Kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 60/147
Kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai lamba 60/147, Babban Sharuɗɗa da Sharuɗɗa game da Haƙƙin Magani da Rayyaya ga waɗanda aka zalunta a kan manyan take haƙƙin ƴan Adam na ƙasa da ƙasa da kuma munanan take haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙuduri ne na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya game da haƙƙin waɗanda aka yi wa laifukan ƙasa da ƙasa. Majalisar ta amince da shi a ranar 16 ga Disamba 2005 a zamanta na 60.[1] Dangane da gabatarwa, manufar ƙudurin ita ce ta taimaka wa wadanda abin ya shafa da wakilan su don gyara taimako da kuma jagorantar da ƙarfafa Jihohi wajen aiwatar da manufofin jama'a kan biyan kuɗi.
Masanin shari'a dan kasar Holland Theo van Boven ne ya tsara ka'idojin, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'yancin ramuwa ga wadanda aka ci zarafinsu daga 1986 zuwa 1991, kuma an kammala su bayan sama da shekaru 20 na bincike. Tun daga lokacin kasashe mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne suka karbe su. Ba su da ɗauri, duk da haka Majalisar ta ba da shawarar cewa Jihohi su yi la'akari da Ka'idoji da Ka'idoji.
Kudirin ya kunshi ka'idoji 27 da ke bayyana wajibcin da ya rataya a wuyan dukkan kasashe mambobin MDD na mutunta da aiwatar da dokokin kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa da kuma dokokin jin kai na kasa da kasa. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka tsara haƙƙin waɗanda aka take haƙƙin ɗan adam don ramawa da magunguna, da samun damar yin adalci a cikin tsarin shari'a na cikin gida.
Bayyanawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ka'idoji da ka'idoji na asali sun tsara cewa wadanda aka zalunta na da hakkin a biya su. Wannan haƙƙin ya samo asali ne daga ƙa'idar doka game da alhakin Jiha cewa wani mummunan aiki da ya taso daga keta wani wajibi na kasa da kasa ya haifar da wajibcin yin ramuwar gayya. Sanar da haƙƙin biyan diyya ya kai daga aikin Jihohi don magance ayyukan da ba daidai ba a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa, wajibi da aka tsara a cikin Mataki na 34 na Dokokin Dokoki game da Hakkin Jiha don Ayyukan da ba daidai bane na Duniya (2001).<i id="mwKQ">Rubutun Rubutun kan Hakkin Jiha don Ayyukan Laifi na Duniya</i> (2001).
Ƙaddamarwar ta haɗu da haƙƙoƙin da aka ba su a ƙarƙashin dokar jin kai ta duniya da dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya, kuma ta tsara aikin Jihohi don aiwatar da biyan diyya na cikin gida ga waɗanda abin ya shafa.[2] Yana magance manyan keta dokar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa da kasa da kuma manyan keta dokar jin kai ta kasa da Kasa wadanda suka zama laifuka a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa. Tanadinsa ya shafi matsayi da kuma kula da wadanda ke fama da irin wannan keta doka da kuma hakkinsu na gyarawa a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa, gami da haƙƙin karɓar diyya don cutar da aka sha.[1] Har ila yau, ya ƙayyade ka'idojin iyakancewa dangane da irin waɗannan keta doka, samun dama ga adalci da samun damar samun bayanai masu dacewa game da keta doka da hanyoyin biyan diyya.[3]
Ba a yi nufin ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi da jagororin don ƙirƙirar sabbin wajibai ba. An yi nufin su zama kayan aiki/kayan jagora ga Jihohi wajen aiwatar da manufofin cikin gida.[1]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Domin | A kan adawa | Ka guji |
|---|---|---|
|
Babu |
Theo van Boven ne ya shirya rubutun farko na ka'idoji da jagororin a cikin 1997, bisa buƙatar Kwamitin Rarraba nuna bambanci da Kare 'Yan Ƙananan Hukumomi. Bayan shigar da ra'ayoyi masu yawa da ƙarin bincike, an gabatar da Dokokin 2000 da Jagororin ga Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam, sannan daga baya aka rarraba su ga gwamnatocin jihohi da kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba don yin sharhi.
