Kula da yawan jama'a
 Kula da yawan jama'a | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
population planning (en)  |
Kula da yawan jama'a shine aikin kiyaye girman na kowane yawan jama'ar. Yana nau'o'in kawai aikin iyakance girman yawan dabbobi don ya kasance mai sarrafawa, sabanin aikin kare jinsin daga yawan halaka, wanda ake kira ilmin halitta na kiyayewa.[1][2]
Yayin da yawancin kwayoyin halitta da kwayoyin halitta suna tasiri ga sarrafa yawan jama'a, mutane suna da tasiri sosai akan yawan dabbobi. Ko mutane suna buƙatar farautar dabbobi don abinci, kawar da kwaro, ko rage gasa don albarkatu, sarrafa jama'a ya haɗa da samar da abinci mai gina jiki, ko hana haifuwa, lalata mutane ko amfani da magungunan kashe qwari. Kula da yawan jama'a yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a yawan namun daji. Dangane da nau'in da ake mu'amala da su, akwai hanyoyi da yawa da ake sarrafa yawan jama'ar daji. Maganin hana haihuwa na namun daji shine aikin hana haifuwa a cikin daji, wanda daga baya yana rage yawan jama'a. Misalin wannan ya haɗa da kula da yawan barewa tare da yin amfani da alluran rigakafi. Sauran hanyoyin da za a kula da yawan jama'a sun haɗa da tarko mai kisa, tarko mai rai, magudin wurin kwai/wuri, harbin harsasai, da kuma lalata sinadarai. Tarko mai kisa, magudin wurin kwai/zuwa, harbin harsashi mai rai, da kuma kawar da sinadarai hanyoyin da ake amfani da su don kawar da yawan dabbobi da kuma hana haifuwa, yayin da tarko mai rai yana kama nau'ikan don cire su daga wani yanki na musammani.
Abubuwan da ke tasiri ga kula da yawan jama'a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Abubuwa iri-iri na iya yin tasiri kan sarrafa yawan jama'a. Mutane na iya yin tasiri sosai kan girman yawan dabbobin da suke mu'amala da su kai tsaye. Yana da, alal misali, gama gari (kuma wani lokacin har ma da buƙatu na doka) don zubar da karnuka ko rashin jin daɗi. Spaying - cire ovaries da mahaifar dabbar mace - kalmar likita = ovariohysterectomy. Neutering - cire gwanon dabbar namiji - kalmar likita = orchiectomy. Ayyukan mutane daban-daban (misali farauta, noma, kamun kifi, masana'antu, da haɓaka birane) duk suna shafar yawan dabbobi daban-daban.
Kula da yawan jama'a na iya haɗawa da culling, translocation, ko sarrafa ikon haihuwa. Girman yawan jama'a na iya iyakance shi ta hanyar abubuwan muhalli kamar samar da abinci ko farauta. Babban abubuwan da ke shafar ci gaban jama'a sun hada da:
- Abinci - duka yawan da ingancin abinci suna da mahimmanci. Girman yawan jama'a da raguwar jinsuna sun dogara da adadin wadatar abinci. Yayin da ake samun abinci, yawan jama'a yana ƙaruwa don saduwa da shi. Abinci mara gina jiki, mafi ƙarancin haihuwa jinsin da ke cikin shekarun haihuwa ya zama.[3] Snails, alal misali, ba za su iya haifuwa cikin nasara ba a cikin yanayin da ke da ƙarancin calcium, ba tare da la'akari da yawan abinci da ke akwai ba saboda suna buƙatar wannan ma'adinai don girma.
Muhimman abubuwan abiotic da ke shafar karuwar yawan jama'a sun hada da:
- Yanayin zafi - Yanayin zafi mafi girma yana hanzarta halayen Enzyme da haɓaka girma.
- Samun iskar oxygen - yana shafar yawan samar da makamashi ta hanyar numfashi.
