Kogon Mogao

  

Kogon Mogao
UNESCO World Heritage Site
More pictures
Wuri
Ƴantacciyar ƙasa	Sin
Province of China (en)	Gansu (en)
Prefecture-level city (en)	Jiuquan (en)
County of China (en)	Guazhou (en)
Coordinates	40°02′14″N 94°48′15″E
Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya
Criterion	(i), (ii) (en) , (iii) (en) , (iv) (en) , (v) (en) da (vi) (en)
Reference	440
Region	Asia and Oceania
Registration	1987 (XI. )
1-0035-4-002
Parts	Buddhist temple (en) :

Kogon Mogao, wanda kuma aka sani da Dubban Buddha Grottoes ko kogon Buddha dubu, sun samar da tsarin haikali 500 25 kilometres (16 mi) kudu maso gabashin tsakiyar Dunhuang, wani yanki da ke kan mashigar addini da al'adu a kan hanyar siliki, a lardin Gansu na ƙasar Sin. Ana iya kiran kogon da sunan kogon Dunhuang ; duk da haka, ana amfani da wannan kalmar azaman kalmar gama gari don haɗawa da sauran wuraren kogon Buddha a ciki da kuma kewayen yankin Dunhuang, kamar Kogon Buddha Dubu na Yamma, Kogon Buddha Dubu na Gabas, Kogon Yulin, da Kogon Haikali biyar . Kogon ya ƙunshi wasu mafi kyawun misalan fasaha na addinin Buddha wanda ya kai tsawon shekaru 1,000.

An haƙa kogo na farko a shekara ta 366 AZ a matsayin wuraren zuzzurfan tunani da bautar addinin Buddha; daga baya kogon ya zama wurin aikin hajji, kuma an ci gaba da gina kogo a wurin har zuwa karni na 14. Kogon Mogao sun fi shahara a cikin grottoes na addinin Buddah na kasar Sin, tare da Longmen Grottoes da Yungang Grottoes, daya daga cikin shahararrun tsoffin wuraren sassaka na addinin Buddah guda uku na kasar Sin.

An gano wani muhimmin ma'ajiyar takardu a cikin 1900 a cikin abin da ake kira "Kogon Laburare", wanda aka yi masa katanga a karni na 11. Abubuwan da ke cikin ɗakin karatu daga baya sun tarwatse a duniya, kuma yanzu ana samun tarin tarin yawa a biranen Beijing, London, Paris da Berlin, kuma aikin Dunhuang na duniya ya kasance don daidaitawa da tattara ayyukan ilimi kan rubuce-rubucen Dunhuang da sauran abubuwa. A halin yanzu kogon da kansu ya zama sanannen wurin yawon bude ido, amma an kayyade adadin maziyartan don taimakawa wajen adana kogon.

Etymology

Ana kiran kogon a cikin Sinanci da sunan kogon Buddha dubu (Chinese), sunan da wasu masana suka yi hasashe cewa ya fito ne daga almara na kafuwarta, lokacin da wani sufa Yuezun ya hango Buddha dubu a wurin. Wannan suna, duk da haka, mai yiwuwa ya fito ne daga adadi mai yawa na Buddha a wurin, ko kuma ƙananan siffofi da aka zana a bangon waɗannan kogo kamar yadda ake kiran waɗannan adadi "Buddha dubu" a baki. Sunan Mogao Caves (Chinese) an yi amfani da shi a cikin daular Tang, inda 'Mogao' ke nufin gundumar gudanarwa a wurin a lokacin daular Tang. Mogao na iya nufin "marasa tsara" (a zahiri "babu mafi girma", inda " mo " na nufin "babu", da " gao " na nufin "high"); madadin karatu na iya zama "mai girma a cikin hamada" idan an karanta "mo" a matsayin bambance-bambancen kalmar Sinanci don "hamada". Ana kuma amfani da Mogao azaman sunan wani gari na zamani wanda birnin Dunhuang ke gudanarwa: Garin Mogao (莫高镇). Ana kuma kiran kogon Mogao da kogon Dunhuang bayan birni mafi kusa da Dunhuang, wanda ke nufin "filin wuta" kamar yadda aka yi amfani da tashoshi a bakin iyakar don gargadin hare-hare daga kabilun makiyaya. Kalmar Dunhuang kogon kogon Dunhuang duk da haka ana amfani da ita a cikin ma'ana mai faɗi a matsayin gamayya ga duk kogon da aka samu a cikin ko kewayen yankin Dunhuang.