A ranar 31 ga Agusta, 2000, ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi sun buɗe don yin tsokaci, kuma Sakatare-Janar ya gayyaci ƙasashe membobin su gabatar da ra'ayi. Tsakanin 2000 da 2002, takardar ta ci gaba da yin bita.[4]
A watan Agustan shekara ta 2003, Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (OHCHR) ya gudanar da shawarwari na kasa da kasa, bisa buƙatar Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam, don manufar kammala rubutun.[5] An samar da wani fasalin da aka sake sabuntawa, wanda ya haɗa da ra'ayoyi daga gwamnatocin Jiha da kungiyoyin ba da agaji, da kuma kwararru da ƙwararrun ra'ayoyin da aka yada.[6] An gudanar da tarurruka biyu na shawarwari a Geneva a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2003.[7] Shugaban-Mai ba da rahoto na taron, Mista Alejandro Salinas, ya samar da rahoto wanda Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta karɓa kuma ta maraba da shi.[8]
A ranar 19 ga Afrilu 2005, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta zartar da Resolution 2005/35 a lokacin zamanta na 61 a New York, ta tabbatar da jagororin [9] kuma ta ba da shawarar su don amincewa da Babban Taron. [10] An sanya shi a gaban jihohin membobin, ƙudurin ya wuce ta hanyar kuri'un da aka rubuta na 40 a cikin ni'ima, tare da 12 da suka ƙi da 0 jefa kuri'a.[11]
Samun tallafi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An sanya ka'idoji da jagororin asali a gaban Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a zamansa na 60. A ranar 16 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2005, Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da ka'idoji da jagororin asali a matsayin ƙuduri A / RES /60/147 (2005) ta hanyar yarjejeniya.[12] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ce ta buga ka'idoji da jagororin a hukumance a shekara ta 2006.
Wadanda aka azabtar a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ƙudurin yana ba da cikakkiyar ma'anar waɗanda abin ya shafa, wanda ya haɗa ma'anar da ake samu a cikin kayan haƙƙin ɗan adam da shari'a. Ƙa'ida ta 8 ta ayyana kalmar da aka azabtar da ta haɗa da "mutanen da suka ji rauni a ɗaiɗaiku ko tare, gami da raunin jiki ko tunani, wahala, asarar tattalin arziƙi ko naƙasasshiyar haƙƙoƙinsu na gaske ...
Shawarwarin da aka mayar da hankali daga masu aikata laifuka da kuma wadanda abin ya shafa wani bangare ne na sauyawa mai zurfi a cikin shari'ar aikata laifukan kasa da kasa zuwa karɓar haƙƙoƙi, wajibai da alhakin da ake bin mutane a ƙarƙashin dokar kasa da kasa.[13] Wannan ya biyo bayan yanayin gaba ɗaya game da amincewa da shigar da 'yan wasan da ba na gwamnati ba a cikin dokar kasa da kasa.[14]
Kafin abubuwan da suka faru a baya-bayan nan, an mayar da hankali ga dokar kare hakkin dan adam kan ɗaukar masu aikata laifuka da alhakin, kuma wadanda abin ya shafa sun kasance a baya. Halitta kotunan masu aikata laifuka na kasa da kasa da karuwar tabbatar da kayan aikin kare hakkin dan adam a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata sun samar da cikakken amincewa ga wadanda abin ya shafa a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa.[15] Halitta Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya a cikin 1998 a karkashin Dokar Roma ta kara mayar da hankali kan ra'ayoyin wadanda aka azabtar. Ta hanyar kafa ikon aikata laifuka na kasa da kasa kan laifukan kisan kare dangi na kasa da Kasa, laifukan da aka yi wa bil'adama, laifuka da suka shafi yaki da laifin tashin hankali, Dokar da ta ba da izini ta amince da rawar da wadanda abin ya shafa ke takawa a cikin shari'o'in kasa da kasa da kuma bayyana hakkinsu na biyan diyya. Ka'idoji da Jagororin asali sun ba da jagora mai mahimmanci ga abubuwan da ke cikin Dokar Roma dangane da amincewa da haƙƙin waɗanda abin ya shafa, duk da kasancewa cikin tsarin tsarawa a lokacin.[16]
Hakkin biyan diyya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ka'idoji da Jagororin na asali suna fadada haƙƙin da aka ba wa wadanda abin ya shafa ta hanyar haɗa haƙƙin da ake ba da shi a ƙarƙashin dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam da dokar jin kai.[17] Akwai haɗuwa mai yawa a cikin haƙƙoƙi da kariya da aka ba su a ƙarƙashin waɗannan gwamnatoci, a fannoni kamar haramta nuna bambanci a kan launin fata, jinsi da addini da kuma haƙƙin shari'a mai adalci.[18] Kungiyoyin shari'a na kasa da kasa, gami da Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya, sun tabbatar da cewa aikace-aikacen dokar kare hakkin dan adam da dokar jin kai na iya zama biyu da kuma hadin kai. An tabbatar da wannan a cikin hukuncin ICJ na 2006 na Ayyuka na Makamai a Yankin Kongo . [19] Yawancin masu ilimin haƙƙin ɗan adam sun yi jayayya cewa bambancin tsakanin rassa daban-daban na dokar ƙasa da ƙasa ba shi da mahimmanci wajen tantance warkar da wadanda abin ya shafa.
Ƙaddamarwar ita ce kayan aiki na farko na duniya don bayyana cikakkun hanyoyin magance take hakkin dan adam.[20] Ya bayyana haƙƙin warkarwa na waɗanda abin ya shafa kamar yadda ya ƙunshi: (a) daidaito da inganci ga adalci; (b) isasshen, tasiri da kuma biyan diyya na rauni da aka sha; (c) samun damar samun bayanai masu dacewa game da keta doka da hanyoyin biyan diyya.[1]
Duk da yake an tabbatar da wannan haƙƙin a cikin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma kayan aikin haƙƙin ɗan adam sun magance haƙƙin warkarwa na waɗanda abin ya shafa, Ka'idodin Ka'idoji sune takarda na farko da ya bayyana waɗannan haƙƙoƙin gaba ɗaya.
