Jump to content

Kula da lafiya a Najeriya

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
kula da lafiya a najeriya
healthcare by country or region (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Bangare na kula da lafiya a najeriya
Ƙasa Najeriya
Nada jerin Jerin Asibitoci a Najeriya
Rayuwa da aka haifa a Najeriya

Kula da lafiya a Najeriya alhakin lokaci guda ne na matakai uku na gwamnati a kasar.[1] Masu ba da kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu suna da rawar da za su taka a cikin isar da kiwon lafiyar. Amfani da maganin gargajiya (TM) da kuma kari da madadin magani (CAM) ya karu sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.[2]

Bayar da kiwon lafiya a Najeriya ya sami ci gaba da lalacewa sakamakon rashin saka hannun jari daga gwamnatoci masu zuwa, don magance matsalolin da suka wanzu a cikin bangaren shekaru da yawa. Wannan kai tsaye yana tasiri ga yawan aiki na 'yan ƙasa da ci gaban tattalin arzikin Najeriya ta hanyar fadadawa. Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2018, kasar ta kasance a matsayi na 187 daga cikin kasashe 191 a duniya, a cikin kimanta matakin bin ka'idojin Kiwon Lafiya na Duniya (UHC), saboda ƙananan jama'a suna da inshora na kiwon lafiya, yayin da har ma kasafin kudin gwamnati don ayyukan kiwon lafiya ba shi da mahimmanci. Biyan kuɗi na kiwon lafiya yana sa gidaje su kashe kuɗi mai yawa. Kudin masu zaman kansu akan kiwon lafiya a matsayin kashi na jimlar kudaden kiwon lafiya shine 74.85%.

Sakamakon wannan shi ne cewa kashe kuɗin gwamnati don kiwon lafiya shine kawai kashi 5.03 na duk kuɗin da aka kashe akan kiwon lafiya a duk faɗin ƙasar. Daga cikin kashi da 'yan ƙasa suka kashe a kan kiwon lafiya (74.85%), kusan kashi 70% ana kashe su azaman kashewa daga aljihu don biyan kuɗi don samun damar sabis na kiwon lafiya a duka gwamnati da wuraren masu zaman kansu. Yawancin sauran kuɗin da 'yan ƙasa ke kashewa akan lafiyarsu ana amfani da su wajen samun 'sauran ra'ayi'. Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da aka horar da su a Najeriya wasu daga cikin mafi kyawun likitoci a duniya. Amma ƙananan albashi da al'adun wuraren aiki marasa kyau sun tilasta daruruwan dubban su gudu zuwa Turai da Amurka.[3] Koyaya, idan aka yi la'akari da girmansa da yawan jama'a, akwai ƙananan ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya ga kowane yanki fiye da yadda ake buƙata don samar da ingantaccen sabis na kiwon lafiya nye dukan ƙasar. Dalilin da ya fi dacewa shi ne ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwararrun masu kiwon lafiya a wasu ƙasashe, musamman a Turai da Amurka

Ma'aikatar kiwon lafiya ta Najeriya tana aiki a cikin tsarin da aka tsara don samar da sabis na kiwon lafiya a matakai daban-daban. An rarraba tsarin kiwon lafiya a cikin matakan firamare, sakandare, da sakandare, kowannensu yana aiki daban-daban a cikin bangaren kiwon lafiya na kasar. Ma'aikatar Lafiya tana kula da daidaitawa da tsara Ayyukan kiwon lafiya, tabbatar da samun dama, inganci, da inganci.[4]

Kayan kiwon Lafiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Matsayin gwamnatin tarayya galibi yana iyakance ne ga daidaita al'amuran asibitocin koyarwa da jami'a, Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya na Tarayya (kiwon lafiya na uku) yayin da gwamnatin jihar ke kula da manyan asibitoci daban-daban (kiwon lafiyar sakandare) kuma karamar hukuma tana mai da hankali kan dispensaries (kiwon Lafiya ta Farko), [5] waɗanda gwamnatin tarayya ke tsarawa ta hanyar NPHCDA.

Jimlar kudaden da aka kashe a kan kiwon lafiya a matsayin kashi na GDP shine 5.03, yayin da kashi na kudaden da gwamnatin tarayya ke kashewa kan kiwon lafiyar jiki kusan 1.5%. Alamar dogon lokaci game da ikon ƙasar don samar da abinci mai gina jiki da guje wa rashin abinci mai gina gina jiki shine yawan ci gaban samar da abinci ga kowane mutum; daga 1970 zuwa 1990, adadin Najeriya ya kasance 0.25%.[6] Kodayake karami ne, ƙimar da ta dace ga kowane mutum na iya zama saboda shigo da kayayyakin abinci na Najeriya.

A ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, 2023, manyan masu ruwa da tsaki a bangaren kiwon lafiya sun sanya hannu kan sabon yarjejeniyar sabuntawa ta bangaren kiwo ta dukkan masu ruwa da kansu, gami da gwamnatocin tarayya da jihohi, masu ba da gudummawa, da abokan ci gaba, wanda aka fi sani da SWAp na farko a bangaren lafiya a Najeriya, wanda Ministan Kula da Lafiya da Lafiyar Jama'a Muhammad Pate ya gabatar.[7]

A cikin 2024, gwamnatin Najeriya ta gudanar da tattaunawar ta farko ta kwata-kwata game da aikin bangaren kiwon lafiya a duk faɗin ƙasar tsakanin hukumomin tarayya da gwamnatocin ƙasa, da manyan masu ruwa da tsaki a bangaren kiwo. An shirya tattaunawar ne a matsayin wani ɓangare na jajircewar kasar don sake fasalin tsarin kiwon lafiya ta amfani da Shirin Sabuntawa na Sashen Lafiya da kuma Sashin Yankin Yankin, wanda Dokar Lafiya ta Kasa ta 2014 ta goyi bayan. [8]

Cibiyoyin Kula da Lafiya na Farko (PHCs)

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Cibiyoyin Kula da Lafiya na Farko (PHCs) [9] suna aiki a matsayin tushe na tsarin kiwon lafiya na Najeriya, suna ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya da kulawa ta rigakafi. Yawanci suna cikin yankunan karkara da yankunan birane don tabbatar da samun dama ga mutanen da ba su da sabis.[10]

Ayyukan Babban Asibitoci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Shirye-shiryen rigakafi
  • Ayyukan kiwon lafiya na uwaye da yara
  • Ilimi na kiwon lafiya da kamfen ɗin wayar da kan jama'a
  • Magani da cututtuka na yau da kullun da ƙananan raunuka
  • Ayyukan abinci mai gina jiki da tsara iyali

Hukumomin kananan hukumomi ne ke gudanar da PHCs tare da tallafi daga gwamnatocin jihohi da tarayya, da kuma kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na kasa da kasa.[11][12]

Cibiyoyin Kula da Lafiya na Sakandare

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Asibitoci na gabaɗaya sun fada ƙarƙashin rukunin wuraren kiwon lafiya na sakandare kuma suna aiki a matsayin cibiyoyin turawa don shari'o'in da ba za a iya magance su a PHCs ba. Wadannan asibitoci suna nan a cikin birane da yankunan birane, suna ba da kulawa ta musamman da ci gaba da shiga tsakani na likita.

