Kula da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin Netherlands

Kula da ambaliya lamari ne mai mahimmanci ga Netherlands, saboda saboda ƙarancin , kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na yankin na da rauni ga ambaliya, yayin da ƙasar ke da yawa. Ramin yashi na yanayi da matsugunan ruwa da aka gina, madatsun ruwa, da magudanan ruwa suna ba da kariya daga guguwar ruwa daga teku. Magudanar ruwa suna hana ambaliya daga ruwa da ke kwarara cikin ƙasar ta manyan koguna na Rhine da Meuse, yayin da tsarin sarƙaƙƙiya na magudanun ruwa, magudanan ruwa, da tashoshi masu dumama ruwa (a tarihi: injin miƙewa) suna kiyaye ƙananan sassa na bushewa don zama da noma.^[1] Hukumomin kula da ruwa su ne hukumomin kananan hukumomi masu zaman kansu da ke da alhakin kiyaye wannan tsarin

A zamanin yau, bala'in ambaliyar ruwa tare da ci gaban fasaha sun haifar da manyan ayyukan gini don rage tasirin teku da hana ambaliyar ƙasa a nan gaba. Wadannan sun tabbatar da mahimmanci a cikin tarihin Dutch, a fannin ƙasa da soja, kuma sun yi tasiri sosai ga rayuwar mutane da yawa da ke zaune a cikin biranen da abin ya shafa, suna motsa tattalin arzikin su ta hanyar inganta kayan aiki.

Tarihi

The Greek geographer Pytheas noted of the Low Countries, as he passed them on his way to Heligoland c. 325 BCE, that "more people died in the struggle against water than in the struggle against men". Roman author Pliny, of the 1st century, wrote something similar in his <i id="mwIg">Natural History</i>:^[2]

A can, sau biyu a cikin kowane sa'o'i ashirin da hudu, magudanar ruwan tekun yana mamaye wani babban yanki na kasa tare da boye takaddamar dabi'a ta har abada game da ko wannan yanki na kasa ne ko na teku. A can waɗannan miyagu sun mamaye ƙasa mai tsayi, ko dandamalin ɗan adam da aka gina sama da matakin mafi girman igiyar ruwa da suke fuskanta; suna zama a cikin bukkoki da aka gina a wurin da aka zaɓa kuma suna kama da ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa sa’ad da ruwa ya mamaye ƙasar da ke kewaye, amma idan igiyar ruwa ta ja, sai su zama kamar waɗanda jirgin ya ruɗe. A kusa da bukkokinsu suna kama kifi yayin da suke ƙoƙarin tserewa da guguwar ruwa. Ba abin da ya rage musu su yi kiwon kiwo, su zauna da nono, kamar kabilan maƙwabta, ko yaƙi da namun daji, tun da an ture duk wani tsiro mai nisa.

Yankin da ke fuskantar barazanar ambaliya a cikin Netherlands ainihin fili ne, wanda aka gina shi daga laka wanda dubban shekaru suka bar ambaliya ta koguna da teku.[1] Kusan shekaru 2,000 da suka gabata yawancin ƙasar Netherlands sun rufe da babban ɗumbin peat. Garin dai ya kunshi jeri na duniyoyin da ke gabar teku da kuma tarkacen dabi'a wadanda ke hana kwarangwal din yabo amma kuma daga ruwan tekun. Yankunan da suka dace da mazaunin su ne a kan tudu mafi girma a gabas da kudu da kuma kan dunes da tarkace na halitta a bakin tekun da koguna. A wurare da dama tekun ya keta wadannan kariya ta yanayi kuma ya haifar da ambaliya mai yawa a arewa. Mazaunan farko na dindindin na wannan yanki tabbas ƙasan yumbun da ke cikin teku ta jawo hankalin ƙasa wanda ya fi ƙasa da ƙasa mai yashi da yashi fiye da ƙasa. Don kare kansu daga ambaliyar ruwa sun gina gidajensu a kan tsaunuka na wucin gadi da ake kira terpen ko wierden (wanda aka sani da Warften ko Halligen a Jamus). Tsakanin 500 BC da AD 700 mai yiwuwa an sami lokuta da yawa na zama da watsi yayin da matakin teku ya tashi lokaci-lokaci ya faɗi. Gilashin farko sun kasance ƙananan ginshiƙai na tsawon mita ɗaya ko fiye da tsayin da ke kewaye da filayen don kare amfanin gona daga ambaliya lokaci-lokaci. Kusan karni na 9 tekun yana kan gaba kuma dole ne a tayar da abubuwa da yawa don kiyaye su. Yawancin terps guda ɗaya a wannan lokacin sun girma tare a matsayin ƙauyuka. An haɗa waɗannan yanzu ta hanyar dike na farko

