Kuban (kogin)
| Kuban | |
|---|---|
 | |
| General information | |
| Tsawo | 870 km |
| Labarin ƙasa | |
 | |
| Tsarin Daidaiton Labarin Kasa | 43°27′40″N 42°05′46″E / 43.4611°N 42.0961°E |
| Kasa |
Rasha, Russian Empire (en)  da Kungiyar Sobiyet |
| Territory |
Karachay-Cherkessia (en) , Adygea, Krasnodar Krai (en) , Krasnodar da Stavropol Krai (en) |
| Hydrography (en) | |
| Tributary (en) |
duba
|
| Watershed area (en) | 57,900 km² |
| River source (en) |
Mount Elbrus (en) |
| River mouth (en) |
Sea of Azov (en) |
Kuban yana gudana akan kilomita 870 (540 mi) arewa da yamma daga tushensa kusa da Dutsen Elbrus a cikin tsaunin Caucasus, daga ƙarshe ya isa Temryuk Bay a Tekun Azov. Ana iya kewayawa har zuwa Krasnodar. Manyan biranen da ke bakin kogin sune Karachayevsk, Cherkessk, Nevinnomyssk, Armavir, Novokubansk, Kropotkin, Ust-Labinsk, Krasnodar da Temryuk. Duk da sunansa, Slavyansk-on-Kuban ya ta'allaka ne a kan kogin Kuban, amma a kan rarraba Protoka.
Kuban yana gudana kilomita 870 (540 mi) arewa da yamma daga tushensa kusa da Dutsen Elbrus a cikin tsaunin Caucasus, daga ƙarshe ya isa Temryuk Bay a Tekun Azov. Ana iya kewayawa har zuwa Krasnodar. Manyan biranen da ke bakin kogin sune Karachayevsk, Cherkessk, Nevinnomyssk, Armavir, Novokubansk, Kropotkin, Ust-Labinsk, Krasnodar da Temryuk. Duk da sunansa, Slavyansk-on-Kuban ya ta'allaka ne a kan kogin Kuban, amma a kan rarraba Protoka.
Kogin ya samo asali ne a kan gangaren Dutsen Elbrus kuma ya samo asali ne a hadewar bangarorinsa guda biyu, Ullukam da Uchkulam; daga tushen Ullukam har zuwa tudun ruwa, yana da tsawon kilomita 906 (563 mi). Tsakanin tushen da Nevinnomyssk kogin yana gudana mafi yawa a cikin kwazazzabo mai zurfi da kunkuntar, yana da ƙofofi da yawa kuma yana canza girmansa da sauri. Kusa da Nevinnomyssk dam yana ba da ruwa zuwa tashar Nevinnomyssk. A tsakiyar sa, har zuwa haɗuwa da Bolshaya Laba, kogin Kuban yana gudana a cikin wani faffadan kwari mai faɗi tare da gangara. Sannan ta lanƙwasa zuwa yamma kuma ta haɓaka wani filin ambaliya na bankin hagu, wanda ke da nisan kilomita 4 (2.5 mi) kusa da Ust-Labinsk. A can yana da iska kuma yana da shoals da rapids da yawa. Ƙarƙashin bakin Laba kogin yana faɗaɗa har zuwa kilomita 20 (12 mi). Tsakanin bakin kogunan Laba da Afips kwararowar Adyghe sun mamaye wani yanki mai fadin murabba'in kilomita murabba'i 300 (sq mi), kuma a karkashin kogin Afips, kimanin murabba'in kilomita 800 (310 sq mi) na mamaye tafsirin Zakubanskie. A nisan kilomita 116 (72 mi) daga baki, Kuban yana haɗuwa tare da babbar tashar ruwa, Protoka, mai tsawon kilomita 130 (mita 81). Kuban kusa da bakinsa kuban ya ɗan rage zuwa kilomita 3 zuwa 4 (1.9 zuwa 2.5 mi) sannan ya samar da wani yanki mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita 4,300 (sq mi). Yankin delta ya ƙunshi limamai da yawa, waɗanda a hankali wasu sun rabu da kogin. Har zuwa karni na 19, kogin Kuban ya shiga cikin Tekun Black da Azov. Duk da haka daga baya, filaye masu tasowa sun juya kogin gaba ɗaya zuwa Tekun Azov..