Ayyukan Babban Asibitoci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Kula da lafiyar gaggawa
  • Ayyukan ganewar asali kamar gwaje-gwaje na dakin gwaje-gaje da hotuna
  • Hanyoyin tiyata
  • Magunguna na musamman a fannoni kamar ilimin yara, ilimin mata, da likitan ciki
  • Ayyukan marasa lafiya da marasa lafiya

Gwamnatocin jihohi ne ke kula da manyan asibitoci kuma galibi suna karɓar tallafin tarayya da tallafin fasaha.

Bayanan bayanai na kan layi na masu ba da kiwon lafiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Kungiyar hukuma da ke yin rajistar likitoci da likitocin hakora, Majalisar Likitoci da Likitoci ta Najeriya, ba ta da rajista ta kan layi. Suna ba da sabis don tabbatar da matsayin likita.
  • Majalisar likitoci ta Najeriya tana ba da damar bincika likitocin da aka tabbatar da su da kuma wuraren.
  • Medpages: Masu ba da kiwon lafiya ta hanyar rukuni da yanki. Bincike yana ba da damar gano masu samarwa ta suna ko ƙwarewa.

Inshorar Lafiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A tarihi, ana iya amfani da inshorar kiwon lafiya a Najeriya ga 'yan lokuta: kulawar kiwon lafiya kyauta da aka bayar da kuma tallafawa ga dukkan' yan ƙasa, kulawar kiwo da gwamnati ta bayar ta hanyar tsarin inshorar kiwo na musamman ga ma'aikatan gwamnati da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ke shiga kwangila tare da masu ba da kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu. Koyaya, akwai mutane kalilan da suka fada cikin lokuta uku; tun daga shekarar 2015 ƙasa da 5% na 'yan Najeriya suna da inshorar lafiya.[13]

A watan Mayun 1999, gwamnati ta ƙirƙiri Tsarin Inshorar Lafiya ta Ƙasa, wanda ya ƙunshi ma'aikatan gwamnati, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da na yau da kullun . A tsarin doka kuma shirin ya shafi yara 'yan kasa da shekaru biyar, nakasassu na dindindin da kuma fursunonin kurkuku. A cikin 2004, gwamnatin Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ta ba da ƙarin ikon yin doka a cikin shirin tare da gyare-gyare masu kyau ga ainihin dokar 1999. [14] Kashi 1.5 cikin 100 na ’yan Najeriya suna cikin tsarin inshorar lafiya na kasa tun lokacin da aka kafa shi. A cikin 2017, Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Ayyukan Kula da Lafiya a Abuja, ya shirya zaman binciken kwanaki biyu; Inda Ministan Lafiya Isaac Folorunsho Adewole ya bayyana cewa kawo yanzu an kashe Naira biliyan 351 ga kungiyoyin kula da lafiya. ba tare da kwatankwacin sakamako ba.

A ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2022, Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya sanya hannu kan Dokar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa ta 2022 a cikin doka "don tabbatar da ɗaukar nauyin 'yan Najeriya matalauta miliyan 83 waɗanda ba za su iya biyan firam ɗin ba kamar yadda Hukumar Lancet ta Najeriya ta ba da shawarar".[15] Wannan dokar "ta soke Dokar Shirin Inshorar Lafiya ta Kasa, Cap N42, Dokokin Tarayyar Najeriya ta 2004".[15] A cikin 2024, Hukumar Inshorar Lafiya ta Kasa (NHIA) ta ba da sanarwar karuwar farashin kiwon lafiya, ta gabatar da karuwar kashi 60% a cikin capitation da kuma karkatar da kashi 40% a cikin kudaden Fee-For-Service (FFS), wanda aka ruwaito saboda hauhawar farashin kiwon lafiyar da kuma buƙatar kula da ingancin kulawa, koda kuwa gyare-gyaren na iya sanya nauyin kudi ga marasa lafiya da ma'aikata.[16]

Akwai babbar ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a cikin makircin tare da HMOs kamar Health Partners HMO, Total Health Trust, Police HMO, Clearline HMO, Multi Shield Nigeria, Expatcare Health International, Oceanic Health Management da Zuma Health Trust.

A cikin 2024, Gwamnatin Tarayya ta bayar da rahoton jimlar N37billion ga hukumomin kiwon lafiya masu dacewa ta hanyar Asusun Kula da Lafiya na asali (BHCPF) don wuraren kula da kiwon lafiya na farko (PHC).

Fiye da 'yan Najeriya miliyan daya ana tura su cikin talauci a kowace shekara saboda kudaden da suka shafi kiwon lafiya, a cewar Bankin Duniya na Human Capital Public Expenditure Review da Institutional Review.[17]

Yin tiyata a cikin kasusuwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sabon shirin bayar da gudummawar ƙashi, na biyu a Afirka, ya buɗe a cikin 2012. Tare da hadin gwiwar Jami'ar Najeriya, tana tattara swabs na DNA daga mutanen da zasu iya so su taimaka wa mutumin da ke fama da cutar sankara, lymphoma, ko cututtukan sickle cell don samun mai ba da gudummawa mai dacewa don transplantation na ƙwayar ƙashi mai ceton rai. Yana fatan fadada don haɗawa da gudummawar jini a nan gaba.[18]

Kula da cutar kansa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Alamomin yaduwar cutar kansa

Kula da cutar kansa a Najeriya yana kan hanya mai mahimmanci, yayin da kasar ke fuskantar karuwar cututtukan da suka shafi cutar kansa tare da iyakantaccen albarkatu don yaki da su.[19] Kimanin 'yan Najeriya 80,000 suna mutuwa daga ciwon daji a kowace shekara kuma sama da 100,000 ana gano su da ciwon daji kowace shekara. Mutane da yawa suna mutuwa daga ciwon daji a Najeriya saboda ciwon daji da cututtukan da ba sa yaduwa ba a ba su fifiko a cikin kasafin kudin kiwon lafiya na kasar. [dubious - tattauna] Akwai cibiyoyin radiotherapy guda bakwai kawai a Najeriya. Makomar kula da cutar kansa a Najeriya ta dogara da aikin hadin gwiwa, kara kudade, da kuma kamfen ɗin wayar da kan jama'a don tabbatar da ganowa da wuri da kuma samun magani ga kowa.[20] 

Yawancin mutuwar da suka shafi cutar kansa a Najeriya za a iya danganta su da rashin ilimi game da wannan iyalin cututtuka.[21] Misali, ba a ba mata isasshen jagora don gano alamomi da alamun cutar kansar mama ba, kuma masu ba da kiwon lafiya ba su da ikon gano cutar kansar nono, koda bayan mata sun nemi gwaje-gwaje na likita.[22]

