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Kroatiya
Hrvatska (hr)
Flag of Croatia (en) Coat of arms of Croatia (en)
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Take Lijepa naša domovino (en) Fassara
Kirari «Full of life»
«Llawn bywyd»
Wuri
Map
 45°15′00″N 15°28′00″E / 45.25°N 15.46667°E / 45.25; 15.46667
Babban birni Zagreb
Yawan mutane
Faɗi 3,871,833 (2021)
• Yawan mutane 68.41 mazaunan/km²
Harshen gwamnati Croatian (en) Fassara
Labarin ƙasa
Bangare na Tarayyar Turai, post-Yugoslavia states (en) Fassara, Schengen Area (en) Fassara, eurozone (en) Fassara da Southern Europe (en) Fassara
Yawan fili 56,594 km²
Wuri a ina ko kusa da wace teku Adriatic Sea (en) Fassara
Wuri mafi tsayi Dinara (mul) Fassara (1,831 m)
Wuri mafi ƙasa Adriatic Sea (en) Fassara (0 m)
Sun raba iyaka da
Sloveniya
Hungariya
Serbiya
Herzegovina
Montenegro
Liberland
Bayanan tarihi
Mabiyi Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (en) Fassara, Socialist Republic of Croatia (en) Fassara da Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia (en) Fassara
Ƙirƙira 25 ga Yuni, 1991
Muhimman sha'ani
Tsarin Siyasa
Tsarin gwamnati jamhuriya
Majalisar zartarwa Government of Croatia (en) Fassara
Gangar majalisa Parliament of Croatia (en) Fassara
• President of Croatia (en) Fassara Zoran Milanović (mul) Fassara (19 ga Faburairu, 2020)
• Prime Minister of Croatia (en) Fassara Andrej Plenković (en) Fassara (19 Oktoba 2016)
Ikonomi
Nominal GDP (en) Fassara 70,964,606,465 $ (2022)
Kuɗi euro (mul) Fassara
Bayanan Tuntuɓa
Kasancewa a yanki na lokaci
Suna ta yanar gizo .hr (mul) Fassara
Tsarin lamba ta kiran tarho +385
Lambar taimakon gaggawa *#06#, 192 (en) Fassara, 93 (en) Fassara da 94 (en) Fassara
Lambar ƙasa HR
NUTS code HR0
Wasu abun
Yanar gizo vlada.hr
Murter, Kroatiya (1995)
Tutar Kroatiya.
kasar kroshiya
dumbin al'ummar kroshiya a wasu bukukuwan a shekarata 2004

Kroatiya ko Kuroshiya[1] ƙasa ce, da ke a nahiyar Turai. Babban birnin ƙasar Kroatiya Zagreb ne. Kroatiya tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita arabba'i 56,594. Kroatiya tana da yawan jama'a , Bisa ga jimilla a shekarar 2019. Kroatiya tana da iyaka da ƙasasen huɗu: Sloveniya a Arewa maso Yamma, Hungariya a Arewa maso Gabas, Serbiya a Gabas, Bosnia-Herzegovina da Montenegro a Kudu maso Gabas. Kroatiya ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1991 (Akwai ƙasar Kroatiya mai mulkin kai daga karni na goma zuwa karni na sha biyu ; Daga shekara ta 1918 zuwa shekara ta 1991, Kroatiya yanki ce a cikin tsohon ƙasar Yugoslaviya).

Daga shekara ta 2020, shugaban ƙasar Kroatiya Zoran Milanović ne. Firaministan ƙasar Kroatiya Andrej Plenković shine daga shekara ta 2016.

wasu many an kasar kroshiya

Hotuna

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  • Gadar Sisak, da ke akan Kogin Kupa
    Gadar Sisak, da ke akan Kogin Kupa
  • Taswirar Croatia a shekarar 1942
    Taswirar Croatia a shekarar 1942
  • Tsibirin Kozjak
    Tsibirin Kozjak


Asalinta

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Babban labarin: Sunayen Croats da Croatia Sunan da ba na Croatia ba ya samo asali ne daga Medieval Latin Croātia, ita kanta asalin Slavic ta Arewa-Yamma * Xərwate, ta hanyar metathesis na ruwa daga zamanin Slavic gama gari *Xorvat, daga Proto-Slavic *Xъrvátъ da aka ba da shawarar wanda wataƙila ya fito ne daga karni na 3 Scytho-Sarmatian da aka rubuta a cikin Tablet Tana. Χοροάθος (Khoroáthos, madadin siffofin sun haɗa da Khoróatos da Khoroúathos).[2]to ƙabilanci ba shi da tabbas, amma mafi yiwuwa daga Proto-Ossetian / Alanian *xurvæt- ko *xurvāt-, a ma'anar "wanda yake gadi" ("majibi, mai tsaro").[3]

Mafi dadewa kiyaye rikodin na Croatian ethnonym ta asali bambance-bambancen * xъrvatъ ne na m kara, shaida a cikin Baška kwamfutar hannu a cikin style zvъnъmirъ kralъ xrъvatъskъ ("Zvonimir, Croatian sarki"), [4] yayin da Latin bambancin Croatorum ne archaeologically samu a karshen da Ikilisiya da aka rubuta a cikin wani Ikilisiya. Na 8 ko farkon karni na 9.[5] Rubutun dutse mafi dadewa da ke da cikakken tarihin ƙabilanci shine rubutun Branimir na ƙarni na 9 da aka samo a kusa da Benkovac, inda Duke Branimir ke sa salon Dux Cruatorvm, mai yiwuwa yana da kwanan wata tsakanin 879 zuwa 892, a lokacin mulkinsa.[6] kalmar Latin Chroatorum an danganta shi da wata yarjejeniya ta Duke Trpimir I na Croatia, mai kwanan wata zuwa 852 a cikin kwafin 1568 na asalin da ya ɓace, amma ba tabbas ko ainihin ainihin ya girmi rubutun Branimir.[7] ,[8] [9]