A cikin kogin na sama, kogin yana yawan ciyar da glaciers da dusar ƙanƙara mai tsayi (49%). Kusa da Krasnodar, wannan gudummawar ta ragu zuwa 32%; A halin da ake ciki, ruwan da ake samu daga ruwan da ke karkashin kasa ya karu daga kashi 21% zuwa 32%, da na ruwan sama daga kashi 27% zuwa 32%. Kogin ba ya daskarewa saboda yanayin zafi mai ɗanɗano da saurin gudana a ɓangaren sama. Kogin Kuban yana da yawan ambaliya (6-7 a kowace shekara) saboda ruwan sama da narke, duka a cikin hunturu da bazara. Matsayin ruwan da ake amfani da shi yana jujjuyawa har zuwa mita 5 (16 ft), tare da mafi girma a cikin Yuli da mafi ƙarancin a cikin Fabrairu. An rage girman waɗannan sauye-sauye ta hanyar gina tashar Nevinnomyssk da Tschikskoe, Krasnodar da Shapsug reservoirs. Wadannan matakan kuma sun samar da ruwa ga noman kifi da gonakin shinkafa
Matsakaicin fitarwa na Kogin Kuban yana kusa da Krasnodar a kusan 425 cubic meters a sakan daya (15,000 cu ft/s). A da ya kasance mafi girma da kusan mita cubic 30 a sakan daya (1,100 cu ft/s) amma ginin tafki ya rage shi. Matsakaicin fitarwa kusa da Armavir shine mita cubic 163 a sakan daya (5,800 cu ft/s), kuma a da ya bambanta tsakanin 0.95 da 1,160 cubic meters a sakan daya (34 da 40,965 cu ft/s) kafin cikar Tafkin Krasnodar a cikin 1980s. Fitowar shekara zuwa Tekun Azov kusan kilomita 12 zuwa 13 (2.9 zuwa 3.1 cu mi) na ruwa, tan miliyan 8 na laka da tan miliyan 4 na narkar da gishiri.
Matsakaicin turbidity shine 682 g / m3. Ruwa salinity yana ƙaruwa zuwa ga delta; yawanci ya bambanta tsakanin 50 da 400 MG / L kuma yana iya kaiwa 1000 MG / L a wasu yankuna. Dukkanin manyan masu ba da gudummawa suna gudana cikin Kuban daga hagu kuma sun samo asali ne daga Dutsen Caucasus. Wadannan masu goyon baya sun hada da Bolshoy Zelenchuk, Maly Zelenchuk.
Manyan masu goyon bayan Kuban sune, daga tushe zuwa baki:
Tsire-tsire
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kogin yana gudana ta nau'ikan shimfidar wurare guda uku: gauraye dazuzzuka na Caucasus a kudu, dazuzzukan Submediterranean na Crimean a tsakiya, da steppe a arewa. Gandun daji na Caucasus suna da wadata a cikin nau'in bishiyoyi; A tsakiyar hawan, sun mamaye itacen oak na Georgian (Quercus iberica), hornbeam (Carpinus caucasica), chestnut mai dadi ( Castanea sativa) da beech Oriental (Fagus orientalis). Mafi girma gandun daji suna coniferous kuma sun ƙunshi fir (Abies nordmanniana) da spruce ( Picea orientalis). Dazuzzuka na Crimean Submediterranean suma suna da yawa, waɗanda fir da spruce suka mamaye.
Tsire-tsire na delta galibi sun ƙunshi kututturen redu, ciyawa, sedges, bur-reed da cattail. Kadan akai-akai shine ciyawar tef, ciyawar ciyawa, kibiya da sauran tsire-tsire masu fama da yunwa. Estuaries suna da wadataccen ciyayi a ƙarƙashin ruwa a cikin nau'in algae stoneworts, pondweed, hornworts, lilies da sauran nau'ikan. Jimlar fadin irin wannan ciyayi shine kadada 40,000 zuwa 50,000 (150 zuwa 190 sq mi). Wasu ginshiƙi na ɗauke da kurmin magarya waɗanda aka kawo yankin daga Afirka..
