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Kogon Shugabannin

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Kogon Shugabannin
Wuri
ƘasaState of Palestine
Yankin taswiraGaɓar Yamma
Yankunan Mulki na PalasɗinuHebron Governorate (en) Fassara
BirniHebron
Coordinates 31°31′29″N 35°06′39″E / 31.524672°N 35.110758°E / 31.524672; 35.110758
Map
Altitude (en) Fassara 890 m, above sea level

Kogon Kakanni ko Kabarin Kakanni, wanda Yahudawa suka sani da sunansa na Littafi Mai-Tsarki Kogon Machpelah ( Biblical Hebrew ) da Musulmai a matsayin Haramin Ibrahim ( Arabic ), jerin kogo ne dake tsakiyar tsohon birnin Hebron a gabar yammacin kogin Jordan mai nisan 30 kilometres (19 mi) kudu da Urushalima . Bisa ga addinan Ibrahim, kogon da filin da ke kusa da shi Ibrahim ne ya sayi kogon a matsayin wurin binnewa, ko da yake yawancin masana tarihi sun gaskata labarin Ibrahim-Ishak-Yakubu ya zama tatsuniya. [1] Ana ɗaukar wurin a matsayin wuri mai tsarki a cikin Yahudanci, Kiristanci da Musulunci . [2] [3]

A saman kogon akwai wani katafaren katafaren katafaren gini da aka gina tun zamanin Hirudiya . [4] A lokacin mulkin Byzantine na yankin, an gina basilica na Kirista a wurin; An mayar da tsarin zuwa Masallacin Ibrahimi bayan da musulmi suka yi galaba a kan Bafiyya . Ya zuwa karni na 12, masallacin da yankunan da ke kewayensa sun fada karkashin ikon gwamnatin 'yan Salibiyya, amma a shekara ta 1188 Sultan Ayyubid Sultan Saladin, wanda ya sake mayar da tsarin zuwa masallaci. [5] A shekara ta 1119 AZ, wani ɗan coci ya sami ƙasusuwa a cikin kogon, yana gaskata su ƙasusuwan kakanni ne . [6]

A lokacin yakin kwanaki shida na shekarar 1967, kasar Isra'ila ta kwace daukacin yammacin kogin Jordan da ke karkashin mulkin Jordan, bayan da aka raba masallacin, aka mayar da rabinsa a matsayin majami'a . A cikin 1968, an ba da izinin sabis na Yahudawa na musamman a waje da sa'o'in da aka saba izini a Sabuwar Shekarar Yahudawa da Ranar Kafara, wanda ya kai ga harin gurneti da hannu a ranar 9 ga Oktoba wanda ya jikkata 47 Isra'ila; [7] da kuma bam na biyu a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, wanda ya raunata mutane 6. [8] A cikin 1972, gwamnatin Isra'ila ta ƙara yankin sallar Yahudawa. [7] Sabbin canje-canje ga "halin da ake ciki" hukumomin Isra'ila sun yi a cikin 1975, wanda ya sake haifar da zanga-zangar musulmi.

A shekara ta 1976, an yi artabu tsakanin Yahudawa da Musulmai masu ibada, inda aka yayyaga wani kur’ani . Washegari wasu musulmi da Larabawa suka je Hebron don nuna adawa da abin da ake kira "lalata da Alkur'ani". An rufe kabarin kuma an sanya dokar hana fita a duk birnin. Bayan ƴan kwanaki, wasu matasa Larabawa kimanin ɗari biyu suka shiga cikin kabarin suka lalata littattafan Attaura da littattafan addu'a. A watan Mayu 1980, wani hari da aka kai wa Yahudawa masu ibada da suke dawowa daga sallah a kabarin ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 6 da raunata 17. A shekara ta 1994, an yi kisan kiyashi a kogon sarakunan gargajiya a masallacin Ibrahimi, inda wani dan Isra'ila dauke da makamai ya shiga harabar cikin watan Ramadan mai alfarma, ya bude wuta kan musulmin Palastinawa da suka taru domin yin addu'a a wurin, inda suka kashe mutane 29 ciki har da yara, tare da raunata sama da 125.

