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Korayen gine-gine

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Korayen gine-gine
type of infrastructure (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na Infrastructure da urban environment (en) Fassara
Influenced by (en) Fassara yanayi na halitta
Uses (en) Fassara Makamashi mai sabuntawa, Tsarin mulki, landscaping (en) Fassara da Injiniyan muhalli
Runoff daga kusa yana gudana zuwa wani Bioswale da ke kusa

Kayan aikin kore ko kayan aikin shuɗi-kore yana nufin cibiyar sadarwa wacce ke ba da "kayan aiki" don warware ƙalubalen birane da yanayi ta hanyar gini tare da yanayi.[1] Babban abubuwan da ke cikin wannan tsarin sun haɗa da kula da ruwan sama, daidaita yanayin yanayi, rage damuwa game da zafi, kara yawan halittu, Samar da abinci, ingancin iska, samar da Makamashi mai ɗorewa, ruwa mai tsabta, da ƙasa mai kyau, da kuma ƙarin ayyukan da ke tattare da mutum, kamar haɓaka ingancin rayuwa ta hanyar nishaɗi da samar da inuwa da mafaka a ciki da kewayen garuruwa da birane.[2][3] Har ila yau, kayan aikin kore suna aiki don samar da tsarin muhalli don zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da lafiyar muhalli na kewayen.[4] Kwanan nan malamai da masu gwagwarmaya sun kuma yi kira ga kayan aikin kore wanda ke inganta hada kai da daidaito na zamantakewa maimakon karfafa tsarin da ya riga ya kasance na rashin daidaito ga ayyukan da suka danganci yanayi.[5]

Ana ɗaukar kayan aikin kore a matsayin wani ɓangare na "Tsarin da ke dorewa da Resilient", wanda aka bayyana a cikin ƙa'idodi kamar SuRe, Ma'auni don Tsayayya da Resiliant Infrastructure. Koyaya, kayan aikin kore na iya nufin "ƙananan kayan aikin carbon" kamar kayan aikin makamashi mai sabuntawa da tsarin Sufuri na jama'a (Dubi "ƙananan abubuwan more rayuwa na carbon").[6] Blue-green kayayyakin more rayuwa kuma na iya zama wani bangare na "tsarin magudanar ruwa mai dorewa" ko "Tsarin ruwa mai ɗorewa birane" (SuDS ko SUDS) wanda aka tsara don sarrafa yawan ruwa da inganci, yayin da yake samar da ingantawa ga biodiversity da kayan more rayuwa.[7]

Gabatarwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Abubuwan more rayuwa masu kore

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Misali na yankin maganin halittu don runoff.

Ana iya amfani da yanayi don samar da muhimman ayyuka ga al'ummomi ta hanyar kare su daga ambaliyar ruwa ko zafi mai yawa, ko taimakawa inganta iska, ƙasa da ingancin ruwa. Lokacin da mutane ke amfani da yanayi kuma suna amfani da shi azaman tsarin ababen more rayuwa ana kiransa "abinci mai kore". Yawancin irin waɗannan ƙoƙarin suna ɗaukar su a matsayin samfurin Filayen, inda ƙasa mai sha ke hana rugujewa da tsire-tsire masu gurɓataccen abu.[8] Kayan aikin kore yana faruwa a kowane sikelin. Sau da yawa ana danganta shi da tsarin kula da ruwan sama mai laushi, wanda yake da basira kuma yana da tsada.[9] Koyaya, kayan aikin kore suna aiki ne a matsayin ƙarin bangare ga wasu ra'ayoyin da suka danganci, kuma a ƙarshe suna ba da tsarin muhalli don zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da lafiyar muhalli na kewayen.[10][11]

Abubuwan more rayuwa masu launin shudi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