Tarihi

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Babban labarin: Tarihin Croatia Tarihi da tsoho Babban labarin: Tarihin Croatia kafin Croats Hoton yumbura Sassaka Dutse Hagu: Kurciya Vučedol, wani sassaka daga 2800-2500 BC. Dama: Apoxyomenos na Croatian, Hoton Girkanci na Tsohuwar, 2nd ko 1st century BC. Yankin da aka fi sani da Croatia a yau yana zama a cikin zamanin da aka rigaya. An gano burbushin burbushin Neanderthal tun daga tsakiyar Palaeolithic a arewacin Croatia, wanda aka fi gabatarwa a wurin Krapina.[10] An sami ragowar al'adun Neolithic da Chalcolithic a duk yankuna.,[11] Mafi girman rabon rukunin yanar gizon yana cikin kwaruruka na arewacin Croatia. Mafi mahimmanci sune al'adun Baden, Starčevo, da Vučedol.[12] [13]] Zamanin Iron ya karbi bakuncin al'adun farko na Illyrian Hallstatt da al'adun Celtic La Tène.[14]

Illyrians da Liburnians sun zauna yankin na Croatia na zamani, yayin da aka kafa yankunan farko na Girka a tsibirin Hvar, [[15] Korčula, da Vis.[16] A cikin 9 AD, yankin Croatia na yau ya zama wani ɓangare na Daular Roma. Sarkin sarakuna Diocletian dan asalin yankin ne. Yana da wani katafaren fada da aka gina a Split, inda ya yi ritaya bayan ya sauka a shekara ta 305 Miladiyya[17]

A cikin karni na 5, na karshe de jure Sarkin Roma na Yamma Julius Nepos ya yi sarauta a wani karamin daula daga fadar bayan ya gudu daga Italiya a shekara ta 475.[18]

Tsakanin Zamani

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Manyan labarai: Duchy na Croatia, Masarautar Croatia (925-1102), Masarautar Croatia (1102-1526), da Jamhuriyar Ragusa [19] [20] Masarautar Croatia c. 925, a lokacin mulkin King Tomislav[21] Zamanin Romawa ya ƙare da mamayewar Avar da Croat a ƙarshen 6th da farkon rabin ƙarni na 7 da lalata kusan dukkanin garuruwan Romawa. Wadanda suka tsira daga Romawa sun koma wurare masu kyau a bakin teku, tsibirai, da tsaunuka. An kafa birnin Dubrovnik da irin waɗannan waɗanda suka tsira daga Epidaururum.[22] [23] @,[24] [25] [26] Akwai rashin tabbas game da ethnogenesis na Croats. Ka'idar da aka fi yarda da ita, ka'idar Slavic, ta ba da shawarar ƙaura na farin Croats daga Farin Croat a lokacin Hijira. Sabanin haka, ka'idar Iran ta ba da shawarar asalin Sarmatian-Alanic na Proto-Croats, bisa ga Allunan Tanais da ke ɗauke da rubuce-rubucen Tsohuwar Hellenanci na sunayen da aka ba su Khoróathos) da fassararsu a matsayin sunayen ɗan adam da ke da alaƙa da ƙabilar Croatian.[27] [28] [29] [30][31] [32] ] Ko da yake akwai wasu rikice-rikice na masana game da amincin asusun da fassarar, [33] [34] bayanai archaeological na baya-bayan nan sun tabbatar da cewa ƙaura da sulhu na Slavs / Croats ya kasance a ƙarshen 6th da farkon karni na 7.[35] [36] [37] [38] a[39] [40]

Haɗin kai tare da Hungary da Austria

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Manyan labarai: Masarautar Croatia (Habsburg) da Austria-Hungary Ƙarin bayani: Yaƙe-yaƙe na Croatian-Ottoman

Ban Josip Jelačić a wurin buɗe majalisar dokokin Croatian zamani ta farko (Sabor), 5 Yuni 1848. Ana iya ganin tutar Croatian tricolor a bango. A cikin ƙarni huɗu masu zuwa, Sabor (majalisa) ne ke mulkin Masarautar Croatia da Ban (viceroy) wanda sarki ya nada.[41] Wannan lokacin ya ga haɓakar manyan manyan mutane kamar dangin Frankopan da Šubić don yin fice, kuma a ƙarshe yawancin Bans daga iyalai biyu.[42] Ana samun karuwar barazanar mamaye Ottoman da kuma gwagwarmaya da Jamhuriyar Venice don kula da yankunan bakin teku. Venetian sun mallaki yawancin Dalmatiya a shekara ta 1428, sai dai birnin Dubrovnik, wanda ya zama mai cin gashin kansa. Yakin Ottoman ya kai ga yakin 1493 na filin Krbava da yakin Mohács na 1526, dukkansu sun kawo karshen nasarar Ottoman. Sarki Louis II ya mutu a Mohács, kuma a cikin 1527, majalisar dokokin Croatia ta hadu a Cetin kuma ta zabi Ferdinand I na House of Habsburg a matsayin sabon sarkin Croatia, a karkashin sharadin cewa ya kare Croatia daga Daular Ottoman tare da mutunta 'yancinta na siyasa.[43] @,[44] [45] [46] A lokacin Babban Yaƙin Turkiyya (1683-1698), Slavonia ta dawo, amma Bosnia ta Yamma, wadda ta kasance wani ɓangare na Croatia kafin yaƙin Ottoman, ya kasance a wajen ikon Croatia.[47] [48] Bayan da Ostiriya-Hungary ta mamaye Bosnia da Herzegovina bayan yarjejeniyar Berlin ta 1878, an soke iyakar soja. Sassan Croatian da Slavonian na Frontier sun dawo Croatia a cikin 1881, [49] ƙarƙashin tanadin Matsugunin Croatian – Hungarian.[50] [51] ] Ƙoƙarin sake fasalin Ostiriya-Hungary, wanda ya haɗa da tarayya tare da Croatia a matsayin ƙungiyar tarayya, yakin duniya na ɗaya ya dakatar da shi.[65] [52]