Etymology na "Makhpela"

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Shawarwari na Amoraic

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Ƙididdigar asalin sunan Littafi Mai-Tsarki na wurin, Me'arat haMakhpela, ba shi da tabbas. Kalmar Me'arat na nufin "kogon" kuma haMakhpela na iya nufin "ninki biyu", "yawan" ko "biyu", don haka fassarar zahiri zata zama "kogon ninki biyu". Talmud yayi magana akan hasashe biyu a b. Eruvin 53a:

Kogon makhpela :

Abba Arikha da Samuel na Nehardea [an gardama]; daya ya ce: “Bakwai ne guda biyu, daya a bayan daya”, daya kuma ya ce: “Bakwai biyu ne, daya a saman daya. [lower-alpha 1]

Matsayin da ɗakunan da aka tara yana da gamsarwa - wannan shine makhpela . Duk da haka, bisa ga matsayin cewa daya yana bayan ɗayan, menene makhpela ? Cewa an ninka shi a cikin ma'aurata.

“ Yakubu kuwa ya zo wurin ubansa Ishaku, wurin Mamre, ‘Birnin Hudu’ wato Hebron …” (Far. 35:27). Isaac the Smith ya ce, "Birnin Ma'aurata Hudu: Adamu da Hauwa'u, Ibrahim da Saratu, Ishaku da Rifkatu, da Yakubu da Lai'atu ".

A cewar b. Bava Batra 58a, Abba Arikha da Samuel na Nehardea sun yarda cewa ɗakunan biyu, ko da wane tsarin su, sun yi tarayya da juna. Farawa Rabbah 58 ta bada hasashe na uku:

“Kuma gonar Epron wadda take cikin makhfela …” (Far. 23:17). Wannan yana karantar da cewa a duniya baki ɗaya “ninki biyu” sunan waɗanda suke [cikin], kamar yadda duk wanda ya shiga ciki ana jin cewa ya sami lada mai girma [a sama].

Daga baya tallafin karatu

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Sadiya b. Yusufu da Ibrahim bn Ezra sun gaskata cewa yana nufin "kogon da ke cikin kogo". [9] Wani hasashe, wanda Samuel b. Meir, [10] Musa b. Nachman, [11] Obadiah Sforno, [12] Moses Mendelssohn, Ernst Rosenmüller, da Samuel David Luzzatto, [9] ya riki cewa makhpela ba sifa ce da ke kwatanta kogon ba amma suna ne da ya dace da ke kwatanta yankin da yake zaune. [13] Wannan hasashen yana goyan bayan wasu ayoyin Littafi Mai Tsarki, kamar su Genesis 49:30, "Kogon da ke filin Makhpela ..." An tattauna tambaya game da fassarar makhpela da kyau a cikin sharhin Littafi Mai-Tsarki daban-daban. [14]

Strong's Concordance ya samo makhpela daga kaphal, [15] fi'ili ma'ana " ninka". [16]

Asalin Littafi Mai Tsarki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Gustave Doré ya yanke katako wanda ke nuna binne Sarah a cikin kogon
Kabarin Saratu a cikin Masallaci

Bisa ga Genesis 23:1–20, Matar Ibrahim Saratu ta mutu a Kiryat Arba kusa da Hebron a ƙasar Kan’ana tana ’yar shekara 127, kasancewar ita kaɗai ce mace a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki da aka ba da ainihin shekarunta, yayin da Ibrahim yake kasuwanci a wani waje. Ibrahim ya zo yi mata makoki. Bayan ɗan lokaci ya tashi ya yi magana da Hittiyawan Littafi Mai Tsarki . Ya gaya musu cewa shi baƙo ne a ƙasarsu kuma ya roƙi a ba shi wurin binne shi don ya binne gawarsa. Hittiyawa sun yi wa Ibrahim baƙar magana, suna kiransa Ubangiji kuma babban sarki, kuma sun ce zai iya binne matattu a kowane kaburburansu. Ibrahim bai yarda da su ba, maimakon haka ya ce su tuntuɓi Efron Bahitte, ɗan Zohar, wanda yake zaune a Mamre, kuma yana da kogon Makfela, wanda yake ba da sadaka don ya saya a kan “cikakken farashi”. Efron ya amsa da wayo cewa ya shirya ya ba Ibrahim filin da kogon da ke cikinsa, da sanin cewa ba zai sa Ibrahim ya ci gaba da da’awarsa ba. [17] Ibrahim cikin ladabi ya ƙi tayin kuma ya dage kan biyan kuɗin filin. Efron ya ba da amsa cewa filin ya kai shekel ɗari huɗu na azurfa kuma Ibrahim ya yarda da farashin ba tare da wani ciniki ba. [17] Sa'an nan ya binne matacce Saratu a nan. [18]