Bayan kimanin AD 1000 yawan jama'a ya karu, wanda ke nufin akwai buƙata mafi girma ga ƙasar noma amma kuma cewa akwai ma'aikata mafi girma kuma an ɗauki ginin dike da muhimmanci. Manyan masu ba da gudummawa a cikin ginin dike daga baya sune masallatai. A matsayin manyan masu mallakar ƙasa suna da ƙungiyar, albarkatu da ma'aikata don gudanar da babban gini. A shekara ta 1250 an haɗa mafi yawan dicks cikin ci gaba da kare teku.

Mataki na gaba shi ne motsa dicks zuwa ga teku. Kowane sake zagayowar hawan ruwa da hawan ruwa ya bar karamin laka. A cikin shekaru waɗannan yadudduka sun gina har zuwa irin wannan tsawo cewa ba a yawan ambaliyar ruwa. An yi la'akari da amintacce don gina sabon madatsar ruwa a kusa da wannan yankin. Sau da yawa ana kiyaye tsohuwar dike a matsayin kariya ta biyu, wanda ake kira sleeper dike.

Ba za a iya motsa dike a kan teku ba koyaushe. Musamman a cikin kogin delta na kudu maso yamma sau da yawa lamari ne cewa tashar ruwa ta farko ta lalata tashar ruwa. An gina wani madatsar ruwa na biyu, wanda ake kira inlaagdijk . ^[3] Tare da madatsar ruwa ta ciki, lokacin da madatsarar ruwa ta teku ta rushe, madatsar ruwan kasa ta biyu ta zama ta farko. Kodayake redundancy yana ba da tsaro, ƙasar daga na farko zuwa na biyu ya ɓace; a cikin shekaru asarar na iya zama mai mahimmanci.

Ɗauki ƙasa daga sake zagayowar ambaliyar ruwa ta hanyar sanya dique a kusa da shi yana hana shi daga ɗagawa ta hanyar yashi da aka bari a baya bayan ambaliyar. A lokaci guda ƙasa da aka zubar da ruwa ta karfafa kuma peat ya lalace wanda ke haifar da raguwar ƙasa. Ta wannan hanyar bambancin tsakanin matakin ruwa a gefe ɗaya da matakin ƙasa a wancan gefen dike ya girma. Duk da yake ambaliyar ruwa ta zama da wuya, idan ramin ya cika ko kuma an karya lalacewar ta fi girma.

Hanyar gini na dikes ta canza a cikin ƙarni. Shahararrun a Zamanin Tsakiya sun kasance baƙo, dikes na ƙasa tare da kariya na teku. An yanke wani shinge na ƙasa a tsaye a gefen teku. Daga nan ne aka ɗora Seaweed a kan wannan gefen, an riƙe shi a wurin tare da sanduna. Matsi da matsi sun haifar da raguwa mai ƙarfi wanda ya tabbatar da tasiri sosai game da aikin raƙuman ruwa kuma suna buƙatar kulawa kaɗan. A wuraren da ba a samu shuke-shuke na teku ba, an yi amfani da wasu kayan, kamar kara ko wicker mats.