da Ragusan, suka kafa lardunan Illyrian.[53] Saboda haka, sojojin ruwa na sarauta sun tare Tekun Adriatic, wanda ya kai ga yakin Vis a 1811.[54] A shekara ta 1813 'yan Austriya suka kame lardunan Illyrian kuma daular Austriya ta mamaye su bayan taron majalisar Vienna a shekara ta 1815. Wannan ya haifar da kafuwar daular Dalmatiya tare da maido da Lardin Croatian zuwa Masarautar Croatia a karkashin kambi daya [55] Shekarun 1830 da 1840 sun nuna kishin kasa na soyayya wanda ya yi wahayi zuwa ga Farfadowar Kasa ta Croatia, yakin siyasa da al'adu da ke ba da shawarar hadin kan Kudancin Slavs a cikin daular. Babban abin da ya fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne kafa daidaitaccen harshe a matsayin ma'aunin nauyi ga Hungarian yayin haɓaka adabi da al'adun Croatia.[56]A lokacin juyin juya halin Hungary na 1848, Croatia ta goyi bayan Austria. Ban Josip Jelačić ya taimaka wajen kayar da Hungariya a shekara ta 1849 kuma ya shigar da manufar Jamusanci.[57]

A cikin 1860s, gazawar manufofin ya bayyana, wanda ya haifar da sasantawar Austro-Hungary na 1867. Ƙirƙirar haɗin kai tsakanin daular Austrian da Masarautar Hungary ya biyo baya. Yarjejeniyar ta bar matsayin Croatia zuwa Hungary, wanda Matsugunan Croatian-Hungary na 1868 suka warware shi lokacin da masarautun Croatia da Slavonia suka hade.[58] Masarautar Dalmatia ta ci gaba da kasancewa ƙarƙashin ikon Ostiriya, yayin da Rijeka ya riƙe matsayin corpus separatum wanda aka gabatar a baya a cikin 1779.[59]

zuwa Croatia a cikin 1881, [60] rian Settlement.[61] [62] I.[63] ]

Yaƙin Duniya da Yugoslavia

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Manyan labarai: Ƙirƙirar Yugoslavia, Masarautar Yugoslavia, Banovina na Croatia, Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a Yugoslavia, da Jamhuriyyar gurguzu ta Croatia [64] Zanga-zangar gama gari a Zagreb don nuna adawa da haɗewar Ƙasar Slovenes, Croats da Sabiyawa da Masarautar Serbia a 1918 A ranar 29 ga Oktoba 1918, Majalisar Croatian (Sabor) ta ayyana 'yancin kai kuma ta yanke shawarar shiga sabuwar kasar Slovenes, Croats, da Serbs, [[65] wanda daga baya ya shiga cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Masarautar Serbia a ranar 4 ga Disamba 1918 don kafa Masarautar Sabiya, Croats, da Slovenes.[m[66] Majalisar Croatian ba ta taɓa amincewa da haɗin gwiwa da Sabiya da Montenegro ba.[m[67] Kundin tsarin mulki na 1921 wanda ya ayyana ƙasar a matsayin ƙasa mai haɗin kai da kuma soke majalisar dokokin Croatia da rarrabuwar gudanarwa ta tarihi ta ƙare da cin gashin kanta ta Croatia yadda ya kamata. [68] Sabuwar kundin tsarin mulkin ya sami adawa da mafi yawan goyon bayan jam'iyyar siyasa na kasa-Jam'iyyar Mazauna ta Croatia (HSS) karkashin jagorancin Stjepan Radić.[[69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] A lokaci guda kuma, 'yan kabilar Yugoslavia da 'yan kishin kasa na Serbia Chetniks sun bi wani kamfen na kisan kare dangi a kan Croat da Musulmai, [75] [76] wanda Italiya ta taimaka.[77] Sojojin Jamus na Nazi sun aikata laifuka da ramuwar gayya kan farar hula don ramuwar gayya ga ayyukan Bangaranci, kamar a ƙauyukan Kamešnica da Lipa a cikin 1944.[78] [79] [80] Wani yunkuri na juriya ya fito. A ranar 22 ga Yuni 1941, [m[81]an kafa 1st Sisak Partisan Detachment kusa da Sisak, rukunin soja na farko da aka kafa ta hanyar gwagwarmaya a cikin Turai da ta mamaye.[82] Wannan ya haifar da farkon yunkurin jam'iyyar Yugoslavia, wata kungiyar gurguzu, mai adawa da fasisti mai kabilu da dama karkashin jagorancin Josip Broz Tito.[83] A cikin kabilanci, Croats sune masu ba da gudummawa na biyu mafi girma ga ƙungiyar Partisan bayan Sabiya.[84]A cikin kowane mutum, Croats sun ba da gudummawa daidai gwargwado ga yawan jama'arsu a cikin Yugoslavia.[85]A watan Mayu 1944 (a cewar Tito), Croats sun kasance kashi 30% na ƙabilar Partisan, duk da kasancewar kashi 22% na yawan jama'a.[86] Wannan yunkuri ya bunkasa cikin sauri, kuma a taron Tehran a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1943, 'yan jam'iyyar sun sami karbuwa daga kawancen kawance[87]