Bugu da ƙari, rashin isasshen ilimi game da rigakafi da gano cutar kansa da wuri, tare da yanayin zamantakewa wanda zai iya inganta shiru da kuma sanya mummunan raunin zamantakewa ga irin waɗannan cututtukan, ya haifar da sama da kashi 33% na mutuwar cutar kansa. Bincike ya nuna cewa mata da yawa da ke fama da ciwon nono sun cika bukatunsu ta hanyar kimiyya da ba kai tsaye ba. Wasu sun yi imanin cewa ciwon nono na iya zama laifin mugayen ruhohi kuma mata da yawa sun zaɓi yin amfani da magani mai mahimmanci tare da daidaitaccen magani.[23][21][22]

Nau'o'in

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ciwon daji muhimmiyar matsala ce ta kiwon lafiya a Najeriya, tare da ciwon nono, ciwon nono na mahaifa, Ciwon daji na prostate, da ciwon hanta sune nau'ikan da suka fi dacewa. A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO), kamuwa da cutar kansa a Najeriya suna ƙaruwa, tare da dubban sabbin ganewar asali a kowace shekara. Rashin cikakken rikodin cutar kansa yana haifar da ƙalubale ga tattara bayanai daidai, amma kimantawa ya nuna cewa Najeriya tana ɗauke da ɗayan nauyin cutar kansa mafi girma a Afirka.[24]

Ƙalubalen

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Ƙayyadadden Infrastructure na Kiwon Lafiya: Najeriya ba ta da isasshen adadin cibiyoyin kula da cutar kansa na musamman, tare da mafi yawansu sun fi mayar da hankali a manyan biranen kamar Legas, Abuja, da Ibadan. Wannan rarrabawar birane ta sa ya zama da wahala sosai ga mutanen da ke yankunan karkara su sami damar samun isasshen kulawa da cutar kansa a kan lokaci.[25] Rashin kayan aikin oncology a cikin asibitoci na gabaɗaya yana ƙara tsananta halin da ake ciki, saboda marasa lafiya galibi suna buƙatar tafiya mai nisa don ganewar asali da magani. A wasu lokuta, jinkiri a cikin turawa da kuma tsawon lokacin jira a cibiyoyin da suka cika suna haifar da ci gaban cutar kafin magani ya fara.[26][27]
  • Babban Farashin Magani: Maganin Ciwon daji yana da tsada sosai ga 'yan Najeriya da yawa. Kudin chemotherapy, radiotherapy, tiyata, da sauran hanyoyin kiwon lafiya sun wuce karfin kudi na yawancin marasa lafiya. Wannan batun ya kara da gaskiyar cewa Shirin Inshorar Lafiya na Kasa na Najeriya (NHIS) ya rufe karamin ɓangare na yawan jama'a, yana barin yawancin marasa lafiya na ciwon daji su biya daga aljihu.[28] A sakamakon haka, mutane da yawa ko dai sun watsar da magani a tsakiyar hanya saboda matsalolin kudi ko kuma sun koma ga wasu hanyoyin da ba su da tasiri.[29]
  • Late Diagnosis: Daya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga sakamakon cutar kansa mara kyau a Najeriya shine babban adadin binciken ƙarshen. Marasa lafiya da yawa suna neman kulawar likita ne kawai lokacin da alamun suka zama masu tsanani, suna rage damar samun nasarar magani. Wannan matsala ta samo asali ne daga haɗuwa da dalilai, gami da shirye-shiryen tantance cutar kansa marasa isasshen, rashin binciken kiwon lafiya na yau da kullun, imani na al'adu da addini, da tsoron cutar. Bugu da ƙari, yawancin masu ba da kiwon lafiya na farko ba su da horo don gano alamun cutar kansa na farko, wanda ke haifar da rashin ganewar asali ko jinkiri a cikin turawa ga kwararru.
  • Rashin likitocin kanjamau da kwararru: Najeriya tana fuskantar matsanancin karancin masu kiwon lafiya da aka horar da su a fannin kanjamau. Adadin likitocin kanjamau, likitocin radiology, likitoci, da ma'aikatan jinya na kanjamau suna ƙasa da rabo da aka ba da shawarar da ake buƙata don sarrafa yawan adadin cututtukan ciwon daji. Yawancin ƙwararrun likitoci waɗanda suka ƙware a kula da cutar kansa suna barin ƙasar don samun dama mafi kyau a ƙasashen waje, suna ƙara matsalar zubar da ƙwaƙwalwa. Wannan karancin yana nufin cewa 'yan kwararru da ke akwai suna aiki da yawa, wanda ke haifar da dogon lokaci na jira da kuma rage ingancin kulawa ga marasa lafiya.
  • Ƙayyadadden Sanarwar Jama'a: Babban rabo na yawan mutanen Najeriya ba su da ilimi na asali game da ciwon daji, abubuwan haɗarinsa, alamun, da mahimmancin ganowa da wuri. Labarai da ra'ayoyi marasa kyau game da ciwon daji, kamar imanin cewa ikon ruhaniya ne ya haifar da shi ko kuma hukuncin kisa ne ba tare da magani ba, yana hana mutane neman taimakon likita. Bugu da ƙari, akwai iyakantaccen ilimin kiwon lafiya na jama'a da gwamnati ke jagoranta game da rigakafin cutar kansa, kuma kamfen ɗin wayar da kan jama'a ba su da yawa ko kuma sun dace. Wannan rashin wayar da kan jama'a yana haifar da ƙarancin tantancewa, zaɓin salon rayuwa mara lafiya, da jinkiri wajen neman shiga tsakani na likita.

