Kudin yanayi a Najeriya

Kudin yanayi a Najeriya
aspect in a geographic region (en)
Bayanai
Bangare na	Yarjejeniyar Paris da Tattalin arzikin Najeriya
Fuskar	Kudin yanayi, canjin yanayi da Sustainable Development Goals (en)
Ƙasa	Najeriya
Wuri
Ƴantacciyar ƙasa	Najeriya

Kudin yanayi a Najeriya ya haɗa da cakuda kudade na cikin gida da na duniya don daidaita Canjin yanayi, ragewa da juriya.

Gudummawar da aka ƙayyade a ƙasa

Najeriya jam'iyya ce ga Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi (UNFCCC) a cikin 1994 kuma ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Kyoto a cikin 2004. Gudummawar da kasar ta ƙuduri aniyar bayar ita ce rage hayaki na gajeren lokaci na Yanayi da Hydrofluorocarbons da kashi 47% nan da shekara ta 2030 a farashin da aka tsara na dala biliyan 542.

Babban tallafin kuɗi

Tsakanin 2012 da 2016, manyan kudaden yanayi na Gwamnatin Najeriya sun fito ne daga kasafin kudin kasa tare da $ 4,800,000 da aka ware daga Asusun Zuba Jari na Yanayi, tallafin DFID da aka ware £ 17,000 kuma Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya ta ba da gudummawar $ 352,000 don tallafawa Kudin Yanayi a Najeriya. Har ila yau, a cikin 2024, Bankin Ci Gaban Najeriya, an kuma ba shi izinin samun dama tsakanin dala miliyan 50 da dala miliyan 250 daga Asusun Yanayi na Green don tallafawa canjin yanayi  : 167-168 Akwai kuma kudaden yanayi Henrich daga Boll Stiftung (HBS) tsakanin 2012 da 2016 a cikin jimlar Yuro 423,320. : 129 

Bukatar kudade na gwamnati

Dangane da Rahoton Binciken Bukatar Bala'i (PDNA) a cikin 2012 ga UNFCCC a cikin 2017, mahimman bukatun kudade sun haɗa da kula da ambaliyar ruwa tare da buƙatar gyara lalacewar dala biliyan 16.9. Har ila yau, ana buƙatar saka hannun jari kusan dala biliyan 177 don rage ƙalubalen sharar gida, albarkatun ruwa da tasirin gidan kore : 13-14 : 4

Kudin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu

Baya ga kudade na gwamnati, akwai kudade daga C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group a cikin adadin $ 3,000,000, $ 1,515,512 daga bankin Fidelity da $ 2,000,000 daga Bankin Duniya :

Context and Vulnerabilities

Yanayin Aikin Gona da Gida

Taswirar rarraba yanayi na Köppen-Geiger na Najeriya na lokacin 1980-2016

Najeriya tana da jimlar yanki na 910,770 km², wanda kashi 77% ya sadaukar da shi ga amfanin gona (gami da ƙasar noma, amfanin gona na dindindin da makiyaya) : 1 da 22% gandun daji sun rufe su tun daga shekarar 2020. A cewar Bankin Duniya, bangaren noma yana da alhakin 34% na samar da aiki a kasar. Koyaya, lalacewar ƙasa tana shafar kusan kashi 33% na ƙasar noma, wanda canjin yanayi ya kara tsanantawa. : na bakwai 

Har yanzu bangaren noma yana da kusan kashi 23% na GDP na kasar bisa ga bayanan Bankin Duniya na 2021. Canjin yanayin ruwan sama, karuwar ambaliyar ruwa, da hamada a arewacin kasar suna barazana ga tsaron abinci da hanyoyin rayuwa a Najeriya; kasar ta riga ta fuskanci karancin abinci idan aka kwatanta da bukatar cikin gida. : 54 Karin shigo da abinci na yau da kullun, kamar shinkafa, ya nuna wahalar biyan bukatun abinci na kasar. A cikin 2019, an gano cewa Najeriya ta cinye tan miliyan 7 na hatsi, amma kawai ta samar da tan miliyan 3.7 da kansu.

