Krystyna Skarbek

Krystyna Skarbek
Rayuwa
Cikakken suna	Maria Krystyna Janina Skarbek
Haihuwa	Warszawa, 1 Mayu 1908
ƙasa	Poland Birtaniya
Mutuwa	Kensington (en) da Landan, 15 ga Yuni, 1952
Makwanci	St Mary's Catholic Cemetery, Kensal Green (en)
Yanayin mutuwa	kisan kai (stabbing (en) )
Ƴan uwa
Abokiyar zama	Jerzy Giżycki (mul)
Ma'aurata	Andrzej Kowerski (en)
Ƴan uwa	view Andrzej Skarbek (en) (cousin (en) )
Yare	Skarbek family (en)
Karatu
Harsuna	Turanci polski (mul) Faransanci
Sana'a
Sana'a	spy (en) , SOE agent (en) , maid (en) , salesperson (en) , switchboard operator (en) da crew member (en)
Employers	Special Operations Executive (mul)
Kyaututtuka	gani OBE George Medal Croix de guerre 1939–1945  (30 Nuwamba, 1945)
Sunan mahaifi	Krystyna Gettlich, Krystyna Giżycka da Christine Granville
Aikin soja
Fannin soja	Royal Air Force (en)
Ya faɗaci	Yakin Duniya na II

Maria Krystyna Janina Skarbek, OBE, GM (pronunciation Polish: [krɨˈstɨna ˈskarbɛk], /krɪstiːnə skɑːrbɛk/; 1 ga Mayu 1908 - 15 ga Yuni 1952), wanda aka fi sani da Christine Granville, ya kasance wakilin Poland na Babban Jami'in Ayyuka na Musamman na Burtaniya (SOE) a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Ta zama sananniya saboda nasarorin da ta yi a fannin leken asiri da ayyukan yaƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba a Poland da ke zaune a Nazi da Faransa. Jarida Alistair Horne, wanda ya bayyana kansa a shekarar 2012 a matsayin daya daga cikin mutane kalilan da ke da rai wadanda suka san Skarbek, ya kira ta "mafi ƙarfin hali na jaruntaka". Mai kula da leken asiri Vera Atkins na SOE ya bayyana Skarbek a matsayin "mai ƙarfin zuciya, kyakkyawa sosai, amma mai zaman kanta kuma doka ce ga kanta".plplpl

Ta zama wakili Burtaniya watanni kafin a kafa SOE a watan Yulin 1940. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a fagen kuma ita ce mafi tsawo a cikin dukkan jami'an mata na lokacin yaƙi na Burtaniya. An yaba da basirarta da nasararta tare da rinjayar shawarar kungiyar ta dauki karin mata a matsayin wakilai a kasashen da Nazi suka mamaye. A shekara ta 1941 ta fara amfani da sunan Christine Granville, sunan da ta karɓa bisa doka a matsayin ɗan ƙasar Burtaniya a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1946.

Mafi shahararren aikin Skarbek shine tabbatar da sakin jami'an SOE Francis Cammaerts da Xan Fielding daga kurkuku na Jamus sa'o'i kafin a kashe su. Ta yi hakan ta hanyar saduwa (a babban haɗari na mutum) tare da kwamandan Gestapo a Digne-les-Bains, Faransa, ta gaya masa cewa ita wakilin Burtaniya ce, kuma ta shawo kansa da barazana, ƙarya, da cin hanci na miliyan biyu don sakin jami'an SOE. An yi la'akari da taron ne a cikin labarin karshe na shirin talabijin na Burtaniya Wish Me Luck .Ina fatan Sa'a.

Sau da yawa ana nuna Skarbek a cikin sharuddan kamar "mafi kyawun ɗan leƙen asirin" na Burtaniya ko "ɗan leƙen asiri da Church ya fi so". An kashe ta a 1952 a Landan ta wani mai son aure wanda daga baya aka rataye shi.