Cibiyar Kulawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Asibitin Kasa na Abuja: Asibitin kasa na Abuja yana daya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin kula da cutar kansa na Najeriya, sanye take da wuraren radiotherapy na zamani, rukunin chemotherapy, da kuma sashen ilimin kanjamau. Asibitin yana da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun, gami da likitocin kanjamau, likitocin radiology, da likitoci na kanjamau. Yana ba da cikakkiyar kulawa ta ciwon daji, gami da ganewar asali, magani, da kulawa mai laushi. Koyaya, saboda buƙata mai yawa, marasa lafiya galibi suna fuskantar lokutan jira na dogon lokaci don radiotherapy da sauran jiyya.[30]
  • Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Legas (LUTH): Yana cikin Legas, LUTH yana ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin kula da cutar kansa da ke da kayan aiki a Najeriya. Yana ba da chemotherapy, radiotherapy, da sabis na tiyata. Asibitin yana da sashin binciken ciwon daji wanda ke mai da hankali kan inganta sakamakon maganin ciwon daji a Najeriya. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, LUTH ta inganta wuraren radiotherapy, ta sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan cibiyoyin a cikin ƙasar tare da masu saurin aiki don ingantaccen maganin radiation. Duk da wadannan ci gaba, samun damar magani ya kasance kalubale saboda yawan mai haƙuri.[31]
  • Asibitin Kwalejin Jami'ar (UCH), Ibadan: A matsayin daya daga cikin tsofaffin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na Najeriya, UCH Ibadan yana da sashen ilimin kanjamau wanda ke ba da bincike, chemotherapy, da sabis na radiotherapy. Asibitin kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a binciken ciwon daji da horo na likita. UCH ta yi aiki tare da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa don inganta ayyukan kula da cutar kansa, kodayake kula da kayan aiki da kudade sun kasance manyan kalubale.
  • Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello (ABUTH), Zaria: ABUTH Zaria wata babbar cibiyar bincike da magani ce a arewacin Najeriya. Yana ba da chemotherapy, radiotherapy, da sabis na tiyata. Asibitin yana ba da sabis ga yawancin jama'a daga yankin arewa, inda samun damar kula da cutar kansa na musamman yana da iyaka. Bukatar ingantaccen ababen more rayuwa da kara kudade don kula da kayan aiki babbar damuwa ce a ABUTH.
  • Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tarayya, Asaba: Cibiyar Kiwo ta Tarayya (FMC) Asaba ta haɗa maganin cutar kansa a cikin shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya, tana ba da maganin chemotherapy da sauran hanyoyin da suka shafi cutar kansa. Duk da yake ba su da kayan aiki kamar manyan asibitocin koyarwa, FMC Asaba tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da kula da cutar kansa ga marasa lafiya a yankin Kudu maso Kudu na Najeriya. Kamar sauran cibiyoyin ciwon daji da yawa a kasar, yana fuskantar kalubale kamar rashin isasshen kudade, iyakancewar likitocin kanjamau, da wuraren magani na zamani.

Kungiyoyin ba da agaji da ke da hannu sosai a kula da cutar kansa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • CancerAware Nigeria - Yana mai da hankali kan wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar kanjamau da kuma tantancewa.[32]
  • Project Pink Blue - Yana shiga cikin bayar da shawarwari game da cutar kansa, tallafin mai haƙuri, da tara kuɗi don magani.[33][34]
  • Kungiyar Ciwon Cutar nono ta Najeriya (BRECAN) - Kungiyar da ke jagorantar wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar kanjamau da ilimi.[35]

Lafiyar kwakwalwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yawancin ayyukan kiwon lafiya na kwakwalwa ana bayar da su ne daga cibiyoyin kula da kwakwalwa na yanki 8 da sassan kula da kwakwalwar kwakwalwa da makarantun kiwon lafiya da manyan jami'o'i 12. Wasu asibitoci na gabaɗaya suna ba da sabis na kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa. Cibiyoyin da aka tsara sau da yawa suna fuskantar gasa daga masu ilimin ganye da cibiyoyin warkarwa na bangaskiya.

Rabin masu ilimin halayyar dan adam da ma'aikatan zamantakewa shine 0.02 zuwa 100,000.[36]

Batutuwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Duk da tsarin kiwon lafiya, bangaren kiwon lafiya na Najeriya yana fuskantar kalubale da yawa waɗanda ke hana isar da sabis mai inganci. Wadannan ƙalubalen suna shafar mazauna birane da yankunan karkara, suna iyakance samun damar kulawa mai inganci da kuma kara damuwa game da lafiyar jama'a.

Tsarin magunguna

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin 1989 doka ta yi tasiri jerin mahimman magunguna. Dokar kuma tana nufin iyakance kera da shigo da magungunan jabu ko marasa inganci da kuma dakile tallan karya. Duk da haka, daga baya an gyara sashin kan magunguna masu mahimmanci. [37] A cikin 2005, an kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 16.7% na magungunan da ke cikin ƙasar jabun ne. A shekara ta 2012, wani sabon bincike ya tabbatar da cewa adadin ya ragu zuwa 6.4%, wanda kashi 19.6% na maganin zazzabin cizon sauro . A cikin 2014, ya fadi zuwa 3.6%. Kimanin Naira Biliyan 29 na jabun magungunan an lalata su tsakanin 2015 – 2017

Ingancin magani shine da farko ana sarrafa shi ta Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna ta Kasa. Hukumar ta kafa Sabis na Tabbatar da Wayar hannu. Wata ƙungiyar 'yan mata daga makarantar sakandare ta Regina Pacis a Onitsha sun kirkiro mafita mafi kyau ta fasaha, aikace-aikacen da ake kira FD Detector wanda ke amfani da fasahar barcode don tabbatar da sahihancin magani da kwanakin ƙarewa. Wannan ya ba su matsayi a cikin Technovation Challenge 2018.

Yawancin manyan gazawar ka'idoji sun haifar da abin kunya na kasa da kasa:

  • A cikin 1993, fasinja na paracetamol syrup ya shiga cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya a Oyo da jihar Benue, sakamakon mutuwar yara 100. Shekara guda bayan bala'in, ana iya siyan batches dauke da gubar ethylene glycol, babban dalilin mutuwar. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ]
  • A cikin 1996, yara 11 sun mutu bayan gwajin asibiti da Pfizer ya yi wanda ya shafi magungunan trovafloxacin da ceftriaxone yayin barkewar cutar sankarau .
  • A cikin 2008-2009, aƙalla yara 84 ne suka mutu sakamakon gurɓataccen maganin haƙora. [38]

A cikin 2024, Ministan Kula da Lafiya da Lafiyar Jama'a, Farfesa Muhammad Pate, ya koka game da cin hanci da rashawa a bangaren kiwon lafiya da kasar gabaɗaya, kamar shari'ar da aka ba da abinci mai warkewa ga yara kuma an ba da rahoton lamarin ga 'yan sanda.[39]

Samun damar samun magunguna

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Najeriya ta dogara sosai da shigo da magunguna da kuma shigo da sinadaran da ake buƙata don samar da magunguna na gida. A cikin 2023, kamfanonin magunguna GlaxoSmithKline da Sanofi sun dakatar da masana'antar magunguna ta cikin gida, suna ambaton ƙalubalen aiki daban-daban.[40] A cikin 2024, a cikin rikodin shekaru 27 da suka fi girma na hauhawar farashin 28.92% da kuma raguwar darajar Naira, farashin maganin rigakafi ya ga karuwar fiye da sau goma a farashin. [41] Sauran magunguna, irin su inhalers na asma da magungunan ciwon sukari, suma sun sha wahala sosai.[42]

Rashin daidaiton yanki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Baƙon Mali Fulani yana sayar da Magungunan ganye a kasuwar Najeriya