Tare da taimakon Allied a cikin kayan aiki, kayan aiki, horo da ƙarfin iska, tare da taimakon sojojin Soviet da suka shiga cikin 1944 Belgrade Offensive, Partisans sun sami iko da .[88] cikin shekaru masu zuwa, 'yan kabilar Jamus sun fuskanci tsanantawa a Yugoslavia, kuma da yawa sun shiga tsakani.[89] [90] [91] lokaci guda kuma, an sami ɗimbin ƴan gudun hijira na Croatia a lokacin yakin cacar baka, wanda ya haɗa da ƙoƙarin kafa gwamnati a gudun hijira.[100]

Samun yanci

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Bayan mutuwar Tito a shekara ta 1980, yanayin siyasa a Yugoslavia ya tabarbare. 1986 SANU Memorandum da juyin mulki na 1989 a Vojvodina, Kosovo, da Montenegro ya haifar da tashin hankali na ƙasa.[92] [93] cikin Janairu 1990, Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta wargaje bisa layin kasa, tare da bangaren Croatian suna neman a kafa tarayya mai sassauci[94] A cikin wannan shekarar, an gudanar da zaɓen jam'iyyu da yawa na farko a ƙasar Croatia, yayin da nasarar Franjo Tuđman ta ƙara dagula al'amura na kishin ƙasa.[95] wasu Sabiyawan a Croatia sun bar Sabor kuma suka ayyana yancin cin gashin kai na Jamhuriyar Serbian Krajina da ba a amince da ita ba, da niyyar samun 'yancin kai daga Croatia.[96] [97]

[98] [99] <> A halin da ake ciki, tashin hankali ya ƙaru zuwa yaƙi a fili lokacin da sojojin Yugoslavia na jama'ar Serbia (JNA) da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na Sabiyawa daban-daban suka kai hari Croatia.[100]


[101] 1m,[102] Ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na Sabiyawa daga nan suka fara yaƙin kisa, ta'addanci, da korar 'yan Croat a yankunan da aka mamaye, inda suka kashe dubbai[103] [104] [105] Sabiyawan da ke zaune a garuruwan Croatia, musamman waɗanda ke kusa da sahun gaba, an fuskanci wariya iri-iri.,[106] [107] [108]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.[109] [110] Yaƙin ya ƙare sosai a cikin Agusta 1995 tare da gagarumar nasara ta Croatia; [111] ana tunawa da taron kowace shekara a ranar 5 ga Agusta a matsayin Nasara da Ranar Godiya ta Gida da Ranar Masu Kare Croatia.[112] Bayan nasarar da Croatia ta samu, Sabiyawa kusan 200,000 daga Jamhuriyar Serbian Krajina mai kiran kanta ta tsere daga yankin[113] kuma an kashe daruruwan fararen hula mafi yawansu tsofaffin Sabiyawan bayan harin da sojoji suka kai, galibi a hare-haren ramuwar gayya, tare da kwace, kwace ko kona dukiyoyinsu[114] Kimanin rabin sun dawo tun daga lokacin[115] Wasu gidajen Sabiyawa 19,000 daga baya 'yan gudun hijirar Croat daga Bosnia da Herzegovina suka zaunar da su.[116] sauran wuraren da aka mamaye an mayar da su zuwa Croatia bayan yarjejeniyar Erdut na Nuwamba 1995, wanda ya ƙare tare da aikin UNTAES a cikin Janairu 1998.[117]Yawancin majiyoyin sun ƙididdige mutuwar yaƙi a kusan 20,000.[118] [119] [120]


[121] I[122] [123] Croatia ta shiga Haɗin gwiwar Aminci a ranar 25 ga Mayu 2000[124] kuma ta zama memba na Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya akan 30 Nuwamba 2000.[125] A kan 29 Oktoba 2001, Croatia ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Tsayawa da Ƙungiya tare da Tarayyar Turai, [126] gabatar da aikace-aikacen da aka yi don zama memba na EU a 2003, [127] an ba shi matsayin ɗan takara a 2004, [128] kuma ya fara tattaunawar shiga cikin 2005.[129] [130] [131] [132]

Yanayi

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Babban labarin: Geography na Croatia