Wani tsarin da aka yi amfani da shi sosai kuma na dogon lokaci shine na allon tsaye na katako wanda bankin ƙasa ya goyi bayan. A zahiri waɗannan gine-ginen tsaye ba su da nasara kamar yadda girgizar ƙasa daga raƙuman ruwa da wankewa daga tushe na dike ya raunana dike.

An yi mummunar lalacewa ga waɗannan gine-ginen katako tare da isowar jirgin ruwa (Teredo navalis), wani nau'i mai laushi wanda ake zaton an kawo shi zuwa Netherlands ta jiragen kasuwanci na VOC, wanda ya ci hanyarsa ta hanyar tsaron teku na Dutch a kusa da 1730. An yi canjin daga itace zuwa amfani da dutse don ƙarfafawa. Wannan babban koma baya ne na kudi saboda babu wani dutse da ke faruwa a cikin Netherlands kuma dole ne a shigo da shi daga kasashen waje.

Ana yin dikes na yanzu tare da core na yashi, an rufe shi da wani m layer na yumɓu don samar da ruwa kariya da juriya daga rushewa. Dikes ba tare da foreland ba suna da wani Layer na murkushe dutse a kasa da ruwa layin don jinkirta aikin raƙuman ruwa. Har zuwa babban layin ruwa ana rufe ramin sau da yawa da duwatsun basalt da aka shimfiɗa a hankali ko kuma wani nau'i na tarmac. Sauran an rufe su da ciyawa kuma ana kiyaye su ta hanyar kiwon tumaki. Tumaki suna kiyaye ciyawa mai yawa kuma suna tattara ƙasa, sabanin shanu.

Ci gaba da yashi

A daidai lokacin da ake gina diks an yi taswirar farko da ta dace da noma da 'yan mulkin mallaka suka yi. Ta hanyar tono tsarin ramukan magudanan ruwa na layi daya an cire ruwa daga ƙasa don samun damar shuka hatsi. Duk da haka, peat ɗin ya zauna fiye da sauran nau'in ƙasa lokacin da aka zubar da ƙasa kuma ya haifar da yankunan da suka ci gaba sun sake zama rigar. Filayen noma waɗanda da farko aka fara amfani da su don noman hatsi ta haka suka zama jika sosai kuma aka canza zuwa noman kiwo. An noma wani sabon yanki a bayan filin da ake da shi, wanda ya zurfafa cikin daji. Wannan sake zagayowar ya sake maimaita kansa sau da yawa har sai abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban sun hadu da juna kuma babu wata ƙasa da ba ta ci gaba ba. Daga nan aka yi amfani da duk ƙasar wajen kiwo.

Saboda ci gaba da ci gaban ƙasa ya zama mafi wuya a cire wuce haddi ruwa. An datse bakunan magudanan ruwa da koguna don hana yawan ruwan da ke kwararowa a sama da kuma mamaye filayen noma. Waɗannan madatsun ruwa suna da ƙwanƙolin katako da ke da bawul, wanda ke ba da damar magudanar ruwa amma yana hana ruwa gudu. Wadannan madatsun ruwa, duk da haka, sun toshe jigilar kayayyaki da kuma ayyukan tattalin arziki sakamakon bukatar jigilar kayayyaki ya haifar da ƙauyuka suna girma kusa da dam, wasu shahararrun misalan su ne Amsterdam (dam a cikin kogin Amstel) da Rotterdam (dam a cikin Rotte). Sai a cikin ƙarnuka da suka wuce aka samar da makullai don ba da damar jiragen ruwa su wuce.