"Blue infrastructure" yana nufin kayan aikin birane da suka shafi ruwa. Kayan aikin shudi galibi suna da alaƙa da kayan aikin kore a cikin birane kuma ana iya kiransu "kayan aikin shuɗi-kore" lokacin da ake kallo a hade. Koguna, rafi, tafkuna, da tabkuna na iya kasancewa a matsayin siffofin halitta a cikin birane, ko kuma a kara su zuwa yanayin birni a matsayin wani bangare na ƙirar ta. Ci gaban birane na bakin teku na iya amfani da siffofin da suka riga sun kasance na bakin teku da aka yi amfani da su musamman a cikin ƙirar su. Harbours, quays, piers, da sauran tsawo na birane kuma ana ƙara su sau da yawa don kama fa'idodi da ke da alaƙa da yanayin ruwa. Kayan aiki na blue na iya tallafawa bambancin halittu na ruwa na musamman a cikin birane, gami da kwari na ruwa,[12] amphibians,[13] da tsuntsayen ruwa.[14] Akwai yiwuwar fa'idodi masu yawa ga kiwon lafiya da jin daɗin jama'a tare da samun damar yin amfani da sarari mai launin shudi a cikin birane.[15][16] Ana kuma kiran kayan aikin shuɗi a cikin birane a matsayin sararin shuɗi.

Kalmomin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ra'ayoyi don tsarin birane masu kore sun fara ne a cikin shekarun 1870 tare da ra'ayoyin aikin gona na birane da kayan lambu.[1] Sauran kalmomin sun haɗa da Ayyukan gudanarwa mafi kyau na ruwan sama, sarrafa tushen, da ayyukan ci gaban tasiri mai ƙarancin tasiri (LID).[17]

Ka'idodin kayan aikin kore sun samo asali ne a tsakiyar shekarun 1980s don mafi kyawun ayyukan gudanarwa waɗanda zasu cimma burin gudanar da ruwa mai yawa don rage girman runoff, rigakafin rushewa, da sake caji. A cikin 1987, gyare-gyare ga Dokar Ruwa Mai Tsabtace ta Amurka ta gabatar da sabbin tanadi don gudanar da tushen gurɓataccen ruwa daga amfani da ƙasa na birane, kafa buƙatar doka don ayyukan da ba kamar kayan aikin ruwa na al'ada ba ne ke gudanar da runoff "a tushe". Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta buga ƙa'idodinta na farko don tsarin sharar gida na gari ("MS4") a cikin 1990, tana buƙatar manyan MS4s don haɓaka shirye-shiryen hana gurɓata ruwan sama da aiwatar da "ayyukan sarrafa tushe". Littafin hannu na EPA na 1993, Urban Runoff Pollution Prevention and Control Planning, ya gano mafi kyawun ayyukan gudanarwa don la'akari da irin waɗannan tsare-tsaren, gami da kula da kayan lambu, ayyukan tacewa da ayyukan shiga (trenches, porous pavement). An buga ka'idojin da suka shafi ƙananan ƙananan hukumomi a cikin 1999. MS4s suna aiki sama da 80% na yawan jama'ar Amurka kuma suna samar da magudanar ruwa ga 4% na yankin ƙasar.[18]

Infrastructure na kore wani ra'ayi ne wanda ke nuna muhimmancin yanayin halitta a cikin yanke shawara game da tsara amfani da ƙasa. Koyaya, kalmar ba ta da ma'anar da aka sani da ita.[19] Har ila yau an san shi da "blue-green infrastructure", ko "green-blue birane grid" yawancin ƙira-, kiyayewa- da kuma tsarawa da suka shafi horo kuma galibi suna nuna kula da ruwan sama, daidaita yanayin yanayi da kuma sararin samaniya mai yawa.[20][1]

Kalmar "kayan aikin kore" wani lokacin ana fadada shi zuwa "kayan aiki da yawa". Multifunctionality a cikin wannan mahallin yana nufin haɗin kai da hulɗa na ayyuka daban-daban ko ayyuka a kan wannan yanki na ƙasa.