Dangane da rahoton 2012 Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA), ambaliyar, wacce ta fara a watan Yulin wannan shekarar, ta haifar da kimanin dala biliyan 16.9 a cikin lalacewa, yana nuna bukatar saka hannun jari a cikin daidaitawa. : xx

Yanayin Makamashi

Taswirar da ke da taƙaitaccen ƙarfin hasken rana a Najeriya

  Coal (1.1%)

  Crude Oil (32.2%)

  Natural Gas (22.2%)

  Hydroelectricity (1.1%)

  Biofuels and waste (43.4%)

Sashin makamashi na Najeriya ya mamaye man fetur da sharar gida (43.4% na jimlar samar da makamashi), galibi itace da gawayi, wanda kashi 65% na gidaje ke amfani da shi don bukatun yau da kullun kamar dafa abinci. Ana samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar iskar gas (75%), yayin da hanyoyin sabuntawa kamar su hydropower (1.1%) da hasken rana (0.3% a cikin 2022) suna wakiltar karamin ɓangaren makamashi. Duk da babban damar sabuntawa, Najeriya tana da MW 2,062 kawai na ƙarfin wutar lantarki daga cikin kimanin 14,120 MW. Ana kiyasta yiwuwar hasken rana har zuwa 210 GW, duk da haka ana amfani da kashi 1% kawai na yankin ƙasar a halin yanzu.  : 27 

Ikon wutar lantarki da aka shigar shine 12.5 GW, amma kawai 3,500 zuwa 5,000 MW yana samuwa saboda asarar watsawa da rarraba (28-40%). Duk da haka, bukatar wutar lantarki ta Najeriya ta wuce iyakar ƙarfin grid, a kusan 17,556 MWh / h a cikin 2020, bisa ga bayanan hukuma. : 38 A cikin 2023, yawan samun wutar lantarki ya kasance 61.2%, tare da bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin birane (89%) da yankunan karkara (kasa da 33%) a cikin mahallin inda gazawar wutar lantarki ta kai ga tattalin arziki kusan dala biliyan 29 a kowace shekara.

Yanayin Tattalin Arziki

An dauki Najeriya a matsayin tattalin arziki mafi girma a nahiyar Afirka, tare da GDP na dala biliyan 188.27 a 2023 da yawan mutane miliyan 233.3, amma GDP na kowane mutum shine mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin manyan tattalin arzikin Afirka goma saboda yawan jama'arta. Sashin kudi na kasar shine kasuwar banki ta uku mafi girma a Afirka, tare da bankunan kamar FBN Holdings, Access Bank, da Zenith Bank suna jagorantar matsayi na yanki. Kasuwancin kasuwa Najeriya (NGX) ya kai kusan dala biliyan 47 a watan Yunin 2025, tare da kamfanoni 148 da aka jera, kodayake babu wanda aka keɓe shi ne kawai ga makamashi mai sabuntawa.

Duk da yiwuwar, kudaden kore suna iyakance yayin da masu karfafa saka hannun jari ke ba da fifiko ga bangaren man fetur kamar yadda Najeriya ita ce babbar mai samar da mai fetur a Afirka. : 27 A cikin 2020, kasar ta kashe dala biliyan 71.3 a kan shigo da kayayyaki, wanda ya wuce fitarwa da dala biliyan 43.6, galibi saboda dogaro da man fetur mai da aka shigo da shi duk da ikon ingantaccen gida.

Tsarin siyasa da na doka

Najeriya ta hade canjin yanayi cikin manufofinta ta hanyar takardu irin su "Shirin Canjin Makamashi na Najeriya" (2021) da "Manufofin Makamashi na Kasa" (2022), wadanda ke inganta manufofin makamashi da ake sabunta su da fadada kasuwar saka hannun jari mai dorewa.

Dokar Canjin Yanayi ta 2021 ta kafa Majalisar Canjin Yanayi ta ƙasa, mai alhakin daidaita manufofin yanayi da kuma kula da asusun sauyin yanayi na ƙasa.