Kiwon lafiya a Najeriya yana da tasiri da abubuwa daban-daban na gida da na yanki waɗanda ke tasiri inganci ko adadin da ke cikin wuri ɗaya. Saboda [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">da</span> ] ambata a baya, tsarin kiwon lafiya a Najeriya ya nuna bambancin sararin samaniya dangane da samuwa da ingancin kayan aiki dangane da buƙata. Duk da haka, wannan ya samo asali ne daga matakin shigar da jaha da ƙananan hukumomi da saka hannun jari a shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da ilimi. Har ila yau, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Najeriya tana kashe kusan kashi 70% na kasafin kudinta a biranen da kusan kashi 50% na al'ummar kasar ke zaune. [1]

Samun ingancin kiwon lafiya a Najeriya ya kasance ƙalubale, musamman ga mutanen karkara. Rashin hanyoyin sadarwa, nesa mai tsawo zuwa wuraren kiwon lafiya, da farashin sufuri sun hana 'yan Najeriya da yawa neman kulawar likita nan da nan. Bugu da ƙari, bambance-bambance a cikin rarraba wuraren kiwon lafiya yana nufin cewa yayin da yankunan birane na iya samun asibitoci masu kyau, al'ummomin karkara galibi suna dogara da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na farko da ba su da kuɗi da kuma marasa ma'aikata. Rashin ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a waɗannan yankuna ya kara tsananta matsalar, wanda ke haifar da karuwar yawan mace-mace daga yanayin da za'a iya hanawa da magani. An gabatar da shirye-shirye irin su asibitocin kiwon lafiya na hannu da shirye-aikacen telemedicine don inganta damar kiwon lafiya a yankuna masu nisa, amma aiwatarwa da yawa ya kasance iyakance.[43]

Kalubale da ke fuskantar tsarin kiwon lafiya na Najeriya yana buƙatar sauye-sauyen manufofi na gaggawa, ƙara saka hannun jari na gwamnati, da haɗin gwiwar dabarun don inganta kudade, ababen more rayuwa, da riƙe ma'aikata. Ba tare da magance waɗannan mahimman batutuwa ba, cimma Universal Health Coverage (UHC) [44] [45] da inganta sakamakon kiwon lafiya gaba ɗaya zai kasance aiki ne mai wahala ga ƙasar.

Hijira na ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ci gaba da ƙwararrun masu kula da lafiya muhimmiyar manufa ce

Bincike ya nuna raguwar kwakwalwa a bangaren kiwon lafiya na Najeriya a cikin karuwar ƙaurawar ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya - likitoci, likitocin magunguna, ma'aikatan jinya, masana kimiyya na dakin gwaje-gwaje, likitoci da sauransu da yawa suna da wahalar shiga aikin biyan kuɗi. Yawancin sabbin likitoci, daga makarantun likita, kuma sun sami damar samun matsayi na gida, halin da ake ciki yana faruwa a kowace shekara. Matsalar ta ci gaba fiye da lokacin aikin gida ko horo, idan ya zo ga samun aikin da ya cancanta. Gabaɗaya babu isasshen matsayi na aiki don zagayawa. Kalubale na wannan a bayyane yake. Matsalar rarraba Sk, tare da 'yan ma'aikatan da ke akwai galibi a cikin birane, inda kusan dukkanin manyan wurare kamar Asibitoci na Janar da Asibitocin Koyarwa suke. Batutuwan da suka shafi wannan na iya haɗawa da yanayin siyasa, tare da wasu jihohi da ba sa son ɗaukar ma'aikata da yawa daga wasu sassan ƙasar a matsayin aikin manufofi na gangan, sun fi son yin amfani da 'yan asalin su, ko, inda akwai gajeren lokaci, suna daukar ma'aikata ga baƙi galibi daga Arewacin Afirka a kan kwangila na ɗan gajeren lokaci.[46] A cikin shekara ta 2007, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Tarayya ta tsara Manufofin Al'umma na Kasa don Lafiya kuma Majalisar Lafiya ta Kasa ta amince da ita. Daga baya, an tsara shirin dabarun kiwon lafiya na 2008-2012 don jagorantar aiwatar da manufofin a dukkan matakai. Babban manufar ita ce tabbatar da cewa isasshen adadin ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya masu motsawa suna samuwa kuma an rarraba su daidai a duk faɗin ƙasar don tabbatar da samar da sabis na kiwon lafiya mai inganci. Yanayin ya zama mafi muni. Yayin da zamanin Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci gaba ya fara kuma burin 2030 ya fara mayar da hankali, kididdigar ba ta da tabbaci.[46]

Akwai likitocin Najeriya 4000 da ke aiki a Amurka da 8000 da ke aiki da Ingila.[47] Ci gaba da waɗannan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun an gano su a matsayin burin gaggawa. Rashin kwakwalwa ya yanke a duk masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya; dubban likitocin Najeriya da ma'aikatan jinya suna aiki a Burtaniya da Amurka.[47]

Rashin isassun Kuɗi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Firamare ta Kagarawal 05

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan shingen da ke tattare da ingantaccen kiwon lafiya a Najeriya shine rashin isasshen kudade. Sashen kiwon lafiya koyaushe yana karɓar ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi fiye da ma'auni na 15% da Abuja Declaration na 2001, inda ƙasashen Tarayyar Afirka (AU) suka yi alkawarin ƙara kuɗin da aka kashe a bangaren kiwon lafiya. A sakamakon haka, wurare da yawa na kiwon lafiya ba su da albarkatun kuɗi don samar da ayyuka masu mahimmanci, sayen kayan aikin kiwon lafiya, da kula da ababen more rayuwa. Dogaro da kudaden da aka kashe don tallafawa kiwon lafiya yana sanya nauyi mai nauyi ga mutane, musamman wadanda ke cikin ƙananan al'ummomin karkara. Kokarin irin su Asusun Kula da Lafiya na asali (BHCPF) [48] [49] suna da niyyar inganta kudaden kiwon lafiya, amma kalubalen aiwatarwa da rashin kula da kudade sun jinkirta ci gaba. [50]

Sirri da kasuwanci na sabis na kiwon lafiyar jama'a

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ayyukan kiwon lafiya na jama'a a Najeriya ba su da inganci kuma ba su da isasshen samuwa, masu sauƙin isa, kuma masu araha ga mutane da yawa da ke buƙatar waɗannan ayyukan. Binciken mafita ya haifar da ra'ayin mallakar da kasuwanci na ayyukan kiwon lafiya na jama'a. Wannan ci gaban yana da matukar farin ciki da ra'ayin cewa zai kara gasa kuma ya haifar da rage farashin sabis na kiwon lafiya kuma ya sa irin waɗannan ayyukan su fi araha ga matalauta.[51] Koyaya, gardamar da ke adawa da shi ita ce cewa keɓancewa da kasuwanci a Najeriya za su zama madubi sai dai idan an yi gyare-gyare na hukuma.[52]