Dabbobi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Fadin yankin Kuban, tare da ɗimbin tudun ruwa, yana da wadata musamman a cikin plankton da benthos. Akwai kimanin nau'in zooplankton 400, ciki har da rotifers, copepods, cladocerans, mollusks, tsutsotsi, da dai sauransu, suna ba da abinci mai yawa ga kifi. Kifin kifi na Kuban ya bambanta da na kusa da kogin Don da Volga kuma ya ƙunshi fiye da nau'in 65 daga iyalai 16. An mamaye su da jinsin Gobio, Romanogobio, Squalius da Chondrostoma kuma suna ɗauke da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan irin su carp, carp Prussian, roach, bream, bream na azurfa, pike, perch, ruffe, Chalcalburnus, Sprattus, Mugil da sauransu. Wasu nau'o'in irin su irin su carp na azurfa da ciyawar ciyawa sun kasance a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata
Dabbobi masu kama da juna sun haɗa da Kuban barbel (Barbus kubanicus), Gobio kubanicus, Little Kuban gudgeon (Romanogobio parvus), Kuban long-barbelled gudgeon, Kuban nasa (Chondrostoma kubanicum), Sabanejewia kubanica, Oxynoemacheilus fiski da Aphips chub .
Kuban barbel da Kuban hanci su ne kawai nau'in jinsin su a cikin kwarin Kuban. Sun fi son koguna masu tsaunuka masu saurin gudu da ƙasa mai yashi ko dutse waɗanda suke haifuwa. Bayan gina Dam Krasnodar a cikin 1980s, Kuban barbel ya zama mai wuya a cikin Kuban ƙasa. Akasin haka, hancin Kuban yana motsawa ƙasa zuwa ƙananan sassa ko manyan ƙorafi a cikin hunturu. Yana da mahimmanci ga ingancin ruwa, musamman turbidity. Har ila yau, yawan jama'arta ya ragu bayan gina madatsar ruwa na Krasnodar, amma har yanzu yana da yawa a tsakiya da na sama na Kuban da yankunanta..
Gudun Kuban da Karamin Kuban guguwar an iyakance su ne ga sassan da matsakaicin saurin gudu da tsakuwa ko kasa mai yashi; suna da yawa a tsakiyar kogin. Gudun Kuban ba sabon abu bane ta hanyar haskoki biyar masu rassa dubura. Aphips chub (Squalius aphipsi) yana faruwa a kudancin Kuban kuma yana ɓoye a cikin ƙananan wuraren tafki a lokacin rani. Yana tsiro a cikin rafuffukan sauri santimita 10 zuwa 20 (4 zuwa 8 in) mai zurfi tare da dutse ko ƙasa mai dutse. Ba ya ƙaura da yawa, amma yana motsawa ƙasa a cikin hunturu don nemo wuraren tafki mai zurfi kuma yana komawa sama a lokacin rani. Wannan nau'in yana da yawa a ko'ina cikin kogin.
Kafin gina madatsun ruwa, Kogin yana da tarin ƙaura na sturgeons (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii, A. stellatus, Huso huso) da cyprinids (Alburnus mento, Vimba vimba). Wadannan nau'o'in suna da ƙarancin kasancewa a zamanin yau.
Delta na Kogin Kuban da kogin sa sanannen wurin hutawa ne ga tsuntsaye masu ƙaura daban-daban, musamman tsuntsayen ruwa kamar geese na daji, ducks, cormorants, pelicans, swans da gray herons. Har ila yau akwai tsuntsaye masu cin nama, kamar falcons, da kuma foxes da cats na daji. An kawo Muskrats zuwa ruwa a cikin karni na 20 don samar da fata na kasuwanci.
Shekaru dubbai da suka gabata, Tekun Azov ya fi girma kuma ya rufe delta na Kogin Kuban. Kashewar laka ta Kuban a hankali ya fitar da teku kuma ya tsara delta tare da limans da yawa da ƙananan bakin teku. Sauye-sauye na tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta sun ba da gudummawa ga wannan tsarin saukowa. Akwai kimanin tsaunuka 25 masu fashewa a yankin kuma wasu har yanzu suna aiki.
Ayyukan ɗan adam
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Helenawa na dā sun kira kogin Hypanis .
Kogin Kuban ya ba da sunansa ga Cossacks na Kuban waɗanda suka zauna a cikin kwandon a ƙarni na 18 zuwa 19. A lokacin da Rasha ta ci Caucasus ya kasance wani ɓangare na Layin Arewacin Caucasus .
Delta na Kuban wani muhimmin yanki ne na shinkafa a Rasha. Har ila yau, an haɓaka shi a nan shine kamun kifi tare da manyan nau'ikan kasuwanci ciki har da perch, roach da chalcalburnus. Ana kewaya kogin zuwa Krasnodar inda yake ciyar da Krasnodar Thermal Power Plant .