshe ne na yamma na Nile River na Masar ko kuma yana fitowa daga tushen guda ɗaya (wanda aka yi hasashe daga manyan tafkunan cikin Dutsen Wata, ko Ptolemy's Gir (Γειρ) ko kuma Gihon na Littafi Mai Tsarki).[14]

Wakilcin Taswira

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dangane da tatsuniyoyin gargajiya da tushen Larabawa, "Kogin Zinariya" ya shiga taswirar Turawa a ƙarni na 14. A cikin Hereford Mappa Mundi (kimanin 1300), akwai kogi da aka yi masa lakabi "Nilus Fluvius" wanda aka zana a layi da bakin tekun Afirka, ba tare da haɗi da Tekun Atlantika ba (yana ƙarewa a tafki). An nuna wasu manyan tururuwa suna tono ƙura ta zinariya daga yashi, tare da rubutu "Hic grandes formice auream serican arenas".[15] A cikin taswirar da Pietro Vesconte ya yi don atlas na Marino Sanuto (kimanin 1320), akwai wani kogi daga cikin Afirka yana shiga Tekun Atlantika. Taswirar Medici-Laurentian Atlas ta 1351 ta nuna Nile na Masar da Nile na yamma suna fitowa daga dutsen guda ɗaya, tare da rubutu "Ilic coligitur aureaum".[16] Taswirar Giovanni da Carignano (1310s-20s) ta yi masa lakabi iste fluuis exit de nilo ubi multum aurum repperitur.[17]

A cikin taswirar da aka fi daidaita zane, tun daga taswirar 1367 ta Domenico da Francesco Pizzigano da kuma Catalan Atlas na 1375, da taswirar 1413 ta Mecia de Viladestes, "Kogin Zinariya" an nuna shi yana shiga Tekun Atlantika a kudu da Cape Bojador. Labarin Cape Bojador a matsayin cikas mai ban tsoro ga masu jirgin Turawa ya bayyana a wannan lokaci.

Kogin sau da yawa ana nuna shi da wani tsibiri a tsakiyar hanya, "Tsibirin Zinariya", wanda aka ambata da farko ta al-Masudi, kuma aka kira "Wangara" ta al-Idrisi da "Palolus" a taswirar Pizzigani na 1367. Ana tsammanin wannan tsibirin kogin shi ne yankin zinariya na Bambuk-Buré, wanda koguna suka kewaye.[18]

Hulɗar Turawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kiristocin Turai sun fara ƙoƙarin gano bakin kogin Senegal. Ƙoƙarin farko da aka sani na iya kasancewa na ’yan uwan Vandino da Ugolino Vivaldi na Genoa a 1291, amma ba a sake jin labarinsu ba. A 1346, mai jirgin Jaume Ferrer ya tashi da galley da nufin gano "Kogin Zinariya" (Riu de l'Or), inda ya ji cewa yawancin mutane a bakin kogin suna tattara zinariya. Shi ma ba a sake jin labarinsa ba. A 1402, bayan kafa mulkin Turai na farko a Canary Islands, Jean de Béthencourt da Gadifer de la Salle suka fara binciken bakin tekun Afirka don neman bakin kogin Senegal.

A cikin 1420s, Henry the Navigator na Portugal ya dauki nauyin bincike don gano kogin. A 1434, Gil Eanes ya wuce Cape Bojador. A 1435, shi da Afonso Gonçalves Baldaia sun shiga wani inlet a al-Dakhla wanda suka yi kuskuren kira "Rio do Ouro". Sun yi tunanin shi ne bakin kogin Senegal.

A 1445, Nuno Tristão ya isa Langue de Barbarie, inda ya lura da bambancin yanayi da mutane. Duk da haka, ba ya iya shiga bakin kogin Senegal. A cikin wannan shekarar, Dinis Dias ya zama Turawan farko da ya isa bakin kogin Senegal tun zamanin da. Amma bai shiga kogin ba, sai ya ci gaba zuwa Dakar.