Don jawo hankalin zuba jari, gwamnati tana ba da abubuwan ƙarfafawa kamar harajin abinci, keɓancewar haraji, rage harajin shigo da kayayyaki, da yankuna na musamman na tattalin arziki (SEZs) waɗanda ke ba da izinin keɓance cikakken haraji da dawo da riba. Baƙi za su iya riƙe daidaito 100% a cikin ayyukan, dangane da rajista tare da Hukumar Harkokin Kasuwanci (CAC) da kuma amincewa daga Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki ta Najeriya (NERC) da Hukumar Kula da Gasa da Kariya ta Tarayya (FCCPC).

Tun daga 2019, Kasuwancin Hannun Jari na Najeriya ya buƙaci rahoton ESG (muhalli, zamantakewa, da gudanarwa) ga kamfanoni da aka jera, kuma daga 2027, rahoton dorewa mai dacewa da ka'idojin IFRS S2 zai zama wajibi. Ka'idodin Banki Dorewa na Najeriya (NSBP) na buƙatar bankunan su haɗa abubuwan muhalli da zamantakewa cikin yanke shawara da bayar da rahoton tasirin su a sarari.

Gudunmawar da aka ƙaddara ta ƙasa

Najeriya ta kasance jam'iyyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Tsarin Tsarin Sauyin Yanayi (UNFCCC) tun 1994 kuma ta amince da yarjejeniyar Kyoto a 2004. An gabatar da gudummawar farko ta kasa (NDC) a cikin 2015, tare da alƙawarin rage fitar da hayaki na ɗan gajeren lokaci na gurɓataccen yanayi da ƙarancin carbon carbon 2470% Dalar Amurka biliyan 542. A cikin 2021, Najeriya ta buga sabunta NDC.

NDCs sun haɗa da maƙasudai don ƙara yawan kason makamashin da ake sabuntawa zuwa kashi 30 cikin 100 nan da shekarar 2030 da kuma cimma nasarar samun damar makamashi ta duniya nan da shekarar 2060.

Gudun Kuɗi na Yanayi

Jama'a

A tsakanin shekarar 2012 zuwa 2016, akasarin kudaden da ake kashewa a Najeriya sun fito ne daga kasafin kudin kasar, inda aka ware dalar Amurka miliyan 4.8 daga asusun zuba jari na yanayi, da tallafin DFID fam 17,000, da kuma dalar Amurka 352,000 daga cibiyar muhalli ta duniya. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin 2024, Bankin Raya Haɓaka na Najeriya kuma an ba shi izinin shiga tsakanin dalar Amurka miliyan 50 da dalar Amurka miliyan 250 daga Asusun Kula da Yanayi na Green don tallafawa matakan sauyin yanayi. €423,320.:   129

Bisa ga rahoton 2012 Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) na UNFCCC a cikin 2017, mahimman bukatun samar da kudade sun haɗa da magance ambaliyar ruwa da kuma buƙatar gyara barnar dalar Amurka biliyan 16.9. Bugu da kari, ana bukatar zuba jari na kimanin dalar Amurka biliyan 177 don magance kalubalen sharar gida, albarkatun ruwa, da iskar gas.: 13–14.: 4

A cikin 2024, gwamnati ta ware albarkatu ga Asusun Canjin Yanayi, tare da tallafi daga Bankin Duniya, Hukumar Kuɗi ta Duniya (IFC), da IMF, don faɗaɗa kuɗaɗen kore. A watan Afrilun 2025, Ministan Kudi kuma Ministan Harkokin Tattalin Arziki, Wale Edun, ya gana da Dr. Nkiruka Madueke, Darakta-Janar na Hukumar Kula da Sauyin Yanayi ta Najeriya (NCCC), don tattauna batun kaddamar da asusun sauyin yanayi, da nufin tallafawa hanyoyin magance sauyin yanayi da kuma inganta harkokin kudi na kore. Koyaya, ba da fifikon saka hannun jarin burbushin mai da ƙyalli na iskar gas biliyan 7 a kowace shekara, wanda ke haifar da asarar dalar Amurka biliyan 2.5, yana iyakance ci gaba a cikin tsaftataccen makamashi.