Za a iya kammala ƙarin magudanar ruwa Ana iya samun ƙarin magudanar ruwa ne kawai bayan haɓakar injin injin polder a ƙarni na 15. Famfon ruwa da iska ke tukawa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin wuraren yawon buɗe ido na ƙasar Netherlands. Magudanar ruwa na farko da ke amfani da keken diba na iya tayar da ruwa a mafi yawan mita 1.5. Ta hanyar haɗa injina za a iya ƙara tsayin famfo. Daga baya an yi amfani da injina tare da dunƙule Archimedes wanda zai iya tayar da ruwa fiye da haka. Polders, yanzu sau da yawa ƙasa da matakin teku, an bushe su da injin niƙa da ke fitar da ruwa daga ramukan polder da magudanar ruwa zuwa boezem (" ƙirji "), tsarin magudanar ruwa da tafkuna da ke haɗa polders daban-daban kuma suna aiki a matsayin kwandon ajiya har sai an bar ruwan zuwa kogi ko teku, ko dai ta hanyar ƙofar sluice a ƙananan raƙuman ruwa ko amfani da ƙarin famfo. Har yanzu ana amfani da wannan tsarin a yau, duk da cewa an maye gurbin injinan magudanar ruwa da tururi na farko da na dizal da tashoshi na lantarki..

Ci gaban garuruwa da masana'antu a Zamanin Tsakiya ya haifar da karuwar bukatar busassun peat a matsayin man fetur. Da farko an tono duk turɓaya zuwa teburin ruwa na ƙasa. A cikin karni na 16 an kirkiro wata hanya don tono peat a ƙarƙashin ruwa, ta amfani da tarkon dredging a kan doguwar sanda. Kamfanoni ne suka dauki nauyin hawan dutse, wadanda masu saka hannun jari daga biranen suka goyi bayan su.

Wadannan ayyukan sau da yawa sun lalata wuri mai faɗi yayin da aka tono ƙasar noma kuma raguwar tuddai, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don bushe peat, sun rushe a ƙarƙashin aikin raƙuman ruwa. An halicci ƙananan tabkuna waɗanda suka girma cikin sauri a yankin, kowane karuwa a cikin ruwa yana haifar da ƙarin ƙarfin iska a kan ruwa don kai farmaki ga ƙasa. Har ma ya haifar da ƙauyuka da suka ɓace ga raƙuman tabkuna da mutane suka yi.

Ci gaban polder mill ya ba da zaɓi na zubar da tabkuna. A cikin karni na 16 an fara wannan aikin a kan ƙananan tabkuna, masu zurfi, suna ci gaba da tabkuna masu zurfi da zurfi, kodayake ba har zuwa karni na 19 ba ne aka zubar da tabkuna mafi haɗari, Haarlemmermeer kusa da Amsterdam, ta amfani da wutar lantarki. Ana iya rarrabe tabkuna da sabbin polders sau da yawa a kan taswirar taswirar ta hanyar rarraba su na yau da kullun idan aka kwatanta da tsoffin kewayenta. Millwright da injiniyan ruwa Jan Leeghwater ya zama sananne saboda sa hannu a cikin waɗannan ayyukan.

Kula da ambaliyar ruwa

Manyan koguna uku na Turai, Rhine, Meuse, da Scheldt, suna gudana ta cikin Netherlands, wanda Rhine da Meuse suka haye ƙasar daga gabas zuwa yamma.

Romawa ne suka gudanar da manyan ayyukan gini na farko a kan koguna. Nero Claudius Drusus ne ke da alhakin gina madatsar ruwa a cikin Rhine don karkatar da ruwa daga rassan kogin Waal zuwa Nederrijn kuma mai yiwuwa don haɗa kogi IJssel, a baya karamin rafi ne kawai, zuwa Rhine. Ko an yi amfani da waɗannan a matsayin matakan kula da ambaliyar ruwa ko kawai don kare soja da dalilai na sufuri ba a san su ba.