A 1446, jiragen yaƙin bayi na Lançarote de Freitas suka isa bakin kogin. Estêvão Afonso ya yi ƙoƙarin shiga kogin da ƙananan jirgi, amma ya gamu da mutanen Wolof da suka kore shi.[19]

Daga 1448 zuwa 1455, Lourenço Dias ya fara kasuwanci da ƙananan ƙasashen Waalo da Cayor, inda aka yi musayar kayayyakin Bahar Rum da zinariya da bayi.[20] Cadamosto ya rubuta cewa kogin Senegal da Nile na Masar reshe ne na kogin Gihon daga Garden of Eden.[21]

Asalin Kalma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mai rubutu na ƙarni na 16 João de Barros ya bayyana cewa Fotigalawa sun sake masa suna "Senegal" saboda wannan shi ne sunan wani shugaba na Wolof wanda ya saba yin kasuwanci da ’yan kasuwar Fotigalawa.[22] Amma wannan asalin kalma yana da shakku (misali, sarkin jihar kogin Senegal na Waalo yana da taken 'Brak', kuma Cadamosto ya bayar da sunan shugaba na kogin Senegal da "Zucholin").[23] Rikicewar na iya tasowa ne saboda Cadamosto ya ce Fotigalawa sun saba hulɗa da wani shugaba na Wolof a kudu da kogin, a wani wuri a Grande Côte, wanda ya kira shi Budomel.[24] "Budomel" kusan tabbas yana nufin sarkin Cayor, haɗin taken sa na hukuma ("Damel"), wanda aka fara da kalmar Wolof bor ("ubangiji").[25] Abin mamaki, Budomel yana kama da Vedamel wanda Genovese suka riga suka yi amfani da shi tun ƙarni na 14 a matsayin wani suna na kogin Senegal.[26] Tabas Genovese "Vedamel" suna lalacewa ne daga Larabci, ko Wad al-mal ("Kogin Dukiya", wato Zinariya) ko kuma Wad al-Melli ("Kogin Mali") ko ma, ta hanyar kuskuren rubutu, Wad al-Nill ("Kogin Nilu").[27]

Hanyar Senegal, taswira daga 1889

Akwai wasu ra’ayoyi na asalin kalmar "Senegal". Wani shahara, wanda Fr. David Boilat (1853) ya fara bayarwa, shi ne cewa "Senegal" ya fito daga jumlar Wolof sunu gaal, ma’ana "jirginmu" (daidai, "pirogue ɗinmu").[28] Bailot ya yi hasashen cewa sunan ya taso ne daga rashin fahimta, lokacin da wani kaptin Fotigalawa ya haɗu da wasu masunta na Wolof ya tambaye su sunan kogin, suka yi tunanin yana tambayar su wanene mai jirgin su, sai suka amsa "jirginmu ne" (sunu gaal).[29] Wannan ra’ayi na "jirginmu" ya samu karɓuwa sosai a Senegal na zamani saboda daɗinsa da kuma haɗa kan ƙasa ("duk muna cikin jirgi guda", da sauransu).

Masu tarihi na baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa sunan "Senegal" mai yiwuwa ya samo asali daga Azenegue, kalmar Fotigalawa don Berber na Saharar Zenaga da ke zaune a arewacin kogin.[30]

Wani ƙalubale mai ƙarfi ga wannan ra’ayi shi ne cewa "Senegal" ya fi tsohon lokaci, kuma mai yiwuwa ya samo asali daga "Sanghana" (wanda aka bayar da Isenghan, Asengan, Singhanah), wani birni da tarihin Larabci al-Bakri ya bayyana a 1068 a bakin kogin Senegal (yana kan bangarorin biyu) kuma babban birnin wani masarauta.[31] Wurin Senegany an nuna shi a taswirar Genovese ta 1351 da aka sani da Medici Atlas (Laurentian Gaddiano portolan).[32] Wannan gari ("Isingan") an nuna shi a cikin taswirar portolan ta 1413 na mai taswira na Majorca Mecia de Viladestes.[33] Sunan kansa na iya zama na asalin Berber Zenaga, wanda ake hasashen yana da alaƙa da 'Ismegh' ('bawan baƙi', daidai da Larabci 'abd') ko 'sagui nughal' ('iyaka').[33] Wasu majiyoyi sun ce 'Isinghan' ya ci gaba da kasancewa kalmar Berber don nufin masarautar Wolof ta Cayor.[33]