Na sirri

Baya ga tallafin gwamnati, akwai kudade daga rukunin C40 na manyan garuruwa don jagorancin yanayi, dalar Amurka miliyan 3, dalar Amurka miliyan 1,515,512 daga bankin Fidelity, da dalar Amurka miliyan 2 daga bankin duniya. bayyanannun hayaki. Duk da haka, bisa ga wani bincike na 2022 mai suna Nigeria Green Tagging Banking Review, fannin banki yana ci gaba da ba da rance ga masana'antu masu amfani da carbon.

A cikin 2017, gwamnatin Najeriya ta ba da lamuni na farko a Afirka wanda ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan 29, wanda ya ba da gudummawar ayyukan makamashin hasken rana ga jami'o'i da al'ummomin da ba su da tushe. Tsakanin 2019 da 2021, an ba da haɗin gwiwar kamfanoni huɗu da kore kore ɗaya mai daraja wanda ya kai kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 38.02.

Hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa da Kudade na waje

Najeriya ta dogara kacokan kan tallafin waje don cimma manufofinta na yanayi na NDC. Kungiyoyi irin su Asusun Kula da Yanayi na Green, Bankin Duniya, da Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Duniya ta Jamus (GIZ) suna cikin mahimman hanyoyin. A cikin 2023, Bankin Masana'antu na Najeriya ya haɗu da FSD Afirka don faɗaɗa kuɗin yanayi.[56] Koyaya, kusan kashi 75% na kuɗaɗen yanayin yanayin jama'a na duniya ana bayar da su ta hanyar bashi, yana ƙara nauyin kuɗin ƙasar.

Manyan sassan sun amfana

Makamashi

Canji zuwa makamashi mai sabuntawa shine fifiko na ƙasa, tare da mai da hankali kan ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki, kamar tashar Kainji (760MW), wanda aka ba da izini a 1968; da ayyukan hasken rana, gami da tsarin kashe grid da ƙananan grid. A cikin 2016, gwamnati ta sanya hannu kan PPAs tare da masu haɓaka hasken rana 14, amma ayyukan sun tsaya cak saboda rage farashin abinci.

A cikin 2022, shigar da ƙarfin sabuntawar makamashi shine 24.5%, tare da wutar lantarki mai wakiltar 96% na wannan jimlar.[18] A cikin 2023, saka hannun jari a cikin makamashi mai tsafta ya karu da fiye da 900% idan aka kwatanta da 2022, jimlar dalar Amurka miliyan 69.3, wanda yawancinsu daga haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu ne.

Sufuri

Bangaren sufuri, wanda ke da keken keke (keke napap), ƙananan bas (danfos), da kuma babura (okadas), shine babban tushen gurɓacewar birni. Kasuwar motocin lantarki (EV) na karuwa a cikin kasar, sakamakon damuwa game da gurbatar yanayi da tsadar mai. Wasu tsare-tsare suna haɓaka karɓar EV ta hanyar tallafi da tashoshi na caji kyauta, kodayake cajin kayan aikin ya kasance iyakance.

Noma da Dazuzzuka

Kasar ta kuduri aniyar maido da kasa mai fadin hecta miliyan 4 nan da shekarar 2030 a karkashin shirin farfado da dazuzzukan Afirka (AFR100) da kuma cimma matsaya kan lalata kasa (LDN) a daidai wannan lokacin, tare da kashe jarin dalar Amurka biliyan 194.: 5 [34:] 

Abubuwan Gaba

Najeriya tana da fa'ida mai yawa da za a iya sabunta ta, tare da megawatt 14,120 a wutar lantarki kuma har zuwa 210 GW a cikin hasken rana, amma rashin amfani ya ci gaba. Cire tallafin man fetur a shekarar 2023 da kuma ‘yantar da kasuwar canji ya karu da sha’awar masu zuba jari, amma rashin kwanciyar hankali na tsari ya kasance cikas.