Marasa ababen more rayuwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yawancin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da manyan asibitoci a Najeriya suna fama da lalacewar ababen more rayuwa da kayan aikin kiwon lafiya. Rashin isasshen wutar lantarki, rashin tsabtace ruwa, da rashin kayan aikin bincike na aiki suna iyakance tasirin maganin likita. Wasu wuraren kiwon lafiya suna aiki ba tare da kayan more rayuwa ba kamar su ventilators, incubators, da dakunan gwaje-gwaje masu aiki, suna sa ya zama da wahala a magance gaggawa da samar da kulawa ta musamman.[53] Asibitoci masu girma a manyan birane kamar Legas, Abuja, da Kano galibi suna cike da kansu saboda gazawar cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na farko da na biyu don biyan bukatun masu haƙuri. Gwamnati ta fara shirye-shiryen farfadowa, amma ci gaba yana da jinkiri, kuma yankunan karkara sun kasance mafi yawan abin da ya shafa.[54]

Magungunan gargajiya da na madadin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kamar yadda rahotanni na baya-bayan nan suka nuna, ban da fa'idodi da yawa akwai kuma haɗarin da ke da alaƙa da nau'ikan maganin gargajiya / kari ko madadin magani.[55] Kodayake masu amfani a yau suna da damar yin amfani da magunguna da magunguna daban-daban na TM / CAM, sau da yawa ba su da isasshen bayani game da abin da za su bincika lokacin amfani da TM / CAM don kauce wa lahani mara amfani.[2] Duk da yake maganin gargajiya yana da yawa don ba da gudummawa ga kiwon lafiya da tattalin arziki, lahani mai yawa ya haifar da siyarwa ba tare da tsari ba da kuma amfani da maganin gargajiya / madadin magani da ganye a cikin ƙasar kuma ya jinkirta marasa lafiya neman kiwon lafiya na ƙwararru.

Ƙoƙarin gwamnati da gyare-gyare

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gwamnatin Najeriya, tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na kasa da kasa, ta dauki matakai da yawa don inganta ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Waɗannan sun hada da:

Shirin Inshorar Lafiya na Ƙasa (NHIS)

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Shirin Inshorar Lafiya na Kasa (NHIS) wani shiri ne na gwamnati wanda aka kafa don inganta samun damar kiwon lafiya da araha ga 'yan Najeriya. An ƙaddamar da shirin a cikin 1999 kuma ya fara aiki a cikin 2005 a ƙarƙashin Dokar Shirin Inshorar Lafiya ta Kasa, da nufin rage kuɗin kiwon lafiya ta hanyar shirin kiwon lafiya da aka riga aka biya. NHIS tana ba da ɗaukar hoto don sabis na kiwon lafiya daban-daban, gami da shawarwari, gwaje-gwaje na bincike, jiyya, da shigar asibiti. A cikin shekaru, an yi ƙoƙari don fadada NHIS don rufe ma'aikatan sashen da ba na al'ada ba, ƙungiyoyi masu rauni, da al'ummomin karkara ta hanyar shirye-shirye irin su Asusun Kula da Lafiya na asali (BHCPF) da kuma Group, Individual, da Family Social Health Insurance Programme (GIFSHIP). [56][57] Koyaya, ƙalubalen kamar ƙarancin kuɗi, ƙarancin shiga, da rashin ingancin gudanarwa sun iyakance isa da tasiri.[58]

Sabunta Cibiyoyin Kula da Lafiya na Farko (PHCs)

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gwamnatin Najeriya ta ɗauki matakai da yawa don sake farfado da Cibiyoyin Kula da Lafiya na Farko (PHCs) , wanda ke aiki a matsayin farkon hanyar tuntuɓar kula da lafiya, musamman a yankunan karkara da wuraren da ba a kula da su ba. Wannan ƙoƙari yana daga cikin manyan dabarun Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Firamare ta Kasa (NPHCDA) , wanda ke neman gyarawa da kuma samar da PHCs a duk faɗin ƙasar. Shirye-shiryen irin su Saving One Million Lives (SOML) [59] da kuma Manufar Kula da Lafiya ta Firamare a karkashin Rufi Ɗaya (PHCUOR) suna da niyyar tabbatar da wadatar magunguna masu mahimmanci, inganta kayan aikin kiwon lafiya, da haɓaka isar da sabis a matakin ƙasa. Duk da wadannan kokarin, PHCs suna ci gaba da fuskantar kalubale, gami da rashin isasshen ma'aikata, rashin isassu kayan kiwon lafiya, da kuma karancin kudade.[60][61]

Haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu (PPPs) a cikin Kiwon Lafiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Haɗin gwiwar jama'a masu zaman kansu (PPPs) [62] an kara inganta su a matsayin dabarun da za a rufe gibin da ke cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya na Najeriya. Ta hanyar PPPs, ana ƙarfafa saka hannun jari na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a yankuna kamar kayan aikin asibiti, sayen kayan kiwon lafiya, da isar da sabis na kiwon lafiya. Gwamnatocin jihohi da yawa sun shiga haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don gina da sarrafa wuraren kiwon lafiya. Shahararrun misalai sun haɗa da Shirin Lafiya na Jihar Legas (LSHS) , wanda ke ba da damar masu ba da kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu suyi aiki a cikin tsarin inshorar kiwon lafiya na jihar, da kuma Kungiyar Lafiya ta Kasuwanci ta Najeriya (PHN), [63] wanda ke haɗin gwiwa tare da gwamnati kan ayyukan kiwon lafiya tsakanin uwa da yara.[64] Duk da yake PPPs sun inganta isar da sabis a wasu yankuna, damuwa ta kasance game da farashi, kula da tsari, da kuma samun dama ga ayyukan kiwon lafiya.

Samun ma'aikata da riƙe ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Najeriya ta fuskanci kalubale na ci gaba da karancin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, wanda ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar zubar da kwakwalwa, inda masu sana'a ke ƙaura zuwa ƙasashe masu inganci da yanayin aiki da albashi mafi girma. Don magance wannan, gwamnati ta gabatar da shirye-shirye daban-daban da shirye-aikacen horo da nufin daukar ma'aikata da riƙe masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya. Shirye-shiryen irin su Shirin Sabis na Midwives (MSS) [65] da kuma National Health Workforce Registry [66] suna mai da hankali kan tura ƙwararrun ma'aikata zuwa yankunan da ba a kula da su ba da kuma bin diddigin rarraba ma'aikata. Wasu jihohi sun aiwatar da gyare-gyaren albashi, alawus na haɗari, da shirye-shiryen ci gaban ƙwararru na ci gaba don inganta yanayin aiki da hana ƙaura. Koyaya, ƙalubalen kamar su albashi mara kyau, yanayin aiki mara kyau, da rashin gamsuwa da aiki suna ci gaba da fitar da ƙwararrun masu kiwon lafiya a ƙasashen waje, suna shafar isar da sabis na kiwon lafiya cikin ƙasar.[67]