Hoton tauraron dan adam na Croatia Croatia tana cikin Tsakiya da Kudu maso Gabashin Turai, a bakin Tekun Adriatic. Hungary tana arewa maso gabas, Serbia a gabas, Bosnia da Herzegovina da Montenegro a kudu maso gabas da Slovenia a arewa maso yamma[133] Ya ta'allaka mafi yawa tsakanin latitudes 42° da 47° N da longitudes 13° da 20° E.[134] Wani ɓangare na yanki a cikin matsananciyar kudanci da ke kewaye da Dubrovnik wani ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan yanki ne wanda ke da alaƙa da sauran ƙasar ta ruwan yanki, amma ya rabu da ƙasa ta ɗan gajeren tsiri na bakin teku mallakar Bosnia da Herzegovina a kusa da Neum. Gadar Pelješac ta haɗu da tsattsauran ra'ayi da ƙasar Croatia.[135] [136] Yankin yana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 56,594 (kilomita 21,851), wanda ya kunshi kasa murabba'in kilomita 56,414 (mil murabba'in 21,782) da ruwa murabba'in kilomita 128 (kilomita 49). Ita ce kasa ta 127 mafi girma a duniya.[158] Tsawon tsayi ya fito ne daga tsaunukan Dinaric Alps tare da mafi girman matsayi na kololuwar Dinara a mita 1,831 (ƙafa 6,007) kusa da kan iyaka da Bosnia da Herzegovina a kudu[158] zuwa gaɓar Tekun Adriatic wanda ke da iyakar kudu maso yamma gabaɗaya. Insular Croatia ta ƙunshi tsibirai sama da dubu da tsibirai masu girma dabam dabam, 48 daga cikinsu suna zama na dindindin. Mafi girma tsibiran su ne Cres da Krk,[137] kowannensu yana da yanki na kusan murabba'in kilomita 405 (mil murabba'in 156). [138] [139]

Halittar halittu

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Babban labarin: Yankuna masu kariya na Croatia Ƙarin bayani: Rajista na Kare Halayen Halitta na Croatia da Halitta da Al'adun gargajiya na Croatia [140] Plitvice Lakes National Park [141] Yanayin yanayin Motovun a cikin tsibirin Istrian [142] Tsibirin Galešnjak a cikin siffar zuciya Za a iya raba Croatia zuwa yankuna bisa yanayin yanayi da geomorphology. Ƙasar tana ɗaya daga cikin mafi arziƙi a Turai ta fuskar bambancin halittu.[143] [144] kroshya tana da nau'ikan yankuna guda huɗu na biogeographical-Bahar Rum tare da bakin tekun da kuma cikin yankinta na kusa, Alpine a mafi yawan Lika da Gorski Kotar, [145]

Karst geology yana dauke da kogo da ramuka kusan 7,000, wasu daga cikinsu matsugunin su ne kadai sanannen kogon ruwa na kashin baya - olm. Dazuzzuka suna da yawa, wanda ya mamaye kadada 2,490,000 (kadada 6,200,000) ko kuma 44% na yankin ƙasar Croatia. Sauran nau'ikan wuraren zama sun haɗa da ciyayi mai dausayi, ciyayi, bogi, fens, wuraren daɗaɗɗa, wuraren zama na bakin teku da na ruwa.[146] A cikin The World Wide Fund for yanayi ya raba Croatia tsakanin uku ecoregions - Pannonian gauraye gandun daji, Dinaric Mountains gauraye gandun daji da kuma Illyrian deciduous gandun daji.[147]

Kasar Croatia tana da nau'in tsiro da dabbobi 37,000 da aka sani, amma an kiyasta adadinsu tsakanin 50,000 zuwa 100,00[148] [149]

Mulki

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Ƙarin bayani: Siyasar Croatia da 'yancin ɗan adam a Croatia Zoran Milanović Shugaban kasa Zoran Milanović Andrej Plenković firayam Minista Andrej Plenković Jamhuriyar Croatia ƙasa ce mai haɗin kai, tsarin mulki ta amfani da tsarin majalisa. Ikon gwamnati a Croatia suna da ikon doka, zartarwa, da na shari'a.[150]Shugaban Jamhuriyar (Croatian: Predjesdnik Republike) shine shugaban kasa, wanda aka zaba kai tsaye zuwa wa'adin shekaru biyar kuma kundin tsarin mulki ya iyakance zuwa wa'adi biyu. Baya ga yin hidima a matsayin [151]

Gwamnati na karkashin jagorancin Firayim Minista, wanda ke da mataimakan Firayim Minista hudu da ma'aikatu 16 masu kula da wasu sassa na musamman.[152] matsayinta na bangaren zartarwa, ita ce ke da alhakin gabatar da dokoki da kasafin kudi, aiwatar da dokoki, da jagorantar manufofin kasashen waje da na cikin gida. Gwamnati tana zaune a Banski dvori a Zagreb.[153]

Doka da tsarin shari'a

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ƙarin bayani: Dokar Croatia [154] Majalisar Croatian (Sabor) a Zagreb [155] [156] .[157]Manyan jam'iyyun siyasa biyu a Croatia su ne Croatian Democratic Union da Social Democratic Party of Croatia.[158] [159] Croatia tana da tsarin shari'a na dokar farar hula wanda doka ta samo asali daga rubuce-rubucen dokoki, tare da alkalai suna aiki a matsayin masu aiwatarwa ba masu kirkiro doka ba. Tsarukan shari'a na Jamus da Austriya ne suka yi tasiri a kan ci gabanta. Dokokin Croatia sun kasu kashi biyu manyan yankuna - na sirri da na jama'a..[160] [161] [162] [163] Tun daga shekarar 2019, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Croatia da Haɗin kai na Turai ta ɗauki ma'aikata 1,381 [bukatun sabuntawa] kuma ta kashe kuns miliyan 765.295 (€ 101.17 miliyan).[164] Manufofin da aka bayyana na manufofin ketare na Croatia sun haɗa da haɓaka dangantaka da ƙasashe maƙwabta, haɓaka haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa da inganta tattalin arzikin Croatia da Croatia kanta.[165]

Croatia memba ce ta Tarayyar Turai. Tun daga 2021, Croatia tana da matsalolin kan iyaka da Bosnia da Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, da Slovenia.[166] Croatia memba ce ta NATO.[167][168] A ranar 1 ga Janairu 2023, Croatia a lokaci guda ta haɗu da yankin Schengen da yankin Yuro, [169] da ya shiga ERM II akan 10 Yuli 2020.