Ƙaddamarwar ta ba da umarnin cewa wannan na iya ɗaukar nau'o'i biyar: maidowa, diyya, gyarawa, gamsuwa, da tabbacin rashin maimaitawa. Wannan ya tsara haƙƙin da ke akwai don biyan diyya wanda aka tabbatar da shi azaman haƙƙin doka ta al'ada ta duniya.
An yi tattaunawa mai yawa game da ko haƙƙin biyan kuɗi shine wanda ke tarawa ɗai-ɗai ko gaba ɗaya.[21] Wasu malaman shari'a sun yi jayayya cewa haƙƙin waɗanda abin ya shafa don biyan diyya haƙƙin rukuni ne maimakon haƙƙin mutum, saboda ya dogara da haɗa yarjejeniyar haƙƙin ɗan adam cikin dokokin cikin gida. Har ila yau, an ki amincewa da rarraba diyya a matsayin haƙƙin mutum bisa la'akari da cewa ba shi da tabbas, saboda bambance-bambance da doka ta kirkira game da rigakafin jihar. Hakkin biyan diyya yana ƙuntata ta hanyar iyakantaccen halayyar doka na mutane a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa. Don wanda aka azabtar ya sami fansa a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa, dole ne Jiha ta kawo da'awar a madadin su. Yin amfani da wannan haƙƙin kuma yana buƙatar cewa Jiha ta ba da duk wani diyya da aka karɓa ga wannan ɗan ƙasa da ya ji rauni, wanda ba a buƙata a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa. A karkashin Mataki na 19 na Dokokin Dokokin kan Kariya ta diflomasiyya, wannan yanke shawara ce bisa ga ra'ayinsu.[22]
Bayanan da aka ambata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 3 4 United Nations. "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 16 December 2005". United Nations Audiovisual Library. Retrieved 16 May 2019. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content. - ↑ Evans, Christine (2012). "The Right to Reparation in International Law for Victims of Armed Conflict" (PDF). Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law: 6. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
- ↑ Mayer-Rieckh, Alexander (2017). "Guarantees of Non-Recurrence: An Approximation". Human Rights Quarterly. 39 (2): 423–424. doi:10.1353/hrq.2017.0024. S2CID 148591244.
- ↑ Bassiouni, M. Cherif (2006). "International Recognition of Victims' Rights". Human Rights Law Review 6. 2: 248 – via Oxford University Press Journals.
- ↑ United Nations. "GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 60/147" (PDF). United Nations Audiovisual Library. Retrieved 2019-05-25.
- ↑ Bassiouni, Cherif M. (2006). "International Recognition of Victims' Rights". Human Rights Law Review. 6 (2): 249–250. doi:10.1093/hrlr/ngl009.
- ↑ Bassiouni, M. Cherif (2006). "International Recognition of Victims' Rights". Human Rights Law Review 6. 2: 250 – via Oxford University Press Journals.
- ↑ "ODS HOME PAGE" (PDF). documents-dds-ny.un.org. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
- ↑ "E/RES/2005/30". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
- ↑ Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (16 May 2019). "Human Rights Resolution 2005/35". Ref World.
- ↑ "Implementing victims' rights" (PDF). Retrieved 2020-02-27.
- ↑ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 16 December 2005" (PDF). UN General Assembly documents. 2006. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
- ↑ Evans, Christine (2012). "The Right to Reparation in International Law for Victims of Armed Conflict" (PDF). Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law: 125. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
- ↑ Bassiouni, M. Cherif (2006). "International Recognition of Victims' Rights". Human Rights Law Review. 6 (2): 203–279. doi:10.1093/hrlr/ngl009.
- ↑ Evans, Christine (2012). "The Right to Reparation in International Law for Victims of Armed Conflict" (PDF). Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law: 125. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
- ↑ Evans, Christine (2012). "The Right to Reparation in International Law for Victims of Armed Conflict" (PDF). Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
- ↑ Bassiouni, M. Cherif (2006). "International Recognition of Victims' Rights". Human Rights Law Review. 6 (2): 204–5. doi:10.1093/hrlr/ngl009.
- ↑ Ratner, S (1998). "The Schizophrenias of International Criminal Law". Texas International Law Journal. 33: 237–257.
- ↑ ICJ Judgments. "(DRC v Rwanda) [2006] ICJ Rep 6" (PDF).
- ↑ Evans, Christine (2012). "The Right to Reparation in International Law for Victims of Armed Conflict" (PDF). Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law: 38. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
- ↑ Evans, Christine. "The Right to Reparation in International Law for Victims of Armed Conflict" (PDF). Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law: 42. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
- ↑ "ILC Draft Articles on Diplomatic Protection" (PDF).