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Kogon Fumane

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Kogon Fumane
solutional cave (en) Fassara, archaeological site (en) Fassara da kogo
Bayanai
Ƙasa Italiya
Shafin yanar gizo grottadifumane.eu…
Wuri
Map
 45°35′N 10°55′E / 45.59°N 10.91°E / 45.59; 10.91
ƘasaItaliya
Yankunan ItaliyaVeneto (en) Fassara
Province of Italy (en) FassaraProvince of Verona (en) Fassara
Commune of Italy (en) FassaraFumane (en) Fassara

Fumane Cave ( Italiyanci : Grotta di Fumane ) kogon dolomite ne a cikin kwarin Fumane, wanda aka kafa a zamanin Neogene . Kogon ya ƙunshi ɗimbin shaida na al'adun hominid kafin tarihi guda uku: Mousterian, Uluzzian da Aurignacian . Bugu da ƙari, kogon yana da wasu tsoffin fasahar kogon da aka gano a Turai.

Ko da yake an san wurin binciken kayan tarihi tun daga karni na 19, an yi hakowan farko a shekara ta 1965. An kusan ci gaba da gudanar da tonon sililin tun daga 1988.

Dating

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Layer Uluzzian ya kasance kwanan kwanan wata tare da haɗin uranium-thorium da haɗin haɗin wutar lantarki . An yi amfani da haƙoran herbivore guda biyar a cikin wannan haɗin gwiwa tare, maido da kwanan wata tsakanin 38+/-6 dubu da 49+/-6 dubu BP . Ɗaya daga cikin gutsuttsarin dutse, da laka a kusa da shi, an yi kwanan wata ta hanyar thermoluminescence, yana ba da shekaru 50 dubu +/- 8 000 BP. An yi amfani da Dating na Radiocarbon akan itacen da aka ƙone da kuma samfuran gawayi, yana maido da saitin kwanan wata don Uluzzian da Mousterian. Kwanan ƙididdiga sun sanya ƙarshen Mousterian a kusa da 44 000 BP, Uluzzian a tsakanin 44 da 42 000 BP, da kuma lokacin proto-Aurignacian a 41-38 000 BP. [1]

Za a iya bambanta al'adu guda uku a cikin yadudduka goma sha ɗaya: Aurignacian, gami da Proto-aurignacian, waɗanda su ne tsoffin al'adun ɗan adam na zamani a Turai. Uluzzian na wucin gadi, da al'adun Mousterian na Paleolithic na tsakiya suna da alaƙa da Neanderthals . [2] An sami jimlar nau'ikan nau'ikan 451, 16 373 flakes da kayan aikin dutse 1527 a cikin yadudduka daban-daban. [3]

Wurin tono kogon Fumane

Aurignacian

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Matakin farko da gajiyayyu daga layin proto-Aurignacian suna nuna dabarun rage ginshiƙan da ke nufin kera samfuran da aka ƙayyade. Dabarar farko ta yi amfani da layin layi da ƙulla a jere don samun ruwan wukake da ruwan wukake tare da gefuna masu kama da juna. Dabarar ta biyu ta yi amfani da madaidaicin ci gaban knapping don samar da siriri mai siriri tare da siffa mai jujjuyawa. Ana iya samun waɗannan fasahohin a cikin wasu rukunin yanar gizon proto-Aurignacian na Turai kuma. [4] Kogon Fumane ya sami goyan bayan ra'ayin cewa proto-Aurignacian ya daidaita a cikin rarraba yanki. [5]

Abubuwan da aka sake tabowa na proto-Aurignacian daga Fumane

Abubuwan da aka gano na ibex sun mamaye taron proto-Aurignacian da Aurignacian. 43% a D3 Layer, 35.5% a D6 Layer, 43.9% a Layer A1, tare da 18.4% na ja dawa ya samo, da 49.5% a Layer A2-A2R, tare da 18.8% na ja dawa. [6]

Uluzzian

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An ƙirƙiri tsoffin kayan aikin dutse ta amfani da dabarar Levallois, yayin da sabbin flakes da muryoyin da aka yi ta amfani da hanyar centripetal. An rubuta ruwan wukake da ruwan wukake a cikin Layer Uluzzian. [7] A cikin ɓangaren farko na lokacin Uluzzian, masana'antar flake ce ta mamaye. Sidescrapers da maki sun kasance mafi wakilcin kayan aikin dutse, tare da fasaha na Levallois shine mafi amfani da hanyar samar da su. Wukakan da aka goya baya da kayan aikin Paleolithic na sama sun zama masu rinjaye a ƙarshen al'adar. [8]

Uluzzian yana cikin Layer A3 kawai, kuma tarin faunal yana mamaye nau'ikan nau'ikan guda biyu: ja dawa a 29.5% da ibex a 20.3%. [2]