Gilashin kogin na farko sun bayyana a kusa da bakin kogin a cikin karni na 11, inda kutse daga tekun ya kara dagula hadari daga yawan ruwan kogin. Sarakunan yankin sun datse rassan koguna don hana ambaliya a filayensu (Graaf van Holland, c. 1160, Kromme Rijn; Floris V, 1285, Hollandse IJssel), kawai don haifar da matsala ga wasu da ke rayuwa a gaba. Sake sare itatuwan dazuzzukan sama ya sa kogin ya zama mai wuce gona da iri yayin da bukatar filayen noma ya haifar da karin filaye da ke samun kariya ta dik, wanda hakan ya ba wa gadon rafin kogin sararin samaniya, wanda hakan ya haifar da karuwar ruwa. An haɗa magudanar ruwa na yankin don kare ƙauyuka don ƙirƙirar shingen hana ruwa don ɗaukar kogin a kowane lokaci. Waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na nufin cewa ambaliyar ruwa na yau da kullun ga mazaunan kogin na farko sun kasance kawai tashin hankali, akasin ambaliyar ruwa da ta faru a baya lokacin da magudanan ruwa suka fashe sun fi barna.

Karni na 17 da 18 sun kasance lokacin ambaliyar kogi da yawa wanda ya haifar da asarar rayuka da yawa. Sau da yawa ana haifar da su ne ta hanyar madatsar rufewa kankara da ke toshe kogi. Ayyukan gyaran ƙasa, manyan gonakin willow da gini a cikin kogin hunturu duk sun kara matsalar. Kusa da bayyane a fili a cikin gadon hunturu, an halicci overflows (overlaten). Wadannan sun kasance da gangan low dikes inda za'a iya karkatar da ruwa mai yawa. An kiyaye ƙasar a cikin irin wannan tashar karkatarwa daga gine-gine da cikas. Kamar yadda wannan abin da ake kira kogi mai kore za a iya amfani dashi ne kawai don kiwon shanu an gan shi a cikin ƙarni na gaba a matsayin amfani da ƙasa. Yawancin ruwa yanzu an cire su, suna mai da hankali a kan dicks masu ƙarfi da ƙarin iko akan rarraba ruwa a fadin rassan kogi. Don cimma wannan tashar kamar Pannerdens Kanaal da Nieuwe Merwede an haƙa su.

Wani kwamitin ya ba da rahoton a cikin 1977 game da raunin kogin kogin, amma akwai juriya mai yawa daga jama'ar yankin game da rushe gidaje da daidaitawa da ƙarfafa tsoffin kogin da ke kewaye. Ya ɗauki barazanar ambaliyar ruwa a cikin 1993 kuma a cikin 1995, lokacin da aka kwashe mutane sama da 200,000 kuma kawai an gudanar da dicks, don yin shirye-shirye. Yanzu an rage haɗarin ambaliyar kogi daga sau ɗaya a kowace shekara 100 zuwa sau ɗaya a kowane shekara 1,250. Ana ci gaba da aiki a cikin aikin Room for the River don ba koguna ƙarin sarari don ambaliyar ruwa kuma ta wannan hanyar rage girman ambaliyar.

Allon kula da ruwa

An gina dicks na farko da tsarin kula da ruwa kuma waɗanda ke amfana kai tsaye daga gare su, galibi manoma ne suka kula da su. Yayin da tsarin ya zama mafi girma da rikitarwa an kafa majalisun daga mutanen da ke da sha'awar kula da matakan ruwa a ƙasarsu don haka allon ruwa na farko ya fara fitowa. Wadannan sau da yawa suna sarrafa karamin yanki ne kawai, polder ɗaya ko dike. Daga baya sun haɗu ko kuma an kafa ƙungiya gaba ɗaya lokacin da allon ruwa daban-daban ke da abubuwan da suka sabawa. Allunan ruwa na asali sun bambanta da juna a cikin ƙungiyar, iko, da yankin da suke sarrafawa. Bambance-bambance sau da yawa na yanki ne kuma yanayi daban-daban sun nuna su, ko dole ne su kare ramin teku daga guguwa ko kiyaye matakin ruwa a cikin polder a cikin iyakoki. A tsakiyar karni na 20 akwai kimanin allon kula da ruwa 2,700. Bayan haɗuwa da yawa a halin yanzu akwai allon ruwa 21 da suka rage. Kwamitin ruwa suna gudanar da zabubbuka daban-daban, karbar haraji, kuma suna aiki da kansu daga wasu hukumomin gwamnati.