Rayuwa ta farko

An haifi Krystyna Skarbek a shekara ta 1908 a Warsaw, ɗan na biyu na Count Jerzy Skarbek, Roman Katolika, da Stefania (née Goldfeder), 'yar wani attajiri na iyalin Yahudawa. Ya auri Stefania a ƙarshen Disamba 1899, Jerzy Skarbek ya yi amfani da sadakar matarsa (mahaifinsa ma'aikacin banki ne) don biyan basussukansa kuma ya ci gaba da rayuwarsa mai kyau.

Shahararrun alaƙa sun haɗa da Fryderyk Skarbek, mai gyara kurkuku, da Włodzimierz Krzyżanowski, Janar na Tarayyar Amurka. Skarbek yana da alaƙa da mai mulki na Hungary, Admiral Miklós Horthy, a matsayin dan uwan daga Lwów na iyalin ya auri dangi na Horthy.

Krystyna ta bi mahaifinta da kuma sha'awarsa ga hawa dawakai, wanda ta zauna a kan doki maimakon a kan daki kamar yadda ya saba ga mata. Ta kuma zama ƙwararren mai tsere a lokacin ziyarar Zakopane a cikin tsaunukan Tatra na kudancin Poland. A cikin shagon iyali, ta sadu da Andrzej Kowerski, wanda mahaifinsa ya kawo shi ya yi wasa da Krystyna mai shekaru 10 yayin da shi da mahaifinta suka tattauna batutuwan noma.

Krystyna Skarbek a matsayin dan takara a gasar Miss Polonia, Janairu 1930

Shekaru na 1920 sun bar iyalin cikin mawuyacin halin kudi, kuma dole ne su bar dukiyar ƙasarsu kuma su koma Warsaw. A shekara ta 1930, lokacin da take da shekaru 22, Count Jerzy ya mutu. Daular kudi ta Goldfeder kusan ta rushe gaba ɗaya, kuma akwai isasshen kuɗi don tallafawa gwauruwar Countess Stefania. Krystyna, ba ta son zama nauyi ga mahaifiyarta, ta yi aiki a wani dillalin mota na Fiat, amma nan da nan ta yi rashin lafiya daga hayakin mota kuma dole ne ta bar aikin. Da farko an yi tunanin, bisa ga inuwa a kirjinta, tana fama da tarin fuka, wanda ya kashe mahaifinta. Ta sami diyya daga kamfanin inshora na ma'aikacinta kuma ta karɓi shawarar likitocinta don jagorantar yawancin rayuwar iska kamar yadda za ta iya. Ta fara ciyar da lokaci mai yawa tana tafiya da kankara a Dutsen Tatra. A shekara ta 1930, ta kasance mai cin gaba a gasar kyawawan Miss Poland.

A ranar 21 ga Afrilu 1930, ta auri wani matashi dan kasuwa, Gustaw Gettlich, a Cocin Seminary na Ruhaniya a Warsaw . Sun kasance ba su dace ba, kuma auren ya ƙare ba tare da fushi ba. Wani soyayya da ya biyo baya ya zama banza lokacin da mahaifiyar saurayin ta ki la'akari da wanda aka saki ba shi da kudi a matsayin surukar da za ta iya zama.

Wata rana, ta rasa iko a kan gangaren kankara na Zakopane kuma Jerzy Giżycki ne ya cece ta, wanda ya shiga cikin hanyar ta kuma ya dakatar da saukowarta. Giżycki ya fito ne daga dangi mai arziki a Kamieniec Podolski (tsohon Poland, a lokacin Tarayyar Soviet). A shekara ta 14, ya yi jayayya da mahaifinsa, ya gudu daga gida, kuma ya yi aiki a Amurka a matsayin cowboy da mai neman zinariya. Daga bisani ya zama marubuci kuma ya yi tafiya a duniya don neman kayan littattafansa da labaransa. Ya san Afirka sosai kuma yana fatan wata rana ya dawo can. Su biyu sun yi aure a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba 1938 a Ikilisiyar Juyin Juya Halin Bishara a Warsaw . Ba da daɗewa ba, ya yarda da aikin diflomasiyya a Habasha, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban wakilin Poland har zuwa Satumba 1939, lokacin da Jamus ta mamaye Poland. Daga baya ta ce game da Giżycki: "Ya kasance Svengali na shekaru da yawa da ba zai taɓa gaskata cewa zan iya barin shi har abada ba".