EPA ta fadada manufar "kayan aikin kore" don amfani da gudanar da ruwan sama a matakin gida ta hanyar amfani da tsarin halitta, ko tsarin injiniya wanda ke kwaikwayon tsarin halitta, don magance gurɓataccen ruwa.[21] Wannan amfani da kalmar "kore infrastructure" don komawa ga birane "kore" mafi kyawun ayyukan gudanarwa yana ba da gudummawa ga lafiyar yanayin halittu gaba ɗaya, kodayake ba tsakiya ba ne ga babban ra'ayi.

Koyaya, a bayyane yake cewa ana amfani da kalmar "blue-green infrastructure" a cikin yanayin birni kuma yana mai da hankali kan gudanar da ruwan sama a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙirƙirar yanayin birni mai ɗorewa, mai aiki da yawa.[20] A matakin gini, ana amfani da kalmar "blue-green architecture", wanda ke aiwatar da ka'idoji iri ɗaya a kan karamin sikelin. An mayar da hankali a nan a kan gine-gine tare da gudanar da ruwa daga madadin albarkatun ruwa kamar ruwan toka da ruwan sama.[22]

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kayan aikin kore a matsayin kalma bai bayyana ba har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990, kodayake an yi amfani da ra'ayoyin kayan aikin kore tun kafin haka. An fara amfani da kalmar ne a cikin rahoton 1994 da Buddy MacKay, shugaban Hukumar Greenways ta Florida, ya yi wa gwamnan Florida Lawton Chiles game da aikin ababen more rayuwa da aka gudanar a 1991: Florida Greenways Project.[23] MacKay ya ce, "Kamar yadda muke tsara kayan aikin da al'ummominmu ke buƙata don tallafawa mutanen da ke zaune a can - hanyoyi, ruwa da wutar lantarki - don haka dole ne mu fara tsarawa da sarrafa kayan aikin kore na Florida".