- Samun haske - don photosynthesis. haske na iya sarrafa sake zagayowar kiwo a cikin dabbobi da tsire-tsire.
- Toxins da gurbatawa - za'a iya rage ci gaban nama ta hanyar kasancewar, alal misali, sulfur dioxide, kuma nasarar haifuwa na iya shafar gurbatawa kamar Estrogen kamar abubuwa.
Tasirin mutum kai tsaye ba shine kawai hanyoyin da mutane zasu iya sarrafa yawan dabbobi ba. Sau da yawa, mutane suna sarrafa yawan dabbobi a kaikaice, a wasu kalmomi, mutane ba su san cewa ayyukansu suna sarrafa yawan Dabbobi ba. Misali, sabbin ababen more rayuwa da hanyoyi na iya haifar da fitar da dabbobi daga mazauninsu na halitta. Sabbin wuraren zama da aka tilasta musu ƙaura bazai samar musu da bukatun da suke buƙata don rayuwa ba. Wannan zai haifar da raguwar yawan jama'a sakamakon ayyukan ɗan adam.[4]
Hanyoyi don sarrafa yawan jama'a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sau da yawa ana amfani da euthanasia na dabba a matsayin mafita ta ƙarshe don sarrafa yawan dabbobi. A cikin Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana, Ikklisiya ta yi euthanasia mai yawa a kan dukan mazaunan mafaka na dabbobi, gami da cats 54 da karnuka 118 da aka kashe saboda yaduwar cutar da ta yadu tsakanin dabbobi.
Neutering wani zaɓi ne don sarrafa yawan dabbobi. Taron Spay Day USA na shekara-shekara ya kafa ta Doris Day Animal League don inganta tsayar da dabbobi, musamman wadanda ke cikin mafaka na dabbobi, don yawan jama'a su kasance masu sarrafawa.
Kula da yawan namun daji
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana amfani da maganin hana daukar ciki na namun daji don daidaita yawan dabbobi a cikin daji da kuma dakatar da haifuwa. Misali, ana amfani da allurar rigakafi a halin yanzu a cikin yawan dabbobi. GonaCon, wanda Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta haɓaka, tana ƙarfafa samar da magungunan rigakafi a cikin hormones na jima'i. Musamman, an ce yana cire zagaye na oestrous daga mata, wanda da farko ke jan hankalin maza; ba tare da zagaye na Oestrous ba, maza ba sa sha'awar yin jima'i.[5] Wani nau'in allurar rigakafin da ake amfani da shi a cikin dabbobi ana kiransa porcine zona pellucida (PZP). PZP yana aiki ta hanyar toshe maniyyi tare da rigakafi a saman kwai na deer.[6]
Lokacin da hana haifuwa ya kasa sarrafa yawan jama'a, ana amfani da hanyoyin kamar kamawa, kamawa mai rai, sarrafa wurin kwai / shinge, harbi mai rai, da kuma sinadarai don kula da yawan jama'ar.
Kisan kai shine hanyar da ake amfani da ita don kashe dabbobi. Ana sa ido kan irin wannan hanyar don tabbatar da cewa babu wata damuwa ta ɗabi'a ko ta jama'a da ta taso. Duk da yake ana amfani da wannan dabarar a kan kananan dabbobi, ana sarrafa yawan manyan dabbobi kamar beavers da foxes tare da wannan hanyar.
Rayuwa mai rai hanya ce da ake amfani da ita don kama dabbobi iri-iri. Daga kananan dabbobi zuwa manyan dabbobi, wannan nau'in hanyar kula da yawan jama'a yana amfani da tarkon ganga, tarkon hanawa, da na'urorin riƙe kafafu. Kamar yadda hanyar kamawa mai kisa, wannan dabarar tana buƙatar a saka idanu akai-akai don tabbatar da cewa babu damuwa game da ɗabi'a, da kuma rage damuwa game da dabbobi. Musamman, wannan nau'in hanyar kula da yawan jama'a sananne ne tare da kama tsuntsaye.