Mutanen da suka amfana daga wanzuwarsu ne suka kula da dicks, kowane manomi an sanya shi wani ɓangare na dicks don kiyayewa, tare da kallon shekaru uku daga daraktocin hukumar ruwa. Tsohon doka "Wanda ruwa ya cutar, ya dakatar da ruwa" (Wie het water deert, die het water keert) yana nufin cewa waɗanda ke zaune a dike dole ne su biya kuma su kula da shi. Wannan ya haifar da kulawa ta bazuwar kuma an yi imanin cewa ambaliyar ruwa da yawa ba za ta faru ba ko kuma ba za ta kasance mai tsanani ba idan dicks sun kasance cikin mafi kyawun yanayi.^[4] Wadanda ke zaune a cikin ƙasa sau da yawa sun ki biyan kuɗi ko taimakawa wajen kula da dicks duk da cewa ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa su sosai, yayin da waɗanda ke zaune a dicks kanta na iya zama fatara daga gyara dicks da aka fashe.^[5]

An kafa Rijkswaterstaat (Directorate General for Public Works and Water Management) a cikin shekara ta 1798 a ƙarƙashin mulkin Faransa don sanya kula da ruwa a cikin Netherlands a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin tsakiya. Duk da haka, allon ruwa na cikin gida sun kasance suna da alaƙa da ikon cin gashin kansu kuma a mafi yawan lokutan Rijkswaterstaat suna aiki tare da allon ruwa. Rijkswaterstaat ya kasance da alhakin manyan gine-ginen kula da ruwa da yawa kuma daga baya kuma har yanzu yana da hannu a gina layin dogo da manyan hanyoyi.

Allunan ruwa na iya gwada sabbin gwaje-gwaje kamar Injin yashi a bakin tekun Kudancin Holland.

Ambaliyar ruwa da aka fi sani

Jerin guguwa mai lalacewa, wanda ya fara da ambaliyar All Saints na farko (Allerheiligen Comer) a cikin 1170 ya wanke babban yanki na marshes, ya faɗaɗa Tekun Wadden kuma ya haɗa Tafkin Almere da ke cikin tsakiyar ƙasar zuwa Tekun Arewa, don haka ya haifar da Zuiderzee. A cikin kansa zai haifar da matsala sosai har sai an gina Afsluitdijk a 1933.

Guguwa da yawa da suka fara a 1219 sun haifar da Dollart daga bakin kogin Ems. A shekara ta 1520 Dollart ya kai mafi girman yanki. Reiderland, wanda ke dauke da garuruwa da ƙauyuka da yawa, ya ɓace. Yawancin wannan ƙasar daga baya an sake dawo da ita.

Ambaliyar ruwa ta baya-bayan nan ta 1916 da 1953 ta haifar da gina Afsluitdijk da Deltaworks bi da bi.

Ambaliyar ruwa a matsayin kariya ta soja

Ruwan da gangan na wasu yankuna na iya ba da damar ƙirƙirar layin tsaro na soja. Idan akwai sojojin abokan gaba da ke ci gaba, za a cika yankin da ruwa kusan 30 cm (1 ft) na ruwa, da zurfi ga jiragen ruwa amma zurfi don ci gaba da ƙafa ta hanyar ɓoye cikas a ƙarƙashin ruwa kamar canals, ramin, da tarkon da aka gina. Za a kare dikes da ke tsallaka yankin da ambaliyar ruwa da sauran mahimman bayanai ta hanyar garu. Tsarin ya tabbatar da nasara a kan Hollandic Water Line a Rampjaar 1672 a lokacin Yaƙin Anglo-Dutch na Uku amma an shawo kansa a 1795 saboda sanyi mai tsanani. An kuma yi amfani da shi tare da Stelling van Amsterdam, Layin Grebbe da Layin IJssel. Zuwan manyan bindigogi musamman jiragen sama sun sa wannan dabarar ta zama tsohon yayi.