Mousterian

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dabarar Levallois ita ce keɓantaccen dabarar ƙwanƙwasa da aka yi amfani da ita. Yawancin kayan tarihi da aka samo a nan an kiyaye su da kyau, ba tare da gogewa ba, kuma patina ya ɗan shafa. [7]

Mousterian al'ada ce ta musamman da ke da alaƙa da Neanderthals . Kamar yadda sau da yawa ana jayayya game da halayensu na alama, [9] gano wani harsashi mai ban sha'awa na Aspa marginata yana da ban sha'awa na musamman, saboda amfani da launi yana nuna alamar alama. Harsashi yana kwanan wata zuwa 47.6-45 000 BP. An kawo harsashin zuwa kogon daga nesa mai nisa, sama da 100 km. Binciken da ba a iya gani ba ya nuna wani abu mai launin ja mai duhu, wanda aka gano a matsayin hematite, an sami shafaffe a saman saman harsashi. Wataƙila an sa shi azaman abin lanƙwasa. [10] Aiki na kashi wani ma'auni ne da aka ambata sau da yawa don yanayin zamani. A cikin ƙarshen Mousterian Layer, an sami ramin kashi da aka sake taɓa, wanda aka gyara ta hanyar bugun kai tsaye. Wannan canja wurin ilimi daga ƙwanƙarar dutse yawanci yana nuna rashin ɗanyen kayan lithic, wanda ba haka bane ga Fumane Neanderthals. [11]

Taron faunal na Moustarian kusan an raba shi tsakanin barewa da jajayen barewa da aka samu a yadudduka A4, A9, A10 da A11, tare da jajayen barewa suna da rinjaye a cikin yaduddukan A5-A6 a 70.3%. [2] Yawan ƙasusuwan avian da aka samu a cikin Layer na Mousterian na ƙarshe suna nuna alamun gyare-gyare (yanke, gogewa, kwasfa), waɗanda ba sa hidimar ciyarwa ko dalilai masu amfani. Da alama Neanderthals sun cire manyan fuka-fukan daga tsuntsaye daban-daban, waɗanda za a iya danganta su da wani nau'i na hali na alama. [12] An kuma yi amfani da tsuntsaye don rayuwa, wanda ke shaida ikon Neanderthal don bambanta abincin su. [13]

Hotunan kogo

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An gano tulun duwatsu masu ɗauke da hotunan dabba mai ƙafa huɗu da rabin ɗan adam rabin dabba a lokacin haƙan kogon. Ana iya ganin ƙarin adadi uku a kan tulun, amma ba a iya gano su ba saboda munanan adana su. Kamar yadda aka saka su a cikin laka, ana iya kwanan wata tsakanin 32 da 36 500 BP, wanda zai sa su zama zamani da zane-zane na Cave Chauvet . [14]