Ana amfani da sarrafa wurin kwai / shinge a kan tsuntsaye don hana su yin gida a wuraren da aka haramta. Ruwan ruwa ya shahara a cikin birane da yankunan noma yayin da yake amfani da sprinklers don fitar da surfactants. Surfactants sa'an nan sarrafa yawan tsuntsaye ta hanyar kashewa da hana tsuntsaye na gaba daga yin gida.
Harbi mai rai yana amfani da bindigogi don kawar da dabbobi kamar tsuntsaye da bears. Saboda wannan nau'in hanyar kula da yawan jama'a an ƙuntata shi a sassa da yawa na duniya, ana amfani da shi ne kawai lokacin da wasu hanyoyin sarrafawa suka kasa.
Chemical euthanization yana nufin amfani da sunadarai don haifar da mutuwa mai sauƙi ko mara zafi kuma an raba shi zuwa kashi uku: guba mai tsanani, anticoagulants da decalcifiers, da fumigants. Abubuwan guba masu tsanani suna buƙatar kashi ɗaya kawai don kashe dabbobi, yayin da anticoagulants da decalcifiers suna buƙatar allurai da yawa a tsawon lokaci. Ana amfani da hayaki don shanye dabbobi a karkashin kasa.[7] Duk da yake wannan nau'in hanyar kula da yawan jama'a tana haifar da damuwa game da ɗabi'a, Ƙungiyar Duniya don Kare Dabbobi (WSPA) ta yi imanin cewa ya zama dole lokacin da lafiyar ɗan adam ko lafiyar wasu dabbobi ke cikin haɗari. Don tabbatar da cewa wannan hanyar sarrafawa ta kasance ta mutunci, WSPA ta bayyana cewa dole ne ya zama marar zafi, ya sami saurin rashin sani wanda ya biyo bayan mutuwa, ya rage tsoron dabba da wahala, kuma ya zama abin dogaro da ba za a iya juyawa ba.
Har ila yau, kula da yawan jama'a yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sarrafawa da sarrafa nau'o'in da ke mamayewa don a kawar da su kafin su zama masu yawa kuma su haifar da duk wani lahani na muhalli.[8]
Misalan
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An yi ƙoƙari da yawa don sarrafa yawan ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin masu ɗaukar cututtuka da yawa sabili da haka suna haifar da haɗari ga mutane. Ana kuma ci gaba da yin ƙoƙari don sarrafa yawan namun daji kusa da filayen jirgin sama. Musamman, an amince da matakan sarrafawa ga gaggafa da dabbobi.
- ↑ Sahney, Sarda; Benton, Michael J (7 April 2008). "Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1636): 759–765. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370. PMC 2596898. PMID 18198148.
- ↑ Soulé, Michael E. (1985). "What Is Conservation Biology?". BioScience. 35 (11): 727–734. doi:10.2307/1310054. JSTOR 1310054.
- ↑ Hopfenberg, Russell; Pimentel, David (2001). "Human Population Numbers as a Function of Food Supply". Environment, Development and Sustainability. 3 (1): 1–15. Bibcode:2001EDSus...3....1H. doi:10.1023/a:1011463231976.
- ↑ Ciuti, Simone; Northrup, Joseph M.; Muhly, Tyler B.; Simi, Silvia; Musiani, Marco; Pitt, Justin A.; Boyce, Mark S. (2012-11-28). "Effects of Humans on Behaviour of Wildlife Exceed Those of Natural Predators in a Landscape of Fear". PLOS ONE (in Turanci). 7 (11): e50611. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...750611C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050611. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3509092. PMID 23226330.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:32 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:03 - ↑ Allendorf, Fred W.; Lundquist, Laura L. (2003). "Introduction: Population Biology, Evolution, and Control of Invasive Species". Conservation Biology. 17 (1): 24–30. Bibcode:2003ConBi..17...24A. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.02365.x. JSTOR 3095269.