Yaƙin Duniya na II

Landan

Jarida Frederick Voigt ya gabatar da Skarbek ga SIS

Bayan barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na II, ma'auratan sun tashi zuwa London, sun isa 6 ga Oktoba 1939, inda Skarbek ta nemi bayar da ayyukanta a cikin gwagwarmaya da abokin gaba. Hukumomin Burtaniya ba su nuna sha'awa sosai ba amma daga ƙarshe sun shawo kansu da sananninta, gami da ɗan jarida Frederick Augustus Voigt, wanda ya gabatar da ita ga Ofishin leken asiri na sirri (SIS). An fara ambaton ta ne a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1939. An bayyana ta a matsayin "mai kishin kasa na Poland, ƙwararren mai tsere, kuma mai ban sha'awa" kuma "ba tare da tsoro ba".

Hungary da Poland

Daga London Skarbek, yanzu wakilin Burtaniya, ya yi tafiya zuwa Budapest, Hungary, ya isa ranar 21 ga Disamba 1939. Hungary ba ta shiga cikin yakin duniya na biyu ba, amma tana jingina ga Nazi Jamus. Labarin Skarbek na gaba game da kasancewarta a Hungary shi ne cewa ita 'yar jarida ce.

Ta shawo kan dan wasan Olympic na Poland Jan Marusarz, ɗan'uwan dan wasan Nordic Stanisław Marusarz. Da ta isa Warsaw, ta roki mahaifiyarta ta bar Poland. Stefania Skarbek ta ki; ta ƙaddara ta zauna a Warsaw don ci gaba da koyar da Faransanci ga kananan yara. A watan Janairun 1942, 'yan Jamus sun kama Stefania a matsayin Bayahude kuma ya ɓace cikin kurkukun Pawiak na Warsaw. An tsara gidan yarin ne a tsakiyar karni na 19 ta babban kawun Skarbek Fryderyk Skarbek, mai gyara kurkuku kuma mahaifin Frédéric Chopin, wanda mahaifin Chopin ya koya masa harshen Faransanci.

Wani abin da ya faru wanda mai yiwuwa ya kasance a ziyarar farko ta Skarbek zuwa Poland a watan Fabrairun 1940 ya nuna haɗarin da ta fuskanta yayin aiki a ƙasarsu da ta mamaye. A wani kofi na Warsaw, wata mace da ta saba da ita ta yaba mata: "Krystyna! Krystyna Skarbek! Me kake yi a nan? Mun ji cewa kun tafi kasashen waje!" Lokacin da Skarbek ta musanta cewa sunanta ne, matar ta sami musantawa da wuya a yi imani. Don rage tuhuma, Skarbek ya yi jinkiri na ɗan lokaci kafin ya bar gidan kofi.

A Hungary, Skarbek ya sadu da Andrzej Kowerski (1912-1988), yanzu jami'in sojojin Poland, wanda daga baya ya yi amfani da sunan Birtaniya "Andrew Kennedy". Skarbek ya fara saduwa da shi tun yana yaro kuma ya sake saduwa da ita a takaice kafin yaƙin a Zakopane. Kowerski, wanda ya rasa wani bangare na kafa a hatsarin farauta kafin yaƙin, yanzu yana fitarwa da Polish da sauran ma'aikatan soja na Allied da tattara bayanan sirri.

Skarbek ya taimaka wajen shirya tsarin jakadancin Poland waɗanda suka kawo rahotanni na leken asiri daga Warsaw zuwa Budapest. Dan uwan Kowerski (Kennedy), Ludwik Popiel, ya sami nasarar fitar da bindiga ta musamman ta Poland, samfurin 35, tare da kayan da ganga don sauƙin sufuri. Skarbek, na ɗan lokaci, ta ɓoye shi a cikin gidanta na Budapest. Koyaya, ba ta taɓa ganin sabis na lokacin yaƙi tare da Allies ba, kamar yadda aka lalata ƙirar da ƙayyadaddun bayanai da gangan a lokacin barkewar yaƙi kuma babu lokacin sake aikin injiniya. Duk da haka, Jamusawa da Italiya sun yi amfani da kayan bindigar da aka kama.

