Kotun soji ta Drumhead

Kotun soji ta Drumhead
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Ƙaramin ɓangare na	court-martial (en)

Kotun Soja ta drumhead kotun soji ce da aka gudanar a fagen don gabatar da taƙaitaccen adalci ga laifuka da aka aikata a cikin aiki. An ce kalmar ta samo asali ne daga drum da aka yi amfani da su azaman tebur da drumheads kamar yadda ake rubuta a cikin gwaji da kisa na soja.

Asalin

Amfani na farko da aka rubuta yana cikin tarihin Ingilishi na Yakin Peninsular (1807). Kalmar a wasu lokuta tana da ma'anar taƙaitaccen adalci, tare da rashin nuna bambanci na shari'a, kamar yadda aka lura a cikin rubuce-rubucen shari'ar a Nuremberg na Josef Bühler.

A cewar Sir Arthur Wynne Morgan Bryant, irin waɗannan kotunan soji sun ba da umarnin bugawa ko ratayewa don azabtar da sojoji (da jami'ai'an su) waɗanda suka kasance masu tsoro, rashin biyayya, ko, a madadin haka, sun yi hanzari; kuma musamman a matsayin hana maye. Hakanan ana amfani dashi azaman ambaton Kotun kangaroo a cikin hanyar da ba ta dace ba.

Yaƙin Duniya na II

Nazi Jamus

Daga 1934, kowane bangare na Sojojin Jamus yana da kotun soja. Bayan mamaye Poland, Oberkommando des Heeres ya so ya gabatar da tsarin da ya ba da damar yin gwaji mai sauri, saboda an yi imanin cewa tsari mai sauri zai zama mafi inganci. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1939 an zartar da doka wacce ta ba da izinin gwajin drumhead idan an ga ya zama dole a lokacin yaƙi. Kowane kwamandan rundunar zai iya yanke shawarar sanar da kotun soja game da ƙungiyarsa, ko kuma zai iya kiran shari'ar drumhead lokacin da aka zargi wani da aikata laifi. Za a iya aiwatar da shawarar shari'ar drumhead nan take. Tare da farkon shekara ta 1944 babban kwamandan ya kafa 'yan sanda na musamman, "High command Feldjägerkorps", wanda ke cikin kwamandan gwaje-gwaje na musamman da ake kira fliegende Standgerichte, wanda ya ƙunshi alƙalai masu motsi.

A cikin watanni biyu na ƙarshe na Yaƙin Duniya na II, Adolf Hitler ya ba da izinin amfani da Fliegendes Sonder-Standgericht ("ƙwararrun kotun soja na musamman" ko "ƙwararrun drumhead na musamman"), kotunan soja na Jamus da aka yi amfani da su. Amfani da "jirgi" yana nufin motsi kuma yana iya komawa ga "kotu masu tashi" da aka gudanar a Italiyanci Libya. An kai alƙalai na soja na Italiya ta jirgin sama zuwa wurin 'yan tawaye da aka kama, inda aka gwada' yan tawaye a kotun soja jim kadan bayan kama su.

Misali na wannan shine taƙaitaccen shari'ar jami'ai biyar da aka samu da laifin rashin hana Yammacin Allies daga kama Ludendorff Bridge a lokacin Yaƙin Remagen a ranar 7 ga Maris 1945. A kan umarni kai tsaye daga Hitler, Janar Rudolf Hübner ya gwada Major Hans Scheller, Kyaftin Willi Bratge, Kyaftin Karl Friesenhahn, Laftanar Karl Heinz Peters, Maj. Herbert Strobel da Maj. Agusta Kraft. Hübner, wanda ba shi da ƙwarewar shari'a, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da kara da alƙali. Ya gudanar da gajerun shari'o'in nunawa inda ya yi wa wadanda ake tuhuma jawabi game da gazawar umarnin da ake zargi da su, sannan ya yanke hukunci. Dukkanin jami'an an yanke musu hukuncin kisa sai dai Friesenhahn, wanda bai yi nasara ba ya yi ƙoƙari ya fashe cajin fashewa da aka yi wa gadar kafin daga baya sojojin Allied suka kama shi. Baya ga Bratge (wanda aka kama tare da Friesenhahn), an kai jami'an da aka yanke musu hukunci zuwa dazuzzuka da ke kusa da su cikin sa'o'i 24, an kashe su da harbi a bayan wuyan, kuma an binne su inda suka fadi.

Bayan da aka gaza makircin kashe Hitler a watan Yulin 1944, Janar Friedrich Fromm, bayan ya kama masu makircin, ya dauki bakuncin kotun soji da ta yanke wa masu makirci hukuncin kisa ta hanyar harbi. Dietrich Bonhoeffer, wanda ake zargi da alaƙa da makircin kisan kai, an yi masa shari'a kuma an kashe shi.

Bayan da aka zargi Admiral Canaris, shugaban Abwehr, hukumar leken asiri ta soja ta Jamus, da hannu a cikin shirin 20 ga Yuli don kashe Hitler, Hitler ya ba da izini ga Heinrich Himmler don a gwada Canaris kuma a yanke masa hukuncin kisa ta hanyar kotun soja.

Daular Japan

Dokar Maƙiya ta Maƙiya ba da gudummawa ga mutuwar daruruwan 'yan saman Allied a duk lokacin WWII a cikin Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Pacific. An kiyasta kimanin 'yan saman Allied 132 da aka harbe a lokacin yakin fashewar bam a kan Japan a 1944-1945 an kashe su bayan gajeren gwajin kangaroo ko kotunan drumhead.

A cikin al'adun gargajiya

The Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "The Drumhead" (1991) ya shafi binciken ciki na Starfleet game da fashewa a cikin jirgin Enterprise-D, da farko an ɗauka ya zama sabotage, wanda sannu a hankali ya koma cikin abin da Kyaftin Jean-Luc Picard ya kwatanta da "trials na drumhead".