Jana'izar Saratu shine labarin farko na binne a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki, kuma sayan Ibrahim na Makfelah shine kasuwanci na farko da aka ambata.

Binne na gaba a cikin kogon shine Ibrahim da kansa, wanda ’ya’yansa Ishaku da Isma’ilu suka binne shi yana da shekara 175. [19] Takardar mallakar kogon tana daga cikin dukiyar Ibrahim da ya ba dansa Ishaku. [20] Jana'izar ta uku ita ce ta Ishaku, ta 'ya'yansa biyu Isuwa da Yakubu, wanda ya rasu yana da shekara 180. [21] Ba a faɗi yadda ko kuma lokacin da matar Ishaku ta rasu ba, amma an haɗa ta cikin jerin waɗanda aka binne a Makfela cikin kalmomin ƙarshe na Yakubu ga ’ya’yan Isra’ila. Yakubu da kansa ya mutu yana da shekara 147. [22]

A babi na ƙarshe na Farawa, Yusufu ya sa likitocinsa su yi wa mahaifinsa Yakubu wanka kafin su fitar da shi daga Masar don a binne shi a cikin kogon Makfelah. [23] Sa’ad da Yusufu ya rasu a aya ta ƙarshe, shi ma an yi masa wanka. An binne shi da yawa daga baya a Shekem [24] bayan da Isra'ilawa suka shiga Ƙasar Alkawari .

Karin kwatankwacin Littafi Mai Tsarki

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A cikin matanin Ugarit (ƙarni na 13-12 KZ), uku daga cikin kwangilar gidaje shida da aka gano sun kasance kan jimillar shekel na azurfa 400, kuma sharuɗɗan sayarwa a cikinsu sun yi daidai da kwatancin Littafi Mai Tsarki na sayar da Machpelah. A bayyane shekel 400 ya kasance farashin gama-gari don cinikin kadarorin Kan'aniyawa a wannan lokacin.

Tarihi

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Kabarin Ishaku, c. 1911

Lokacin Haikali na farko da na biyu

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A cikin 2020, masu binciken kayan tarihi na Isra'ila karkashin jagorancin David Ben-Shlomo ( Jami'ar Ariel ) sun yi kwanan watan tukwane daga kogon (mazauna yankin sun murmure ta hanyar aminci a cikin 1981) zuwa karni na 8 KZ. [25] Mabambantan asali na shards, daga wurare daban-daban a kusa da Hebron da Urushalima, sun nuna cewa wurin yana iya zama wurin aikin hajji tun farkon wannan kwanan wata, a cewar marubutan binciken. [25]

Ba a san lokacin da Isra’ilawa suka ɗauki wurin a matsayin mai tsarki ba, ko da yake wasu masana sun yi la’akari da cewa labarin Littafi Mai Tsarki na binne Ibrahim a can ya kasance daga ƙarni na 6 KZ.