Yaren Croatian

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Babban labarin: ƴan ƙasar Croatia Ƙasar waje ta Croatia ta ƙunshi al'ummomin ƙabilar Croats da ƴan ƙasar Croatia da ke zaune a wajen Croatia. Croatia tana kula da tuntuɓar juna tare da al'ummomin Croatian a ƙasashen waje (misali, tallafin gudanarwa da kuɗi na al'adu, ayyukan wasanni, da shirye-shiryen tattalin arziki). Croatia tana ci gaba da kula da dangantakar kasashen waje don ƙarfafawa da tabbatar da haƙƙin tsirarun Croatian a cikin ƙasashe daban-daban.[170] [171] [172]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane, BBC.
  2. ↑ Gluhak, Alemko (1993). Hrvatski etimološki rječnik [Croatian Etymological Dictionary] (in Croatian). August Cesarec. ISBN 953-
  3. ↑ Matasović, Ranko
  4. ↑ "Najstariji hrvatski glagoljski natpisi"
  5. ↑ "Kulturna kronika: Dvanaest hrvatskih stoljeća"
  6. ↑ Mužić 2007
  7. ↑ Mužić 2007
  8. ↑ Mužić 2007
  9. ↑ "Krapina Neanderthal Museum as a Well of Medical Information"
  10. ↑ "Krapina Neanderthal Museum as a Well of Medical Information"
  11. ↑ "Study of the Neolithic and Eneolithic as reflected in articles published over the 50 years of the journal Opuscula archaeologica"
  12. ↑ "The Kostolac horizon at Vučedol"
  13. ↑ "Prilog poznavanju neolitičkih obrednih predmeta u neolitiku sjeverne Hrvatske"
  14. ↑ "Prilog poznavanju naseljenosti Vinkovaca i okolice u starijem željeznom dobu"
  15. ↑ Wilkes, John (1995). The Illyrians. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-631-19807-9. Retrieved 15 October 2011. ... in the early history of the colony settled in 385 BC on the island Pharos (Hvar) from the Aegean island Paros, famed for its marble. In traditional fashion they accepted the guidance of an oracle, ...
  16. ↑ Wilkes, John (1995). The Illyrians. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-631-19807-9. Retrieved 3 April 2012. The third Greek colony known in this central sector of the Dalmatian coast was Issa, on the north side of the island Vis.
  17. ↑ The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
  18. ↑ History of the later Roman empire from the death of Theodosius I. to the death of Justinian
  19. ↑ "Pokrštenje Hrvata prema najnovijim znanstvenim rezultatima"
  20. ↑ "On the Baptism of the Serbs and Croats in the Time of Basil I (867–886)"
  21. ↑ Mužić 2007
  22. ↑ Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic
  23. ↑ Budak 2018, pp. 144
  24. ↑ Budak 2018
  25. ↑ Mužić 2007, pp. 195–198
  26. ↑ "Povijesni zemljovidi i granice Hrvatske u Tomislavovo doba"
  27. ↑ "Hrvatska etnogeneza: pregled komponentnih etapa i interpretacija (s naglaskom na euroazijske/nomadske sadržaje)"
  28. ↑ "Regnum Croatiae et Dalmatiae u doba Stjepana II"
  29. ↑ "Diplomatička analiza papinskih pisama druge polovice IX. stoljeća destinatarima u Hrvatskoj"
  30. ↑ "Ivan Mužić o podrijetlu Hrvata"
  31. ↑ Goldstein 1999
  32. ↑ "Pregled političke povijesti Hrvata u ranome srednjem vijeku"
  33. ↑ Bilogrivić, Goran (2018). "Carolingian Weapons and the Problem of Croat Migration and Ethnogenesis". In Danijel Dzino; Ante Milošević; Trpimir Vedriš (eds.). Migration, Integration and Connectivity on the Southeastern Frontier of the Carolingian Empire. Brill. pp. 86–99. doi:10.1163/9789004380134_007. ISBN 978-90-04-38013-4. S2CID 165889390.
  34. ↑ Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat: Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia
  35. ↑ "Razvoj i osnovne značajke starohrvatskih grobalja horizonta 7.-9. stoljeća na povijesnim prostorima Hrvata"
  36. ↑ Fabijanić, Tomislav (2013). "14C date from early Christian basilica gemina in Podvršje (Croatia) in the context of Slavic settlement on the eastern Adriatic coast". The early Slavic settlement of Central Europe in the light of new dating evidence. Wroclaw: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences. pp. 251–260. ISBN 978-83-63760
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  38. ↑ Budak 2018, pp. 178–185
  39. ↑ Budak 2018, pp. 144
  40. ↑ "Hrvatsko-ugarski odnosi od sredinjega vijeka do nagodbe iz 1868. s posebnim osvrtom na pitanja Slavonije"
  41. ↑ "Povijest saborovanja"
  42. ↑ Font 2005
  43. ↑ "Povijest saborovanja" [History of parliamentarism] (in Croatian). Sabor. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 18 October 2010