Tarihi

  An kafa Dunhuang a matsayin shingen shingen shingen shinge ta hanyar daular Han ta sarki Wudi don kariya daga Xiongnu a shekara ta 111 BC. Har ila yau, ta zama muhimmiyar kofa zuwa Yamma, cibiyar kasuwanci tare da hanyar siliki, da kuma wurin taron mutane da addinai daban-daban kamar addinin Buddah . Kogon Mogao da ke kusa da Dunhuang an fara gina su ne a karni na 4 miladiyya kuma an yi amfani da su a matsayin wurin ibada da aikin hajji. Kogon ya ƙunshi sama da murabba'in ƙafa 400,000 na frescoes da sassaƙaƙe, wanda ya mai da su ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren ajiyar fasahar Buddha a duniya.

An fara gina kogon Mogao gabaɗaya a wani lokaci a ƙarni na huɗu AD, lokacin da Dunhuang ke ƙarƙashin ikon tsohuwar daular Liang . A cewar wani littafi da aka rubuta a zamanin mulkin Tang Empress Wu, Fokan Ji (佛龕記, An Account of Buddhist Shrines ) by Li Junxiu (李君修), wani malamin addinin Buddah mai suna Lè Zūn (樂尊, wanda kuma ana iya kiransa Yuezun) ya ga hangen nesa na Buddha dubu da aka yi wanka da hasken zinariya a wurin a cikin 366 AD, wanda ya karfafa masa gwiwar gina kogo a nan. Har ila yau, ana samun labarin a wasu kafofin, kamar a rubuce-rubucen da aka yi a kan stele a cikin kogo 332; Kwanan baya na 353 duk da haka an ba da shi a cikin wani takarda, Shazhou Tujing (沙州土鏡, Geography of Shazhou ). Daga baya wani sufafi na biyu Faliang (法良), kuma a hankali wurin ya girma, a lokacin Arewacin Liang wata karamar al'umma ta sufaye ta kafa a wurin. Kogon da farko ya zama wurin yin bimbini ne kawai ga sufaye, amma sun bunƙasa don hidima ga gidajen ibadar da suka taso a kusa.

Kogon Mogao na farko da ya rage har zuwa yau (kogo 268, 272 da 275 ), an gina su kuma an yi musu ado a zamanin Arewacin Liang tsakanin 419 zuwa 439 CE, kafin mamaye arewacin Wei. Suna raba halaye masu salo da yawa tare da wasu daga cikin kogon Kizil, kamar Kogon 17. Membobin gidan sarauta na Arewacin Wei da Arewacin Zhou sun gina kogo da yawa a nan, kuma sun bunƙasa a daular Sui na ɗan gajeren lokaci. A daular Tang, adadin kogo ya kai sama da dubu.

Cikakken bayani na zanen taron Manjusri da Vimalakirti . Kogo 159.

A daular Sui da Tang, Mogao Caves ya zama wurin ibada da aikin hajji ga jama'a. Daga na 4th har zuwa karni na 14, sufaye ne suka gina kogwanni don zama wuraren ibada tare da kudade daga masu ba da gudummawa. Wadannan kogon da aka zana dalla-dalla, zane-zanen kogon da gine-gine suna aiki a matsayin taimako don yin zuzzurfan tunani, a matsayin wakilcin gani na neman wayewar kai, kamar na'urorin mnemonic, da kuma kayan aikin koyarwa don sanar da waɗanda ba su iya karatu ba game da imani da labarun Buddha. Magoya bayan manyan limamai, da masu mulki na gida, da manyan kasashen waje, da kuma sarakunan kasar Sin ne suka dauki nauyin manyan kogon. Wasu kogo na iya samun tallafin ƴan kasuwa, hafsoshin sojoji, da sauran jama'ar gari kamar ƙungiyoyin mata.