Ragowar mutum

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A yayin tonowar da aka yi tsakanin shekarar 1989 zuwa 2011, an gano hakoran mutane hudu. Uku a cikin sassan Mousterian, kuma ɗaya a cikin Layer Uluzzian. Biyu daga cikin ukun da aka samu a cikin Layer Mousterian ana iya gano su da Neanderthal. Babu shakka ba za a iya gano sauran haƙoran Mousterian ba saboda lalacewa, yayin da ba za a iya gano haƙoran Uluzzian ba saboda an sami guntunsa kawai. An sami wani haƙori a cikin proto-Aurignacian Layer, amma har yanzu ba a buga ba. [15] Dukkansu hakora ne masu tsiro, biyu daga cikinsu na 'yan shekara shida ne, kuma daya daga cikinsu na yaro dan shekara 10-11. [16] Ɗaya daga cikin mutanen Fumane, "Fumane 2" an buga shi kai tsaye zuwa kusan 40,000 BP. [17]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Peresani, Marco; Cremaschi, Mauro; Ferraro, Francesca; Falgueres, Christophe; Bahain, Jean-Jacques; Gruppioni, Giulia; Sibilia, Emanuela; Quarta, Gianluca; Calcagnile, Lucio; Dolo, Jean-Michel (2008). "Age of the final Middle Palaeolithic and Uluzzian levels at Fumane Cave, Northern Italy, using 14C, ESR, 234U/230Th and thermoluminescence methods". Journal of Archaeological Science. 35 (11): 2986–2996. Bibcode:2008JArSc..35.2986P. doi:10.1016/J.JAS.2008.06.013. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Sinet-Mathiot, Virginie; Smith, Geoff M.; Romandini, Matteo; Wilcke, Arndt; Peresani, Marco; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Welker, Frido (26 August 2019). "Combining ZooMS and zooarchaeology to study Late Pleistocene hominin behaviour at Fumane (Italy)" (PDF). Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 3. Bibcode:2019NatSR...912350S. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48706-z. PMC 6710433. PMID 31451791. Retrieved 24 January 2021. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Sinet-Mathiot" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ Caricola, Isabella; Zupancich, Andrea; Moscone, Daniele; Mutri, Giuseppina; Falcucci, Armando; Duches, Rossella; Peresani, Marco; Cristiani, Emanuela (December 2018). "An integrated method for understanding the function of macro-lithic tools. Use wear, 3D and spatial analyses of an Early Upper Palaeolithic assemblage from North Eastern Italy". PLOS ONE. 247 (12): 129. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1307773C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207773. PMC 6291187. PMID 30540784.
  4. ↑ Peresani, Marco; Falcucci, Armando (February 2018). "Protoaurignacian Core Reduction Procedures: Blade and Bladelet Technologies at Fumane Cave". Lithic Technology. 43 (2): 125–140. doi:10.1080/01977261.2018.1439681. S2CID 135014755. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  5. ↑ Falcucci, Armando; Conard, Nicholas J.; Peresani, Marco (2017). "A critical assessment of the Protoaurignacian lithic technology at Fumane Cave and its implications for the definition of the earliest Aurignacian". PLOS ONE. 12 (12): e0189241. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1289241F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189241. PMC 5720803. PMID 29216284.
  6. ↑ (John D. ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Peresani, Marco (9 January 2012). "Fifty thousand years of flint knapping and tool shaping across the Mousterian and Uluzzian sequence of Fumane cave". Quaternary International. 247: 125–150. Bibcode:2012QuInt.247..125P. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.02.006. Retrieved 25 January 2021. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Peresani 2012" defined multiple times with different content
  8. ↑ Peresani, Marco; Cristiani, Emanuela; Romandini, Matteo (February 2016). "The Uluzzian technology of Grotta di Fumane and its implication for reconstructing cultural dynamics in the Middle–Upper Palaeolithic transition of Western Eurasia". Journal of Human Evolution. 91: 36–56. Bibcode:2016JHumE..91...36P. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.10.012. PMID 26852812. Retrieved 27 January 2021. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  9. ↑ Mellars, Paul (23 November 2010). "Neanderthal symbolism and ornament manufacture: The bursting of a bubble?" (PDF). PNAS. 107 (47): 20147–20148. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10720147M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1014588107. PMC 2996706. PMID 21078972. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  10. ↑ Peresani, Marco; Vanhaeren, Marian; Quaggiotto, Ermanno; Queffelec, Alain; d’Errico, Francesco (2013). "An Ochered Fossil Marine Shell From the Mousterian of Fumane Cave, Italy". PLOS ONE. 8 (7): e68572. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...868572P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068572. PMC 3707824. PMID 23874677. S2CID 559046.
  11. ↑ Romandini, Matteo; Cristiani, Emanuela; Peresani, Marco (January 2015). "A retouched bone shaft from the Late Mousterian at Fumane cave (Italy). Technological, experimental and micro-wear analysis". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 14 (1): 63–72. Bibcode:2015CRPal..14...63R. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2014.08.001. Retrieved 27 January 2021. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  12. ↑ Peresani, Marco; Fiore, Ivana; Gala, Monica; Romandini, Matteo; Tagliacozzo, Antonio (8 March 2011). "Late Neandertals and the intentional removal of feathers as evidenced from bird bone taphonomy at Fumane Cave 44 ky B.P., Italy" (PDF). PNAS. 108 (10): 3888–3893. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.3888P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1016212108. PMC 3054018. PMID 21368129. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  13. ↑ Fiore, Ivana; Gala, Monica; Romandini, Matteo; Cocca, Enzo; Tagliacozzo, Antonio; Peresani, Marco (9 November 2016). "From feathers to food: Reconstructing the complete exploitation of avifaunal resources by Neanderthals at Fumane cave, unit A9". Quaternary International. 421: 134–153. Bibcode:2016QuInt.421..134F. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.142. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  14. ↑ Balter, Michael (20 Oct 2000). "Paintings in Italian Cave May Be Oldest Yet". Science. 290 (5491): 419–421. doi:10.1126/science.290.5491.419. PMID 17844275. S2CID 36611961. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  15. ↑ Benazzi, Stefano; Bailey, Shara E.; Peresani, Marco; Mannino, Marcello A.; Romandini, Matteo; Richards, Michael P.; Hublin, Jean-Jacques (May 2014). "Middle Paleolithic and Uluzzian human remains from Fumane Cave, Italy". Journal of Human Evolution. 70: 61–68. Bibcode:2014JHumE..70...61B. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.03.001. PMID 24666601. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  16. ↑ Moorrees, Coenraad F. A.; Fanning, Elizabeth A.; Hunt Jr., Edward E. (June 1963). "Formation and resorption of three deciduous teeth in children". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 21 (2): 205–213. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330210212. PMID 14110696. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  17. ↑ Prüfer, Kay; Posth, Cosimo (June 2021). "A genome sequence from a modern human skull over 45,000 years old from Zlatý kůň in Czechia". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 5 (6): 820–825. Bibcode:2021NatEE...5..820P. doi:10.1038/s41559-021-01443-x. ISSN 2397-334X. PMC 8175239 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33828249 Check |pmid= value (help).
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