  44. ↑ .Frucht 2005
  45. ↑ "Povijest Gradišćanskih Hrvatov"
  46. ↑ Frucht 2005
  47. ↑ Frucht 2005, pp. 422–423
  48. ↑ Lane 1973
  49. ↑ Frucht 2005, pp. 422–423
  50. ↑ Lane 1973
  51. ↑ "Političko-teritorijalna podjela i opseg civilne Hrvatske u godinama sjedinjenja s vojnom Hrvatskom 1871–1886"
  52. ↑ "TURSKI RATOVI i HRVATSKA DIJASPORA u XVI. STOLJEĆU"
  53. ↑ Frucht 2005
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  55. ↑ The Congress of Vienna: A Study in Allied Unity: 1812–1822
  56. ↑ "Hrvatski narodni preporod – ciljevi i ostvarenja"
  57. ↑ Čuvalo, Ante (December 2008). "Josip Jelačić – Ban of Croatia". Review of Croatian History. 4 (1). Croatian Institute of History: 13–27. ISSN 1845-4380. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  58. ↑ "Constitution of Union between Croatia-Slavonia and Hungary"
  59. ↑ ]"Hrvatsko-ugarski odnosi od sredinjega vijeka do nagodbe iz 1868. s posebnim osvrtom na pitanja Slavonije"
  60. ↑ Frucht 2005
  61. ↑ "Hrvatsko-ugarska nagodba u zrcalu tiska"
  62. ↑ "Političko-teritorijalna podjela i opseg civilne Hrvatske u godinama sjedinjenja s vojnom Hrvatskom 1871–1886"
  63. ↑ Franz Ferdinand: Europas verlorene Hoffnung
  64. ↑ Klemenčič & Žagar 2004
  65. ↑ Frucht 2005
  66. ↑ . saborovanja" [History of parliamentarism] (in Croatian). Sabor. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 18 October 2010
  67. ↑ Font 2005
  68. ↑ Klemenčič & Žagar 2004
  69. ↑ "Parlamentarni izbori u Brodskom kotaru 1923. godine"
  70. ↑ Tomasevich 2001
  71. ↑ Goldstein 1999
  72. ↑ "Ivan Pernar o hrvatsko-srpskim odnosima nakon atentata u Beogradu 1928. godine"
  73. ↑ Tomasevich 2001
  74. ↑ Yugoslavia's ruin: the bloody lessons of nationalism, a patriot's warning
  75. ↑ Klemenčič & Žagar 2004
  76. ↑ Hoare, Marko Attila (1 December 2003). "Genocide in the former Yugoslavia: a critique of left revisionism's denial (full version)". Journal of Genocide Research. 5 (4): 543–563. doi:10.1080/1462352032000149495. ISSN 1462-3528. S2CID 145169670.
  77. ↑ .Tomasevich 2001
  78. ↑ Kozlica, Ivan (2012). Krvava Cetina [Bloody Cetina] (in Croatian). Zagreb: Hrvatski centar za ratne žrtve. p. 155. ISBN 978-953-57409-0-2
  79. ↑ Predoević, Petra (2007). "Operacija Braunschweig", Klepsidra. Rijeka: Udruga studenata povijesti "Malleus". pp. 105–129.
  80. ↑ "koncentracijski logori"
  81. ↑ Dragutin Pavličević, Povijest Hrvatske, Naklada Pavičić, Zagreb, 2007. ISBN 978-953-6308-71-2, str. 441–442
  82. ↑ Pavličević, Dragutin (2007). Povijest Hrvatske. Naklada Pavičić. pp. 441–442. ISBN 978-953-6308-71-2.
  83. ↑ "Josipović: Antifašizam je duhovni otac Domovinskog rata"
  84. ↑ Hoare, Marko Attila
  85. ↑ Hoare, Marko Attila (2002). "Whose is the partisan movement? Serbs, Croats and the legacy of a shared resistance". The Journal of Slavic Military Studies. 15 (4). Informa UK Limited: 30. doi:10.1080/13518040208430537. ISSN 1351-8046. S2CID 145127681
  86. ↑ Hoare, Marko Attila
  87. ↑ "Saveznički zračni napadi na Split i okolicu i djelovanje Narodne zaštite u Splitu tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata"
  88. ↑ Bracewell, C.W.; Lampe, John R. "Croatia – World War II | Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 5 November
  89. ↑ Goldstein 1999
  90. ↑ "Josip protiv Josifa"
  91. ↑ "Predsjednik Sabora Luka Bebić na obilježavanju 64. obljetnice pobjede nad fašizmom i 65. obljetnice trećeg zasjedanja ZAVNOH-a u Topuskom"
  92. ↑ Frucht 2005, p. 433
  93. ↑ "Leaders of a Republic in Yugoslavia Resign"
  94. ↑ ."Posljednji kongres Saveza komunista Jugoslavije: uzroci, tijek i posljedice raspada"
  95. ↑ "Obituary: Franjo Tudjman"
  96. ↑ "Croatia's Serbs Declare Their Autonomy"
  97. ↑ Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States
  98. ↑ "2 Yugoslav States Vote Independence To Press Demands"
  99. ↑ "Ceremonial session of the Croatian Parliament on the occasion of the Day of Independence of the Republic of Croatia"
  100. ↑ "Army Rushes to Take a Croatian Town"
  101. ↑ "Croatia Clashes Rise; Mediators Pessimistic"
  102. ↑ "Serbian Forces Press Fight for Major Chunk of Croatia"
  103. ↑ "Utjecaj srbijanske agresije na stanovništvo Hrvatske"
  104. ↑ "SUMMARY OF JUDGEMENT FOR MILAN MARTIĆ"
  105. ↑ "Croatia marks 25 years since war with tolerance message"
  106. ↑ Goldstein 1999