Wasu mutanen Serer daga kudu sun bayar da ikirarin cewa sunan kogin ya samo asali ne daga haɗin kalmar Serer "Sene" (daga Rog Sene, Ubangiji a addinin Serer) da "O Gal" (ma’ana "ruwa").

Muhimmancin Tattalin Arziki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kogin Senegal yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a tattalin arzikin Yammacin Afirka, musamman ga ƙasashen da yake haɗawa: Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, da Senegal. Muhimmancinsa ya shafi rayuwar al’umma ta gargajiya da kuma ci gaban masana’antu na zamani.

Samar da Wutar Lantarki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kogin yana da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen samar da wutar lantarki da tsaron makamashi ga yankin. Akwai manyan gine-gine da aka riga aka kammala, ciki har da:

  • Dam ɗin Manantali mai tsawon mita 1460 da ƙarfin samar da 200MV[34]
  • Shuka wutar lantarki ta Gouina (140MV) a Mali[35]
  • Shuka wutar lantarki ta Félou (62 MW)[36]

Wannan samar da makamashi yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin zamani. Akwai kuma manyan shirye-shiryen faɗaɗa, ciki har da:

  • Koukoutamba (294 MW)[37]
  • Boureya (161 MW)[38]
  • Gourbassi (18 MW)[39]

Takaitawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Kogin Senegal yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga tattalin arzikin Guinea, Mali, Mauritania da Senegal.
  • Yana samar da wutar lantarki ta manyan dam-dam da shuke-shuke na hydropower.
  • Akwai shirye-shiryen faɗaɗa samar da makamashi ta hanyar sabbin dam-dam da shuke-shuke a Guinea da Mali.
  • Wannan ci gaba yana taimakawa wajen tabbatar da tsaron makamashi da ci gaban masana’antu a yankin.