Ci gaban zamani

Ci gaban fasaha a cikin karni na 20 yana nufin cewa za a iya gudanar da manyan ayyuka don kara inganta amincin ambaliyar ruwa da kuma dawo da manyan yankuna. Mafi mahimmanci sune Ayyukan Zuiderzee da Ayyukan Delta. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 an rufe duk hanyoyin shiga teku daga teku ta hanyar madatsun ruwa da shingen. Westerschelde ne kawai ke buƙatar kasancewa a buɗe don samun damar jigilar kaya zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Antwerp. Shirye-shiryen dawo da sassan Tekun Wadden da Markermeer an dakatar da su saboda dabi'un muhalli da nishaɗi na waɗannan ruwan.

Ayyukan Zuiderzee

Ayyukan Zuiderzee (Zuiderzeewerken) tsarin madatsun ruwa ne, gyaran ƙasa, da ayyukan magudanar ruwa. Tushen aikin shine madatsar ruwa daga Zuiderzee, babban ƙofar <i id="mw8Q">teku</i> Arewa. Wannan madatsar ruwan, wanda ake kira Afsluitdijk, an gina shi a cikin 1932-33, yana raba Zuiderzee daga Tekun Arewa. A sakamakon haka, teku ta Zuider ta zama tafkin IJsselmeer - IJssel .

Bayan madatsar ruwa, an sake dawo da manyan yankuna na ƙasa a cikin sabon tafkin ruwa mai laushi ta hanyar polders. An yi ayyukan a matakai da yawa daga 1920 zuwa 1975. Injiniya Cornelis Lely ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ƙirar sa kuma a matsayin ɗan siyasa a cikin izinin ginin sa.

Ayyukan Delta

Binciken da Rijkswaterstaat ya yi a cikin 1937 ya nuna cewa tsaron teku a kudu maso yammacin kogin delta bai isa ya tsayayya da babban guguwa ba. Maganin da aka gabatar shi ne a toshe dukkan bakin kogin da hanyoyin shiga teku don haka taƙaita bakin tekun. Koyaya, saboda girman wannan aikin da kuma shiga tsakani na Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu an jinkirta aikinsa kuma an kammala ayyukan farko ne kawai a cikin 1950. Ambaliyar Tekun Arewa ta 1953 ta ba da babbar gudummawa don hanzarta aikin. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa an gina madatsun ruwa da yawa don rufe bakin kogin. A shekara ta 1976, a karkashin matsin lamba daga kungiyoyin muhalli da masana'antar kamun kifi, an yanke shawarar kada a rufe kogin Oosterschelde ta hanyar madatsar ruwa amma a maimakon haka don gina Oostersceldekering, shingen guguwa wanda aka rufe shi ne kawai a lokacin guguwa. Ita ce sanannen madatsar ruwa (kuma mafi tsada) na aikin. Babban cikas na biyu ga ayyukan ya kasance a yankin Rijnmond. Hadari na guguwa ta hanyar Nieuwe Waterweg zai yi barazana ga mutane miliyan 1.5 a kusa da Rotterdam. Koyaya, rufe wannan bakin kogi zai zama da lahani sosai ga tattalin arzikin Dutch, kamar yadda Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Rotterdam - ɗaya daga cikin manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa a duniya - ke amfani da wannan bakin kudancin. A ƙarshe, an gina Maeslantkering a cikin 1997, yana riƙe da abubuwan tattalin arziki a zuciya: Maeslantoring saiti ne na ƙofofi biyu masu juyawa waɗanda zasu iya rufe bakin kogi idan ya cancanta, amma yawanci suna buɗewa. An yi hasashen cewa Maeslantkering zai rufe kusan sau ɗaya a kowace shekara goma. Har zuwa Janairu 2012, an rufe shi sau ɗaya kawai, a cikin 2007.