Tsohon kasar Sin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gidajen wallafe-wallafen kasar Sin misali ne na ciyawa mai ɗorewa wanda ke nuna kyawawan dabi'u a yankunan da ke kusa da birni. Wadannan lambuna, wadanda suka samo asali ne daga Daular Shang (1600-1046 BC), an tsara su ne don ba da damar nau'ikan shuke-shuke na asali su bunƙasa a cikin yanayin su na halitta kuma su bayyana ba tare da mutane ba. Wannan ya haifar da wuraren shakatawa na muhalli a cikin birni.[24]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Hiltrud Pötz & Pierre Bleuze (2011). Urban green-blue grids for sustainable and dynamic cities. Delft: Coop for life. ISBN 978-90-818804-0-4.
  2. ↑ Chiesura, Anna (2004). "The role of urban parks for the sustainable city". Landscape and Urban Planning. 68 (1): 129–138. Bibcode:2004LUrbP..68..129C. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.08.003.
  3. ↑ "Sustainable trade infrastructure in Africa: A key element for growth and prosperity?". International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development.
  4. ↑ "Nachhaltigesinvestment 2016". Archived from the original on 2017-01-23. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
  5. ↑ Staddon, Chad; Ward, Sarah; De Vito, Laura; Zuniga-Teran, Adriana; Gerlak, Andrea K.; Schoeman, Yolandi; Hart, Aimee; Booth, Giles (September 2018). "Contributions of green infrastructure to enhancing urban resilience". Environment Systems and Decisions. 38 (3): 330–338. Bibcode:2018EnvSD..38..330S. doi:10.1007/s10669-018-9702-9. S2CID 62800263.
  6. ↑ Chiesura, Anna (2004). "The role of urban parks for the sustainable city". Landscape and Urban Planning. 68 (1): 129–138. Bibcode:2004LUrbP..68..129C. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.08.003.
  7. ↑ "Sustainable trade infrastructure in Africa: A key element for growth and prosperity?". International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development.
  8. ↑ Chiesura, Anna (2004). "The role of urban parks for the sustainable city". Landscape and Urban Planning. 68 (1): 129–138. Bibcode:2004LUrbP..68..129C. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.08.003.
  9. ↑ "The Value of Green Infrastructure: A Guide to Recognizing Its Economic, Environmental and Social Benefits" (PDF). Center for Neighborhood Technology. 21 January 2011.
  10. ↑ "Sustainable trade infrastructure in Africa: A key element for growth and prosperity?". International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development.
  11. ↑ Gunawardena, K. R.; Wells, M. J.; Kershaw, T. (2017-04-15). "Utilising green and bluespace to mitigate urban heat island intensity". Science of the Total Environment. 584-585: 1040–1055. Bibcode:2017ScTEn.584.1040G. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.158. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 28161043.
  12. ↑ Chiesura, Anna (2004). "The role of urban parks for the sustainable city". Landscape and Urban Planning. 68 (1): 129–138. Bibcode:2004LUrbP..68..129C. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.08.003.
  13. ↑ "Sustainable trade infrastructure in Africa: A key element for growth and prosperity?". International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development.
  14. ↑ Staddon, Chad; Ward, Sarah; De Vito, Laura; Zuniga-Teran, Adriana; Gerlak, Andrea K.; Schoeman, Yolandi; Hart, Aimee; Booth, Giles (September 2018). "Contributions of green infrastructure to enhancing urban resilience". Environment Systems and Decisions. 38 (3): 330–338. Bibcode:2018EnvSD..38..330S. doi:10.1007/s10669-018-9702-9. S2CID 62800263.
  15. ↑ Chiesura, Anna (2004). "The role of urban parks for the sustainable city". Landscape and Urban Planning. 68 (1): 129–138. Bibcode:2004LUrbP..68..129C. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.08.003.
  16. ↑ Grellier, James; White, Mathew P; Albin, Maria; Bell, Simon; Elliott, Lewis R; Gascón, Mireia; Gualdi, Silvio; Mancini, Laura; Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J; Sarigiannis, Dennis A; van den Bosch, Matilda; Wolf, Tanja; Wuijts, Susanne; Fleming, Lora E (2017). "BlueHealth: a study programme protocol for mapping and quantifying the potential benefits to public health and well-being from Europe's blue spaces". BMJ Open. 7 (6). doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016188. PMC 5726080. PMID 28615276.
  17. ↑ "Urban Runoff: Low Impact Development". EPA. 2020-10-07. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016.
  18. ↑ "Sustainable trade infrastructure in Africa: A key element for growth and prosperity?". International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development.
  19. ↑ Chiesura, Anna (2004). "The role of urban parks for the sustainable city". Landscape and Urban Planning. 68 (1): 129–138. Bibcode:2004LUrbP..68..129C. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.08.003.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Multifunctional green areas enriching urban life". www.ramboll.com. Retrieved 2022-05-22.
  21. ↑ "What is Green Infrastructure?". EPA. 2020-11-02. Archived from the original on July 24, 2016.
  22. ↑ Well, Friederike; Ludwig, Ferdinand (March 2020). "Blue–green architecture: A case study analysis considering the synergetic effects of water and vegetation". Frontiers of Architectural Research. 9 (1): 191–202. doi:10.1016/j.foar.2019.11.001.
  23. ↑ Chiesura, Anna (2004). "The role of urban parks for the sustainable city". Landscape and Urban Planning. 68 (1): 129–138. Bibcode:2004LUrbP..68..129C. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.08.003.
  24. ↑ Yang, Fengping; Ignatieva, Maria; Larsson, Anders; Xiu, Na; Zhang, Shuoxin (2019-02-01). "Historical Development and Practices of Lawns in China". Environment and History. 25 (1): 23–54. Bibcode:2019EnHis..25...23Y. doi:10.3197/096734018x15137949592098. ISSN 0967-3407. S2CID 89980639.
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