Duba kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. 1 2 Akhtar 1991.
  2. 1 2 "Medicinedocs(PDF)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 29, 2009.
  3. ↑ "Brain Drain: Nigeria now left with 55,000 doctors as 16,000 flee". Premium Times Nigeria. Retrieved 2024-07-08.
  4. ↑ "Levels of Healthcare". Physiopedia (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-27.
  5. ↑ "Federal Medical Centre Abeokuta: A Case Study in Hospital Management pp 1". docstoc. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
  6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
  7. ↑ "What Does Nigeria's Sector-Wide Approach Mean for the Health Sector?". 10 April 2024.
  8. ↑ Times, Premium (2024-07-15). "Healthcare Reform: Nigerian govt holds first national performance dialogue for health sector". Premium Times Nigeria (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-07-24.
  9. ↑ Oluwadare, Tunrayo; Adegbilero-Iwari, Oluwaseun; Fasoro, Ayodeji; Faeji, Charles (March 2023). "Utilization of Primary Healthcare Centers by Residents of Ido-Ekiti, Nigeria". Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences. 33 (2): 227–236. doi:10.4314/ejhs.v33i2.7. ISSN 2413-7170. PMC 10358379 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 37484180 Check |pmid= value (help).
  10. ↑ "PUBLIC PRIMARY HEALTH CENTERS". HEFAMAA (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-27.
  11. ↑ "THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN PRIMARY HEALTH CARE SERVICES IN ETI-OSA LOCAL GOVERNMENTAREA, LAGOS STATE". nairaproject.com. Retrieved 2025-03-27.
  12. ↑ bibliotekanauki.pl https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/30146527. Retrieved 2025-03-27. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  13. ↑ Awosusi, Abiodun; Folaranmi, Temitope; Yates, Robert (1 September 2015). "Nigeria's new government and public financing for universal health coverage". The Lancet Global Health. 3 (9): e514–e515. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00088-1. PMID 26275321.
  14. ↑ Monye, Felicia N (September 2006). "An Appraisal of the National Health Insurance Scheme of Nigeria". Commonwealth Law Bulletin. 32 (3): 415–427. doi:10.1080/03050710601074450. S2CID 144728225.
  15. 1 2 "The Nation". 19 May 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
  16. ↑ Chukwunedu, Chioma (2024-07-05). "NHIA increases health insurance capitation by 60%, implements 40% fee for service hike in Nigeria". Nairametrics (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-07-07.
  17. ↑ "'Over One Million Nigerians Are Pushed Into Poverty By Health-Related Expenses Yearly' – Independent Newspaper Nigeria" (in Turanci). 2024-07-12. Retrieved 2024-07-12.
  18. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named McNeil
  19. ↑ "Cancer Care in Nigeria: A Call to Action". TC HEALTH. Retrieved 2025-03-22.
  20. ↑ "Nigeria Makes Strides in Cancer Control, Views Decentralization of Services to Expand Access". www.iaea.org. 2025-01-06. Retrieved 2025-03-22.
  21. 1 2 Ngwa, Wilfred; Ngoma, Twalib; Zietman, Anthony; Mayr, Nina; Elzawawy, Ahmed; Winningham, Thomas A.; Balogun, Onyinye; Enwerem-Bromson, Nelly; Ntizimira, Christian; Olopade, Olufunmilayo I.; Oluwole, Doyin; Odedina, Folakemi; Williams, Makeda; Flanigan, John; Asana, Lydia (March 2016). "Closing the Cancer Divide Through Ubuntu: Information and Communication Technology-Powered Models for Global Radiation Oncology". International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 94 (3): 440–449. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.10.063. PMC 4959435. PMID 26867873.
  22. 1 2 "The age of information: Ensuring better health". spotlight.leeds.ac.uk (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-03-11.
  23. ↑ Asuquo, Eme O.; Absolom, Kate; Ebenso, Bassey; Allsop, Mathew J. (May 2024). "Symptoms, concerns, and experiences of women living with and beyond breast cancer in Africa: A mixed-methods systematic review". Psycho-Oncology (in Turanci). 33 (5). doi:10.1002/pon.6342. ISSN 1057-9249. PMID 38747633 Check |pmid= value (help).
  24. ↑ Jedy-Agba, Elima; Curado, Maria Paula; Ogunbiyi, Olufemi; Oga, Emmanuel; Fabowale, Toyin; Igbinoba, Festus; Osubor, Gloria; Otu, Theresa; Kumai, Henry; Koechlin, Alice; Osinubi, Patience; Dakum, Patrick; Blattner, William; Adebamowo, Clement A. (October 2012). "Cancer incidence in Nigeria: a report from population-based cancer registries". Cancer Epidemiology. 36 (5): e271–278. doi:10.1016/j.canep.2012.04.007. ISSN 1877-783X. PMC 3438369. PMID 22621842.
  25. ↑ Sharma, Avinash; Alatise, Olusegun Isaac; O'Connell, Kelli; Ogunleye, Samson Gbenga; Aderounmu, Adewale Abdulwasiu; Samson, Marquerite L.; Wuraola, Funmilola; Olasehinde, Olalekan; Kingham, T. Peter; Du, Mengmeng (2021-07-01). "Healthcare utilisation, cancer screening and potential barriers to accessing cancer care in rural South West Nigeria: a cross-sectional study". BMJ Open. 11 (7). doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040352. ISSN 2044-6055. PMC 8314695 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 34312189 Check |pmid= value (help).
  26. ↑ Abubakar, Ibrahim; Dalglish, Sarah L.; Angell, Blake; Sanuade, Olutobi; Abimbola, Seye; Adamu, Aishatu Lawal; Adetifa, Ifedayo M. O.; Colbourn, Tim; Ogunlesi, Afolabi Olaniyi; Onwujekwe, Obinna; Owoaje, Eme T.; Okeke, Iruka N.; Adeyemo, Adebowale; Aliyu, Gambo; Aliyu, Muktar H. (2022-03-19). "The Lancet Nigeria Commission: investing in health and the future of the nation". Lancet. 399 (10330): 1155–1200. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02488-0. ISSN 1474-547X. PMC 8943278 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35303470 Check |pmid= value (help).
  27. ↑ Onyekwelu, Stephen (2024-11-07). "Nigeria's cancer crisis: A call for systemic change". Businessday NG. Retrieved 2025-03-22.
  28. ↑ "NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE AUTHORITY – FINANCIAL ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE FOR ALL NIGERIANS". Retrieved 2025-03-22.
  29. ↑ Mustapha, Muhammad Inuwa; Ali-Gombe, Musa; Abdullahi, Adamu; Adenipekun, Adeniyi; Campbell, Oladapo Babatunde (2020). "Financial Burden of Cancer on Patients Treated at a Tertiary Health Facility in South West Nigeria". Journal of the West African College of Surgeons. 10 (4): 23–29. doi:10.4103/jwas.jwas_4_22. ISSN 2276-6944. PMC 9267039 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35814963 Check |pmid= value (help).
  30. ↑ "National Hospital Abuja". Retrieved 2025-03-22.