A tsakanin shekara ta 31 zuwa 4 K.Z., Hirudus Mai Girma ya gina wani katafaren katafaren gida mai kusurwa huɗu bisa kogon don tunawa da wurin da talakawansa suke wurin. [6] Ita ce kawai cikakken tsarin Hirudiya mai tsira daga lokacin Yahudanci na Hellenistic . Ginin Hirudus, mai 6 feet (1.8 m)* bangon dutse da aka yi daga duwatsun da ke da aƙalla 3 feet (0.91 m) tsayi kuma wani lokacin ya kai tsayin 24 feet (7.3 m), ba su da rufin. Masu binciken kayan tarihi ba su da tabbacin inda asalin ƙofar wurin ya kasance, ko ma da akwai ɗaya. [6] Ginin na Hirudus yana tsaye a kan wani tsari na farko da aka gina a lokacin daular Hasmonean ( c. karni na 2 KZ). [25]

Zamanin Kirista na Byzantine

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Har zuwa zamanin daular Byzantine, ciki na shinge ya kasance a cikin sararin sama. A karkashin mulkin Byzantine, an gina wani basilica mai sauƙi a ƙarshen kudu maso gabas kuma an yi rufin rufin ko'ina sai a tsakiya.

A wannan lokacin, wurin ya zama muhimmin wurin aikin hajji na Kirista. Mahajjacin Bordeaux, c. 333, ya ruwaito "wani abin tunawa da siffar murabba'i wanda aka gina da dutse mai ban mamaki, wanda Ibrahim, Ishaku, Yakubu, Sara, Rifkatu, da Lai'atu suka kasance". Piacenza Pilgrim (c. 570) ya lura a cikin lissafin aikin hajji cewa Yahudawa da Kirista sun yi tarayya da mallakar wurin.

Zaman Larabawa

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A cikin 614, Farisa Sasanid sun mamaye yankin kuma suka lalata ginin, suka bar kango kawai; amma a shekara ta 637, yankin ya koma karkashin ikon musulmin Larabawa kuma aka sake gina ginin a matsayin masallaci mai rufi.

Musulmai sun ba da izinin gina ƙananan majami'u biyu a wurin.

A cikin karni na 10, an huda wata mashiga ta katangar arewa maso gabas, wata hanya sama da matakin kasa na waje, aka gina matakala daga arewa da gabas zuwa gare ta (tsari daya na shiga, dayan na fita). [6] an kuma gina wani gini da aka fi sani da qal'ah ( قلعة watau castle ) kusa da tsakiyar kudu maso yamma. Ba a san manufarsa ba amma wani labari mai tarihi ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya nuna wurin da aka binne Yusufu (duba Kabarin Yusufu ), yankin da wani halifa musulmi ya tono shi, ƙarƙashin rinjayar al'adar yankin game da kabarin Yusufu. [6] Wasu masu binciken kayan tarihi sun yi imanin cewa asalin ƙofar ginin Hirudus ta kasance a wurin da qal'ah yake, kuma an ƙirƙiri ƙofar arewa maso gabas don a gina kalah ta hanyar tsohuwar ƙofar. [6]

Lokacin 'yan Salibiyya

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Buga daga c. 1890

A cikin 1100, bayan da ' yan Salibiyya suka kama yankin, wurin ya sake zama coci kuma ba a ba wa Musulmai izinin shiga ba. A cikin wannan lokacin, an ba yankin sabon rufin gabobin, tagogin clerestory da vaulting .

Lokacin da 'yan Salibiyya suka mamaye wurin an hana Yahudawa amfani da majami'u.