Ganowa da farfaɗowa

Bodhisattva yana jagorantar wata mace mai ba da gudummawa zuwa Ƙasar Tsabta. Zane akan siliki (Kogon Laburare), Late Tang.

A karshen karni na sha tara da farkon karni na ashirin, masu binciken kasashen yamma sun fara nuna sha'awar tsohuwar hanyar siliki da garuruwan da suka bata na tsakiyar Asiya, kuma wadanda suka ratsa ta Dunhuang sun lura da zane-zane, sassaka-tsalle, da kayan tarihi irin su Stele of Sulaiman a Mogao. Akwai kiyasin murabba'in murabba'in ƙafa miliyan ɗaya na bangon bangon addini a cikin kogon. Babban abin da aka gano, duk da haka, ya fito ne daga wani ɗan Taoist na kasar Sin mai suna Wang Yuanlu wanda ya naɗa kansa mai kula da wasu daga cikin waɗannan temples a ƙarshen ƙarni kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin tara kuɗi don gyara mutum-mutumin.

Gallery

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  bangon bango na karni na 10 daga Kogon 61, yana nuna gidajen ibada na Buddha Tang na Dutsen Wutai, lardin Shanxi
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  Tafiya na Zhang Qian zuwa yamma, cikakken kallo, c. 700
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  Tafiya na Zhang Qian zuwa Yamma, cikakkun bayanai na bango daga kogon 323, 618-712
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  Wani zanen shimfidar siliki na kasar Sin na Tang wanda ke nuna wani matashi Sakyamuni yana aske gashin kansa
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  Zanen Vajrapani a Mogao Caves (Kogon Laburare)
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  Yan bindiga sun kai hari
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  Vaishravana yana hawan ruwa. Daular Biyar, tsakiyar karni na 10.
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  Yin Bauta Bodhisattva, kogo 285, daular Wei.
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  Misalin jarabawar Sakyamuni ta Mara
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  Bayanin labarin avadana na 'yan fashi dari biyar. Kogo 285, Western Wei.
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  Matasa Buddhist masu ba da gudummawa. Kogo 98, Zamanin Dauloli Biyar.
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  Matar sarkin Dunhuang Cao Yanlu kuma diyar Sarkin Khotan, sanye da wani fitaccen rigar ja. Kogo 61, Dauloli Biyar.
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  Sarkin Khotan
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  Sarkin Uighur wanda bayinsa suka halarta. Kogon 409, Yammacin Xia.
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  Hotuna daga kogon 409, Western Xia.
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  Hoton Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara daga Mogao Caves, 890-910, Musée Guimet
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  Babban Buddha na kogon 130
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  Mutumin mai kula da Lokapala, Musée Guimet
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  Hotunan sassaka a cikin wani wuri sama da babban siffa na Buddha, Mogao Cave 27, High Tang
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  Budda mai kishirwa a cikin kogo 148, adadi na biyu mafi girma a Mogao. High lokacin Tang.
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  fresco yana nuna salon gine-ginen daular Tang .
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  Wani fresco yana nuna tsarin gine-ginen Tang a ƙasar Buddha.
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  Sogdian Daēnas yana nuna gumakan Zoroastrian guda biyu waɗanda Sogdians suka taɓa bautawa
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  An gano zanen Cocin Gabas na Yesu Kiristi a Kogon Laburare
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  Fasahar kogon addinin Buddah, dan rawa yana jujjuyawa yayin da makada ke wasa. Grotto 46 Hagu bangon ciki, panel na biyu. Kuma ana kiransa kogo 112.