  31. ↑ "NSIA-LUTH Cancer Centre, Nigeria". www.esmo.org. Archived from the original on 2025-03-22. Retrieved 2025-03-22.
  32. ↑ "CancerAware Nigeria | cancer ngo nigeria | Lagos Nigeria". canceraware. Retrieved 2025-03-22.
  33. ↑ "Project Pink Blue – Stimulating Actions Against Cancer". Retrieved 2025-03-22.
  34. ↑ "Runcie Chidebe and Project PINK BLUE". IGCS. Retrieved 2025-03-22.
  35. ↑ "Home". BRECAN. Retrieved 2025-03-22.
  36. ↑ Ayonrinde, Oyedeji; Gureje, Oye; Lawal, Rahmaan (June 2004). "Psychiatric research in Nigeria: Bridging tradition and modernisation". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 184 (6): 536–538. doi:10.1192/bjp.184.6.536. PMID 15172949. S2CID 12541525.
  37. ↑ Ransome Kuti, O. (1992). "National Drug Policy in Nigeria". Journal of Public Health Policy. 13 (3): 367–373. doi:10.2307/3342734. JSTOR 3342734. S2CID 68197988.
  38. ↑ "84 Nigerian children dead from tainted formula". NBC News. Archived from the original on December 10, 2015. Retrieved 2015-11-30.
  39. ↑ Odeniyi, Solomon (2024-07-18). "Corruption in Nigeria's health sector very deep — Minister". Punch Newspapers (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-07-24.
  40. ↑ "GSK, Sanofi Exit Nigerian Market Amid Lingering Foreign Exchange Crisis". BioSpace (in Turanci). 27 February 2024. Retrieved 2024-03-04.
  41. ↑ Bokinni, Yemisi (2024-03-01). "Antibiotic costs rise 1100% as big pharma exits Nigeria". BMJ (in Turanci). 384: q328. doi:10.1136/bmj.q328. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 38428982 Check |pmid= value (help).
  42. ↑ Bokinni, Yemisi (2024-03-01). "Antibiotic costs rise 1100% as big pharma exits Nigeria". BMJ (in Turanci). 384: q328. doi:10.1136/bmj.q328. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 38428982 Check |pmid= value (help).
  43. ↑ Opinion (2024-11-24). "Making quality healthcare accessible to rural dwellers". Punch Newspapers (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-27.
  44. ↑ "Universal health coverage (UHC)". www.who.int (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-27.
  45. ↑ "Universal Health Coverage". World Bank (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-27.
  46. 1 2 Okboh, Anthonia (28 January 2019). "Examining Nigeria's healthcare challenges".
  47. 1 2 Ehigiator, Sunday (2022-04-17). "Brain Drain Overstretching Health Workers, NMA Laments". THISDAYLIVE (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-04-21.
  48. ↑ "Basic Health Care Provision Fund (BHCPF) – NPHCDA" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-27.
  49. ↑ "BASIC HEALTH CARE PROVISION FUND – NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE AUTHORITY" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-27.
  50. ↑ "African Governments Falling Short on Healthcare Funding | Human Rights Watch" (in Turanci). 2024-04-26. Retrieved 2025-03-27.
  51. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :1
  52. ↑ Stephen, Chukwuma Chukwudumebi; Omokhudu, Odiwo Williams; Anthony, Kifordu Anyibuofu (1 September 2016). "The Impact of Privatization and Commercialization in Nigeria". International Research Journal of Management, IT & Social Sciences. 3 (9): 107–119.
  53. ↑ Ogunyale, Kehinde (2024-12-17). "Report: Over 70% of public PHCs lack functional basic medical equipment". Dataphyte (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2025-02-11. Retrieved 2025-03-27.
  54. ↑ Nwafor (2025-01-08). "Healing a Broken System: How lack of power, water, Japa degrades health sector". Vanguard News (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-27.
  55. ↑ "How to develop traditional medicine in Nigeria, by experts". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News (in Turanci). 2021-09-02. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
  56. ↑ Alawode, Gafar; Adewoyin, Ayomide B.; Abdulsalam, Abdulmajeed O.; Ilika, Frances; Chukwu, Chidera; Mohammed, Zakariya; Kurfi, Abubakar (2022-01-01). "The Political Economy of the Design of the Basic Health Care Provision Fund (BHCPF) in Nigeria: A Retrospective Analysis for Prospective Action". Health Systems & Reform. 8 (1). doi:10.1080/23288604.2022.2124601. ISSN 2328-8604. PMID 36170653 Check |pmid= value (help).
  57. ↑ "GROUP, INDIVIDUAL, AND FAMILY SOCIAL HEALTH INSURANCE PROGRAMME (GIFSHIP) – NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE AUTHORITY" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-27.
  58. ↑ "About Us – NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE AUTHORITY" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-27.
  59. ↑ "404 Error - Page Not Found". www.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2025-03-27. Cite uses generic title (help)
  60. ↑ "Primary Health Care Revitalization- Nigeria's Solution to Achieving Universal Health Coverage. | WHO | Regional Office for Africa". www.afro.who.int (in Turanci). 2025-03-24. Retrieved 2025-03-27.
  61. ↑ Ore, Mosunmola (2022-03-25). "Nigerian Government restates commitment to revitalise primary healthcare services". Voice of Nigeria (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2025-04-07. Retrieved 2025-03-27.
  62. ↑ "Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Definition, How They Work, and Examples". Investopedia (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-27.
  63. ↑ "Home". LASHMA - Lagos State Health Scheme (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-27.
  64. ↑ "Private Sector Health Alliance of Nigeria – PSHAN" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-27.
  65. ↑ Abimbola, Seye; Okoli, Ugo; Olubajo, Olalekan; Abdullahi, Mohammed J.; Pate, Muhammad A. (2012). "The midwives service scheme in Nigeria". PLOS Medicine. 9 (5). doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001211. ISSN 1549-1676. PMC 3341343. PMID 22563303.
  66. ↑ "Nigeria launches the National Health Workforce Country Profile towards achieving universal health coverage | WHO | Regional Office for Africa". www.afro.who.int (in Turanci). 2025-03-24. Retrieved 2025-03-27.
  67. ↑ Ajoseh, Seun; Langer, Armin; Amoniyan, Oluwasegun; Uyah, Uduak-Abasi (2024-11-14). "Navigating brain drain: understanding public discourse on legislation to retain medical professionals in Nigeria". Globalization and Health. 20 (1): 80. doi:10.1186/s12992-024-01077-1. ISSN 1744-8603. PMC 11566287 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 39543665 Check |pmid= value (help).

Tushen

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kula_da_lafiya_a_Najeriya&oldid=809503"