Majiyoyi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Senegal (river)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 639.
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  • Beazley, C.R. (1899) "Introduction" to vol. 2 of C.R. Beazley and E. Prestage, editors, Zurara's The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea. London: Haklyut
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  • Alvise Cadamosto (1460s) "Il Libro di Messer Alvise Ca da Mosto Gentilhuomo Venetiano" & "Navigatione del Capitano Pietro di Sintra Portoghese scritta per il medesimo M. Alvise da Ca da Mosto", as printed in Venice (1550), by Giovanni Battista Ramusio, ed., Primo volume delle navigationi et viaggi nel qua si contine la descrittione dell'Africa, et del paese del Prete Ianni, on varii viaggi, dal mar Rosso a Calicut,& infin all'isole Molucche, dove nascono le Spetierie et la navigatione attorno il mondo.. online (English translation: "Original Journals of the Voyages of Cada Mosto and Piedro de Cintra to the Coast of Africa, the former in the years 1455 and 1456, and the latter soon afterwards", in R. Kerr, 1811, A General History of Voyages and Travels to the end of the 18th century, vol. 2, Edinburgh: Blackwood. online)
  • Cooley, W. D. (1841). The Negroland of the Arabs examined and explained; or, An inquiry into the early history and geography of Central Africa (in Turanci). London: Arrowsmith.
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  • Levtzion, N. (1973) Ancient Ghana and Mali London: Methuen
  • Levtzion, N. and J.F.P. Hopkins, editors, (2000) Corpus of early Arabic sources for West African history, Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener.
  • Leo Africanus (1526) Descrittione dell' Africa, & delle cose notabili che lui sono, per Giovan Lioni Africano "Descrittione dell’Africa", as printed in Venice (1550), by Giovanni Battista Ramusio, ed., Primo volume delle navigationi et viaggi nel qua si contine la descrittione dell'Africa, et del paese del Prete Ianni, on varii viaggi, dal mar Rosso a Calicut,& infin all'isole Molucche, dove nascono le Spetierie et la navigatione attorno il mondo.. English trans. 1896, as The History and Description of Africa, and of the notable things therein contained. London: Haklyut. vol. 1
  • Major, Richard Henry (1868). The Discoveries of Prince Henry the Navigator: and their results; being the narrative of the discovery by sea, within one century, of more than half the world (in Turanci) (1877 ed.). London: S. Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington.
  • Luis de Marmol Carvajal (1573) Primera Parte de la Descripción General de Áffrica, con todos los successos de guerras que a auido entre los infieles, ye el pueblo Christiano, y entre ellos mesmos, desde que Mahoma inueto su secta, hasta el año del señor 1571. Granada: Rabut.
  • Mauny, R. (1961). "Tableau géographique de l'ouest africain au moyen-âge d' après les sources écrites, la tradition et l'archéologie". Mémoire de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire. Dakar. 61.
  • McIntosh, Susan Keech (April 1981). "A Reconsideration of the Wangara/Palolus Island of Gold". Journal of African History (in Turanci). 22 (2): 145–158. doi:10.1017/S002185370001937X. ISSN 1469-5138. S2CID 162961695.
  • Monteil, Vincent (1964). l'Islam Noir (in Faransanci). Paris: Edit. du Seuil. ISBN 978-2020024624.
  • Monteil, Vincent (1968). "al-Bakri (Cordoue, 1068) - Routier de l'Afrique blanche et noire du Nord-Ouest: Traduction nouvelle de seize chapitres, sur le MS arabe 17 Bd PSS/902 du British Museum". Bulletin de l'Ifan. 30: 39–116.
  • A Phérotée de La Croix (1688) Relation universelle de l'Afrique, ancienne et moderne Alyon: Amaulry
  • Pliny the Elder (c. 30 AD) Naturalis Historiae. [1855 edition, John Bostock and Henry Thomas Riley transl. The Natural History of Pliny. London: H.G. Bohn. vol 1. (Bks I - V)
  • Russell, P. E. (2000). Prince Henry 'the Navigator': a life. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300091304.
  • Livio Sanuto (1588) Geografia di M. Livio Sanvto distinta in XII libri. Ne' quali, oltra l'esplicatione di molti luoghi di Tolomeo e della Bussola, e dell' Aguglia; si dichiarano le Provincie, Popoli, Regni, Città; Porti, Monti, Fiumi, Laghi, e Costumi dell' Africa. Con XII tavole di essa Africa in dissegno di rame. Aggiuntivi de piu tre Indici da M. Giovan Carlo Saraceni, Venice: Damiano Zenaro.
  • Winter, Heinrich (January 1962). "The Fra Mauro Portolan chart in the Vatican". Imago Mundi (in Turanci). 16 (1): 17–28. doi:10.1080/03085696208592198. ISSN 0308-5694. JSTOR 1150299.
  • Gomes Eanes de Zurara (1453) Crónica dos feitos notáveis que se passaram na Conquista da Guiné por mandado do Infante D. Henrique or Chronica do descobrimento e conquista da Guiné. [Trans. 1896-99 by C.R. Beazley and E. Prestage, The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea, London: Haklyut, v.1, v.2
  • Villalón, Leonardo A. (2006). Islamic Society and State Power in Senegal: Disciples and Citizens in Fatick. Cambridge University Press. pp. 54–55. ISBN 978-0-521-03232-2., Quote: "Serer oral tradition recounts the group's origins in the Senegal River valley, where it was part of, or closely related to, the same group as the ancestors of today's Tukulor."
  • Galvan, Dennis Charles, The State Must Be Our Master of Fire: How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004, p. 5
  • Berg, Elizabeth; Wan, Ruth; and Lau, Ruth (2009). Senegal. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 9780761444817, p. 63
  • Page, Willie F., Encyclopedia of African history and culture: African kingdoms (500 to 1500), pp. 209, 676. Vol.2, Facts on File (2001), ISBN 0-8160-4472-4
  • Streissguth, Thomas, "Senegal in Pictures, Visual Geography", Second Series, p. 23, Twenty-First Century Books (2009), ISBN 1-57505-951-7
  • Oliver, Roland Anthony; & Fage, J. D.; "Journal of African history", Volume 10, p. 367. Cambridge University Press (1969)
  • Mwakikagile, Godfrey, "Ethnic Diversity and Integration in The Gambia: The Land, The People and The Culture," (2010), p. 11, ISBN 9987-9322-2-3