A buƙatar MI6, ita da Kowerski sun shirya sa ido kan dukkan zirga-zirgar jiragen kasa, hanya da kogin a kan iyakoki da Romania da Jamus. An yaba mata da samar da leken asiri game da jigilar mai zuwa Jamus daga filayen mai na Ploiesti na Romania.

Skarbek ya shafe shekara ta 1940 yana tafiya tsakanin Poland da Hungary. A Budapest, a watan Janairun 1941, ta nuna sha'awar da take yi na dabarar lokacin da 'yan sanda na Hungary suka kama ita da Kowerski kuma suka ɗaure su kuma suka yi musu tambayoyi. Ta yi kama da alamun tarin fuka ta huhu ta hanyar cinye harshenta har sai ya zubar da jini kuma likita ya gano ta ba daidai ba tare da tarin fuka. Jamusawa sun sake su, amma 'yan sanda sun bi ma'auratan daga baya kuma sun yanke shawarar tserewa daga Hungary, abokiyar Jamus.

Tafiyar mota

Jakadan Burtaniya a Hungary, Owen O'Malley, da matarsa, marubuciya Ann Bridge, sun yi ƙoƙari su taimaka wa Skarbek da Kowerski su tsere daga Hungary. O'Malley ya ba su fasfo na Burtaniya. Kowerski ya zama "Anthony Kennedy", kuma Skarbek ya zama "Christine Granville", sunan da ta yi amfani da shi har tsawon rayuwarta. Ta kuma aske shekaru bakwai daga shekarunta; fasfo dinta ya ba da ranar haihuwarta a matsayin 1915. Wani direban Ofishin Jakadancin Burtaniya ya fitar da Skarbek daga Hungary zuwa Yugoslavia a cikin takalmin O'Malley's Chrysler. Kowerski, wanda aka fi sani da Kennedy, ya kori Opel dinsa a fadin iyaka. Ma'auratan sun sake haduwa a Yugoslavia kuma O'Malley ya haɗu da su daga baya a Belgrade, inda suka ji daɗin 'yan kwanaki na "sha ruwan inabi a ... wuraren shakatawa na dare da mashaya na ciki". A ƙarshen Fabrairu, Skarbek da Kowerski sun ci gaba da tafiyarsu a cikin Opel, na farko zuwa Sofia, Bulgaria. Otal mafi kyau na Sofia "ya cika da Nazis". Skarbek da Kowerski sun kira a Ofishin Jakadancin Burtaniya, suna ganawa da mai ba da izini na iska Aidan Crawley. Ma'auratan sun ba Crawley takardun microfilm wanda suka karɓa daga ƙungiyar leken asiri ta Poland da ake kira "Musketeers". Microfilm ɗin ya ƙunshi hotuna na gina sojojin Jamus kusa da iyakar da Tarayyar Soviet, yana nuna cewa ana shirin mamayewar Jamus a Tarayyar Soviétique. An aika microfilm ɗin ga Firayim Minista Winston Churchill a Landan, wanda ba zai iya gaskata shi ba; amma a watan Maris, tare da bayanai daga wasu tushe, Firayim Ministan ya tabbatar da cewa bayanan Skarbek da Kowerski daidai ne. Jamusawa sun mamaye Tarayyar Soviet a watan Yunin shekara ta 1941. 