Yanayin yanzu da makomar

Tsaron teku na yanzu ya fi karfi fiye da kowane lokaci, amma masana sun yi gargadi cewa kwanciyar hankali zai zama kuskure. Sabbin hanyoyin lissafi sun bayyana wurare masu rauni da yawa. Hawan matakin teku na iya ƙara matsakaicin matakin teku da mita ɗaya zuwa biyu a ƙarshen wannan ƙarni, tare da ƙarin mabiya. Wannan, raguwar ƙasa, da karuwar guguwa suna ƙara ingantawa ga kula da ambaliyar ruwa da kayan aikin sarrafa ruwa.

Adadin lalacewar bakin teku an kwatanta shi da abin da ake kira "ƙasar bakin teku" (Dutch: basiskustlijn), matsakaicin bakin teku a cikin 1990. Ana amfani da sakewa a inda rairayin bakin teku suka koma baya sosai. Kimanin miliyan 12 na yashi ana ajiye su kowace shekara a kan rairayin bakin teku da kuma ƙasa da layin ruwa a gaban bakin teku.^[6]

Stormvloedwaarschuwingsdienst (SVSD; Storm Surge Warning Service) yana yin hasashen matakin ruwa idan akwai guguwa kuma yana gargadi ga bangarorin da ke da alhakin gundumomin bakin teku. Wadannan zasu iya ɗaukar matakan da suka dace dangane da matakan ruwa da ake tsammani, kamar fitar da wuraren da ke waje da dicks, rufe shingen kuma a cikin matsanancin yanayi sintiri da dicks a lokacin guguwa.^[7]

don kara ka'idojin tsaro sau goma da kuma karfafa dicks daidai da haka,
don amfani da yashi don fadada bakin tekun Arewa da kuma ba shi damar girma ta halitta.
don amfani da tabkuna a cikin kogin kudu maso yammacin kogin delta a matsayin tafkunan riƙe ruwa na kogi,
don haɓaka matakin ruwa a cikin IJsselmeer don samar da ruwa mai laushi.

Wadannan matakan za su kashe kusan Yuro biliyan 1 / shekara.

Gidan Kogin

↑ https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cnllkgx248eo.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_ct=1754146047794&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17541460366624&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fcnllkgx248eo
↑ "The Edges of the Earth (3) – Livius". www.livius.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-06-28.
↑ "Asher Rare Books". www.asherbooks.com (in Turanci). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-08-20. Retrieved 2018-06-28.
↑ Bosker, F (2008). "Zeedijken in het noorden, Mythes en feiten over 2000 jaar kustbescherming", uitgeverij Noordboek, ISBN 978-90-330-0751-4
↑ "Hans Middendorp (Den Haag), waterschap Delfland". www.algemenewaterschapspartij.nl (in Holanci). Archived from the original on 2018-06-28. Retrieved 2018-06-28.
↑ "Rijkswaterstaat: Water in beeld 2009". Archived from the original on 2009-11-04.
↑ "Rijkswaterstaat: Stormvloedwaarschuwingen". Archived from the original on 2012-01-10.

[1] ttps://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/cnllkgx248eo.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_ct=1754146047794&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17541460366624&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fcnllkgx248eo

[2] "The Edges of the Earth (3) – Livius". www.livius.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-06-28.

[3] "Asher Rare Books". www.asherbooks.com (in Turanci). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-08-20. Retrieved 2018-06-28.

[4] Bosker, F (2008). "Zeedijken in het noorden, Mythes en feiten over 2000 jaar kustbescherming", uitgeverij Noordboek, ISBN 978-90-330-0751-4

[5] "Hans Middendorp (Den Haag), waterschap Delfland". www.algemenewaterschapspartij.nl (in Holanci). Archived from the original on 2018-06-28. Retrieved 2018-06-28.

[6] "Rijkswaterstaat: Water in beeld 2009". Archived from the original on 2009-11-04.

[7] "Rijkswaterstaat: Stormvloedwaarschuwingen". Archived from the original on 2012-01-10.

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