A cikin shekara ta 1113 a lokacin mulkin Baldwin II na Urushalima, bisa ga Ali na Herat (rubutu a cikin 1173), wani yanki a kan kogon Ibrahim ya ba da hanya, kuma "Faransa da yawa sun shiga cikinsa". Kuma suka gano "(gawawwakin) Ibrahim, Ishaku, da Yakubu", "rubutunsu sun ruguje, suna kwance a jikin bango....Sai Sarki, bayan ya samar da sababbin labule, ya sa aka sake rufe wurin". An bayar da irin wannan bayani a cikin tarihin Ibn al Athir a shekara ta 1119; "A cikin wannan shekara aka bude kabarin Ibrahim, da na 'ya'yansa biyu Ishaku da Yakubu. . [26] Basaraken Damascene kuma masanin tarihi Ibn al-Qalanisi a cikin tarihinsa kuma ya yi ishara da a wannan lokaci da gano kayayyakin tarihi da ake zargin Ibrahim da Ishaku da Yakubu ne, wani binciken da ya zaburar da sha'awa a tsakanin al'ummomi uku na kudancin Levant, Musulmi, Yahudawa, da Kirista. [27] [28]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  2. ↑ Alshweiky, Rabab; Gül Ünal, Zeynep (2016). "An approach to risk management and preservation of cultural heritage in multi identity and multi managed sites: Al-Haram Al-Ibrahimi/Abraham's Tombs of the Patriarchs in Al-Khalil/Hebron". Journal of Cultural Heritage. 20: 709–14. doi:10.1016/j.culher.2016.02.014. According to the Islamic belief, Al-Haram Al-Ibrahimi/Tombs of the Patriarchs is considered to be the fourth most important religious site in Islam after Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem and the second holiest place after the Aqsa Mosque in Palestine. Additionally, according to the Jewish belief, it is the world's most ancient Jewish site and the second holiest place for the Jews, after Temple Mount in Jerusalem.
  3. ↑ Sellic, Patricia (1994). "The Old City of Hebron: Can It be Saved?". Journal of Palestine Studies. 23 (4): 69–82. doi:10.2307/2538213. JSTOR 2538213. This deterioration has long-term implications for the Palestinians, since the old city of Hebron forms an important part of the Palestinian and indeed the Muslim heritage. It is one of the four holiest cities in Islam, along with Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem.
  4. ↑ Jacobsson, David M. (2000). "Decorative Drafted-margin Masonry in Jerusalem and Hebron and its Relations". The Journal of the Council for British Research in the Levant. 32: 135–54. doi:10.1179/lev.2000.32.1.135. ISSN 0075-8914. S2CID 162263112.
  5. ↑ "In Hebron, Israelis and Palestinians share a holy site ... begrudgingly". PRI. 10 November 2015. Archived from the original on 29 November 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Nancy Miller (May–June 1985). "Patriarchal Burial Site Explored for First Time in 700 Years". Biblical Archaeology Society. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2022. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "BAR" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Cohen1985
  8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Dishon1973
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "MikraotGedolot – AlHaTorah.org". mg.alhatorah.org (in Ibrananci). Archived from the original on 27 November 2022. Retrieved 2022-06-06.
  10. ↑ "Rashbam on Genesis 23:9:1". www.sefaria.org. Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. Retrieved 2022-06-06.
  11. ↑ "Ramban on Genesis 23:9:2". www.sefaria.org. Archived from the original on 3 December 2022. Retrieved 2022-06-06.
  12. ↑ "Sforno on Genesis 23:9:1". www.sefaria.org. Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. Retrieved 2022-06-06.
  13. ↑ Merrill, Selah (1890). "The Cave of Machpelah". The Old and New Testament Student. 11 (6): 327–335. doi:10.1086/470621. JSTOR 3157472.
  14. ↑ "Genesis 23:9". Archived from the original on 4 December 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
  15. ↑ "Strong's H4375 - Makpela". Blue Letter Bible. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 2022-06-07.
  16. ↑ "Strong's H3717 - kaphal". Blue Letter Bible. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 2022-06-07.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "A Burial Plot for Sarah (Genesis 23:1–20)". Archived from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  18. ↑ Genesis 23:9–20
  19. ↑ Genesis 25:7–8 Hebrews 11:9
  20. ↑ Genesis 25:5–6
  21. ↑ Genesis 35:28–29
  22. ↑ Genesis 47:28
  23. ↑ Genesis 50:1–14
  24. ↑ Joshua 24:32
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Arnon, Noam; Ben-Shlomo, David; Mommsen, Hans (2020). "Iron Age Pottery from the Cave of the Patriarchs at Hebron". Israel Exploration Journal. 70 (1): 49–63. ISSN 0021-2059. JSTOR 27100275. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Arnon" defined multiple times with different content
  26. ↑ Le Strange 1890 = p. 317, p. 318.
  27. ↑ Kohler 1896
  28. ↑ Runciman 1965b.


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