  107. ↑ Bassiouni, Mahmoud Cherif; Manikas, Peter (1996). The Law of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. Transnational Publishers. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-57105-004-5.
  108. ↑ Allen 1996
  109. ↑ "Slovenia and Croatia Get Bonn's Nod"
  110. ↑ "3 Ex-Yugoslav Republics Are Accepted into U.N."
  111. ↑ "Croats Declare Victory, End Blitz"
  112. ↑ "Officials Issue Messages for Victory and Homeland Thanksgiving Day"
  113. ↑ "Evicted Serbs remember Storm"
  114. ↑ International Trials and Reconciliation: Assessing the Impact of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
  115. ↑ "Croatia marks 25 years since war with tolerance message"
  116. ↑ Uneven Citizenship: Minorities and Migrants in the Post-Yugoslav Space
  117. ↑ "An Ethnic Morass Is Returned to Croatia"
  118. ↑ Presidents apologise over Croatian war". BBC News. BBC. 10 September 2003. Retrieved 7 February
  119. ↑ "Serbia to respond to Croatian genocide charges with countersuit at ICJ"
  120. ↑ "UN to hear Croatia genocide claim against Serbia"
  121. ↑ Socijalna politika Hrvatske
  122. ↑ "22 December – Christmas Constitution – the first Constitution of the independent Republic of Croatia"
  123. ↑ "History and Development of Croatian Constitutional Judicature – Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia"
  124. ↑ "Partnerstvo za mir – Hrvatska enciklopedija"
  125. ↑ "MVEP • Svjetska trgovinska organizacija (WTO)"
  126. ↑ "Kronologija: Težak put od priznanja do kucanja na vrata EU – Jutarnji List"
  127. ↑ "Kada je i kome Republika Hrvatska podnijela zahtjev za članstvo u Europskoj uniji?"
  128. ↑ "Kako je izgledao put Republike Hrvatske ka punopravnom članstvu u Europskoj uniji?"
  129. ↑ 7"Evo kako je izgledao hrvatski put prema EU!"
  130. ↑ Goldstein, Ivo. Povijest Hrvatske 1945–2011. 3. svezak. EPH Media d.o.o.
  131. ↑ "Membership of the Republic of Croatia in the UN Security Council 2008–2009"
  132. ↑ "Hrvatska postala članica NATO saveza"
  133. ↑ Introduction to Croatia
  134. ↑ 2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia
  135. ↑ "Croatia opens long-awaited bridge bypassing Bosnia"
  136. ↑ Central Intelligence Agency
  137. ↑ Central Intelligence Agency
  138. ↑ Matas, Mate (18 December 2006). "Raširenost krša u Hrvatskoj" [Presence of Karst in Croatia]. geografija.hr (in Croatian). Croatian Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2011
  139. ↑ "The best national parks of Europe"
  140. ↑ "Najviša izmjerena temperatura zraka u Hrvatskoj za razdoblje od kada postoje meteorološka motrenja"
  141. ↑ 2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia
  142. ↑ 2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia
  143. ↑ "Biodiversity-rich Croatia becomes 33rd full EEA member country — European Environment Agency"
  144. ↑ "EU 2020 HR"
  145. ↑ "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm"
  146. ↑ Biodiversity of Croatia
  147. ↑ "Venue". 6th Dubrovnik Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems. Retrieved 13 October
  148. ↑ 953-7169-20-0
  149. ↑ 953-7169-20-0
  150. ↑ "Political Structure"
  151. ↑ "Political Structure"
  152. ↑ "Members of the Government"
  153. ↑ "Political Structure"
  154. ↑ "MVEP • Godišnje financijsko izvješće za 2019. godinu"
  155. ↑ "MVEP • Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations"
  156. ↑ "MVEP • Diplomatski protokol"
  157. ↑ "About the Parliament"
  158. ↑ "Members of the 6th Parliament"
  159. ↑ "SOA – Security-intelligence system of the Republic of Croatia"
  160. ↑ "Overview of EU–Croatia relations"
  161. ↑ "Državno odvjetništvo Republike Hrvatske"
  162. ↑ Handbook of European Intelligence Cultures
  163. ↑ "Zakon o sudovima"
  164. ↑ "Ustavne odredbe"
  165. ↑ "Foreign Policy Aims"
  166. ↑ "Overview of Croatia's Border Disputes with BiH, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia, Liberland"
  167. ↑ "Bush Champions Expansive Mission for NATO"
  168. ↑ "Nato welcomes Albania and Croatia"
  169. ↑ "Croatia begins new euro and Schengen zone era"
  170. ↑ "Hrvatska manjina u Republici Srbiji"
  171. ↑ "Statement by the Presidency of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts regarding the Bunjevci Croats"
  172. ↑ "Hrvatska manjina u inozemstvu"
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