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. 1 2 3 SENEGAL-HYCOS: Renforcement des capacités nationales et régionales d’observation, transmission et traitement de données pour contribuer au développement durable du bassin du Fleuve Sénégal (Document de projet préliminaire) (PDF) (in Faransanci), Système Mondial d’Observation du Cycle Hydrologique (WHYCOS), 2007, archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2013.
  2. ↑ UNH/GRDC Composite Runoff Fields V 1.0 data for Dagana.
  3. ↑ Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008).
  4. ↑ Villalón, Leonardo A. (2006). Islamic Society and State Power in Senegal: Disciples and Citizens in Fatick. Cambridge University Press. pp. 54–55. ISBN 978-0-521-03232-2., Quote: "Serer oral tradition recounts the group's origins in the Senegal River valley, where it was part of, or closely related to, the same group as the ancestors of today's Tukulor."
  5. ↑ Galvan, Dennis Charles, The State Must Be Our Master of Fire: How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004, p. 51
  6. ↑ Berg, Elizabeth; Wan, Ruth; and Lau, Ruth (2009). Senegal. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 9780761444817, p. 63
  7. ↑ Page, Willie F., Encyclopedia of African history and culture: African kingdoms (500 to 1500), pp. 209, 676. Vol.2, Facts on File (2001), ISBN 0-8160-4472-4
  8. ↑ Streissguth, Thomas, "Senegal in Pictures, Visual Geography", Second Series, p. 23, Twenty-First Century Books (2009), ISBN 1-57505-951-7
  9. ↑ Oliver, Roland Anthony; & Fage, J. D.,; "Journal of African history", Volume 10, p. 367. Cambridge University Press (1969)
  10. ↑ Mwakikagile, Godfrey, "Ethnic Diversity and Integration in The Gambia: The Land, The People and The Culture," (2010), p. 11, ISBN 9987-9322-2-3
  11. ↑ Pliny, Natural History, Lib. 5, Ch.1 (p. 380)
  12. ↑ A translation of al-Bakri's 1068 account is found in Levtzion & Hopkins, (2000, Corpus: p. 77). In French, see Monteil (1968). For an attempt to reconstruct the Senegal river's course from the accounts of al-Bakri and al-Idrisi, see Cooley (1841: p. 52).
  13. ↑ The term "Nile" seems to have been applied quite early to the Senegal. During the Arab conquest of North Africa in the 8th century, Ifriqiyan commanders launched several expeditionary raids from the Sous valley against the desert-dwelling nomadic Berbers of Western Sahara. There is a report from an Arab commander from the 750s who claims to have reached as far south as "the Nile" (i.e. the Senegal). See Hrbek (1992: p.308).
  14. ↑ e.g. Leo Africanus, p. 124
  15. ↑ Bevan and Phillott (1873: p. 105).
  16. ↑ João de Andrade Corvo (1882) Roteiro de Lisboa a Goa por D. João de Castro, Lisbon. p.68n.
  17. ↑ Winter (1962: p. 18)
  18. ↑ Delafosse (1912: v.1,p.55), Crone (1937: p.xv), Mauny (1961: p.302), Levtzion (1973: p.155).