Bayan barin Bulgaria, Kowerski da Skarbek sun ci gaba zuwa Turkiyya. A Istanbul, sun sadu da 'yan Poland da ke gudun hijira, kuma Skarbek ya yi ƙoƙari ya tabbatar da cewa hanyoyin aika saƙo daga Istanbul zuwa Poland sun ci gaba da aiki. Mijin Skarbek, Jerzy Giżycki, ya sadu da su a Istanbul a ranar 17 ga Maris 1941. A bayyane yake babu wani wuta da ya biyo baya lokacin da ya sadu da Kowerski, kuma sun shawo kansa ya je Budapest don karɓar rawar da Skarbek ya taka a baya a matsayin wurin tuntuɓar Birtaniya tare da juriyar Poland. Wuraren da ma'auratan suka biyo baya a cikin Opel sune Siriya da Lebanon, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon Vichy Faransa. Skarbek ya sami biza daga jami'an Vichy masu jinkiri kuma sun ci gaba da tafiyarsu. Daga nan sai suka shiga Mandatory Palestine kuma suka ci gaba zuwa Alkahira, Misira, don kammala tafiya mai ban mamaki da ta isa Mayu 1941.[1] Skarbek da Kowerski "sun yi tafiya sosai a cikin daruruwan mil na yankin Nazi, sau da yawa suna ɗauke da haruffa masu laifi kuma wani lokacin microfilm kuma makonni ko a wasu lokuta kwanaki kafin ci gaban Nazi. "[1]

Alkahira

Janar Colin Gubbins, shugaban zartarwa na SOE daga 1943

Janar Stanisław Kopański, Shugaban Ma'aikata ga Babban Kwamandan Sojojin Poland a Yamma (1943-46)

Bayan isowarsu a ofisoshin SOE a Alkahira, Kowerski da Skarbek sun san cewa suna karkashin tuhuma saboda hulɗar Skarbek da kungiyar leken asiri ta Poland, Musketeers. An kafa wannan rukuni a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1939 ta hanyar injiniya-mai kirkiro Stefan Witkowski (engineer) (pl). Wani tushen tuhuma shine sauƙin da ta samu takardar izinin wucewa ta hanyar Siriya da Lebanon daga wakilin Faransa mai goyon bayan Vichy a Istanbul. Sai kawai 'yan leƙen asirin Jamus, wasu jami'an leken asirin Poland sun yi imanin, za su iya samun biza.

Har ila yau, akwai takamaiman tuhuma game da Kowerski. Janar Colin Gubbins ne ya yi magana da su a Landan - daga Satumba 1943, shugaban SOE - a cikin wata wasika ta 17 Yuni 1941 zuwa ga Babban Kwamandan Poland da Firayim Minista na Poland Władysław Sikorski: –  –

Last year […] a Polish citizen named Kowerski was working with our officials in Budapest on Polish affairs. He is now in Palestine […]. I understand from Major Wilkinson of SOE that General Kopański [Kowerski's former commander in Poland] is doubtful about Kowerski's loyalty to the Polish cause [because] Kowerski has not reported to General Kopański for duty with the Brigade. Major Wilkinson informs me that Kowerski had had instructions from our officials not to report to General Kopański, as he was engaged […] on work of a secret nature which necessitated his remaining apart. It seems therefore that Kowerski's loyalty has only been called into question because of these instructions.

Mutuwa da gado

An kashe Christine Granville a Otal din Shellbourne, 1 Lexham Gardens, Earls Court, a London, a ranar 15 ga Yuni 1952. Ta fara aiki a matsayin mai kula da kimanin makonni shida da suka gabata tare da Union-Castle Line kuma ta shiga otal a ranar 14 ga Yuni, bayan ta dawo daga tafiya ta aiki daga Durban, Afirka ta Kudu, a kan Winchester Castle . Dan uwanta Andrzej Skarbek ne ya gano jikinta. Lokacin da aka rubuta mutuwarta a ofishin rajista na Royal Borough na Kensington, an ba ta shekarunta 37, shekarun da ta yi iƙirarin a fasfo dinta na Burtaniya. Wanda ya kai mata hari shi ne Dennis Muldowney, mutumin da ya damu wanda ya yi aiki tare da ita a matsayin mai kula da Ruahine kuma a lokacin da aka kashe ta mai ɗaukar kaya ne na Reform Club. Bayan an same ta da laifin kisan ta, an rataye Muldowney a HMP Pentonville a ranar 30 ga Satumba 1952.

Kabarin Skarbek, Kabarin Katolika na St Mary, Kensal Green, London, tare da Andrzej Kowerski, abokin tarayya a rayuwa da sabis na SOE