  19. ↑ Zurara (p.178-83), Barros (p.110-12)
  20. ↑ Cadamosto (Engl. 1811 trans., p. 220)
  21. ↑ Cadamosto (Engl. 1811 trans., p. 220)
  22. ↑ Barros, shafi na 109. Wannan an maimaita shi a Marmol, Babi na 8.3.
  23. ↑ Cadamosto (Ital: shafi na 110; Eng: shafi na 220).
  24. ↑ Cadamosto (Ital: shafi na 113; Eng., shafi na 225 )
  25. ↑ Russell (2000: shafi na 298)
  26. ↑ misali a cikin bayanin Genovese game da tafiyar Jaume Ferrer ta 1346 zuwa Kogin Zinariya, "Istud flumen vocatur Vedamel similiter vocatur riu Auri". Duba G. Gråberg (1802) Annali di geografia e di statistica, Genoa, vol. II, shafi na 290
  27. ↑ Fassarar "Kogin Dukiya" na Vedamel ana iya samu a J.G.H. "'Histoire du commerce entre le Levant et l'Europe' a 1831, Antologia; giornale di scienze, lettere e arti, Vol. 3 (Aug.) shafi na 27. R.H. Major (shafi na 113) ya bayar da fassarar "Nilu".
  28. ↑ Fr. David Boilat (1853) Esquisses sénégalaises shafi na 199
  29. ↑ Bailot, shafi na 199
  30. ↑ Monod & Mauny, a cikin fassarar Faransanci na Zurara, duk da cewa editan Kerr ya riga ya lura da shi a fassarar Ingilishi na Cadamosto a 1811.
  31. ↑ Al Bakri (shafi na 77). Monteil (1964: shafi na 91; 1968). Cooley (1841: shafi na 50, shafi na 55) ya yi imani cewa al-Idrisi, sabanin al-Bakri, ya rikita Sanghana da Ganah/Awkat, babban birnin daular Ghana.
  32. ↑ Delafosse "Senegal River", a cikin First encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, Leiden: E.J. Brill. vol. 7 (shafuka 223–24)
  33. 1 2 3 Monteil, 1964: shafi na 91
  34. ↑ "A Case Study on the Manantali Dam Project (Mali, Mauritania, Senegal)". International Rivers Resource Hub (in Turanci). Retrieved 2026-06-03.
  35. ↑ Cities, Green Building Africa-Net Carbon Zero Buildings and (2022-12-11). "Construction of 140MW Gouina Hydroelectric Plant in Mali Complete". Green Building Africa. Retrieved 2026-06-03.
  36. ↑ "Mali: Félou Regional Hydropower Project | KYOTO". www.wbkyotofunds.org. Retrieved 2026-06-03.
  37. ↑ kgi-admin (2023-04-18). "Power plant profile: Koukoutamba, Guinea". Power Technology (in Turanci). Retrieved 2026-06-03.
  38. ↑ kgi-admin (2023-04-22). "Power plant profile: Boureya Hydro Power Plant, Guinea". Power Technology (in Turanci). Retrieved 2026-06-03.
  39. ↑ "Senegal/Mali: CMEC to build Gourbassi hydroelectric dam | African Energy". www.africa-energy.com. Retrieved 2026-06-03.

Ƙara karatu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Betz, R. L. (2007). The Mapping of Africa: a cartobibliography of printed maps of the African continent to 1700. Hes & de Graaf. ISBN 978-90-6194-489-8.
  • Davidson, Basil (1998). West Africa Before the Colonial Era: a history to 1850. London: Longman. ISBN 0-582-31852-1.
  • De la Roncière, Charles (1925). La découverte de l'Afrique au moyen âge. 2 volumes. Cairo: Société Royale de Géographie d'Égypte.
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