Kungiyar Dalibai ta Afirka ta Kudu

Kungiyar Dalibai ta Afirka ta Kudu
Bayanai
Iri	Tsarin Siyasa
Ƙasa	Afirka ta kudu
Tarihi
Ƙirƙira	1968
Dissolved	1977

Ƙungiyar 'yan ɗalibai masu sassaucin ra'ayi ta Afirka ta Kudu (SALSA) ta wanzu don haɗa ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai masu sassaƙa ra'ayi a duk faɗin makarantun Afirka ta Kudu. SALSA ita ce zuriyar akidar Kungiyar Liberal ta Afirka ta Kudu (SALA) (1936-1968), kungiyar siyasa ta farko da ba ta da launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu, tana tattara yawancin ƙa'idodinta masu sassaucin ra'ayi da manufofi a cikin kundin tsarin mulkinta. SALSA kungiya ce ta dalibai wacce ba ta da alaƙa da kowace jam'iyya ta siyasa; kuma wacce ta yi imani da, aiki da inganta ka'idodin dimokuradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi a makarantun.

Tarihi

Ƙungiyar Liberal da Jam'iyyar Afirka ta Kudu

An kafa Jam'iyyar Liberal ta Afirka ta Kudu a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1953 a wani taro na Ƙungiyar Liberal ta Afirka a Cape Town . Ainihin ya samo asali ne daga imani cewa Jam'iyyar United Party ba ta iya cimma wani ci gaba mai sassaucin ra'ayi a Afirka ta Kudu ba. An kafa shi ne a lokacin rikicin kundin tsarin mulki na "Coloured Vote" na shekarun 1950, da kuma rarraba Torch Commando a kan batun haɗin membobin.

Waɗanda suka kafa jam'iyyar sun hada da (matsayi na asali a cikin jam'iyyar da aka bayar):

• Margaret Ballinger (Memba na Afirka ta Kudu) - Shugaban jam'iyya
• Alan Paton (mai rubutun ra'ayi) - Mataimakin Shugaban kasa
• Leo Marquard - Mataimakin Shugaban kasa
• Dokta Oscar Wolheim - Shugaban kasa
• Peter Brown - Shugaban kasa
• Leslie Rubin (Sanata na Afirka ta Kudu) - Mataimakin Shugaban
• H. Selby Msimang

A farkon rabin rayuwarta Jam'iyyar Liberal ta kasance mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, kuma ta ga aikinta da farko dangane da canza tunanin masu jefa kuri'a. Ya jingina ga ƙwararren ƙwararre. Wannan ya canza a 1959-1960. Jam'iyyar Progressive Party, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1959 ta mamaye fagen siyasa da Jam'iyyar Liberal ta mamaye har zuwa lokacin. A cikin 1960 kisan kiyashi na Sharpeville da kuma yanayin gaggawa, lokacin da aka tsare 'yan jam'iyyar Liberal da yawa, sun canza yanayin jam'iyyar. Wani abu kuma shi ne amfani da kayan fassara a lokaci guda a taron jam'iyya, wanda ya ba 'yan karkara baƙar fata damar yin magana ba tare da wata matsala ba a karon farko.

A cikin shekarun 1960, sabili da haka, Jam'iyyar Liberal ta tsaya ba tare da wata shakka ba don dimokuradiyya ta Afirka ta Kudu, tare da "mutum ɗaya, kuri'a ɗaya" a matsayin manufofinta. Jam'iyyar Liberal ta kuma goyi bayan 'yan takara masu sassaucin ra'ayi a zaben Transkei bantustan, kuma ta taimaka wa mambobinta na karkara da sauransu, musamman a Natal, don tsayayya da tsaftace kabilanci da aka kawo ta hanyar aiwatar da wariyar launin fata. Wannan ya haifar da haramtacciyar mambobi da shugabannin jam'iyya da yawa. Jaridar Contact tana da alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Liberal, kodayake a hukumance littafi ne daban. Callan ya bayyana hanyar haɗi kamar haka: "Duk da haka, Saduwa ya zama mai alaƙa da hankali a cikin tunanin jama'a tare da Jam'iyyar Liberal cewa yanzu yana da alama kawai a matsayin ilimi don dagewa kan matsayinsa mai zaman kansa. - (Paton 1968 shafi na 50) ".

Jam'iyyar ta kasance cikin rikici kai tsaye tare da gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu tun daga farko. Wannan ya faru ne saboda adawar jam'iyyar ga wariyar launin fata da kuma sukar lalacewar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta hanyar dokokin da ke ba da izinin tsare ba tare da shari'a ba da kuma murkushe 'yan adawar siyasa. Yawancin mambobinta an sanya su a karkashin haramta kuma gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta tsananta musu, wanda ya zargi jam'iyyar da inganta manufofin Kwaminisanci. A shekara ta 1968 gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta zartar da abin da ake kira Dokar haramtacciyar tsangwama mara kyau, wanda ya haramta jam'iyyun samun membobin launin fata. Saboda haka an tilasta wa Jam'iyyar Liberal ta zabi tsakanin rushewa ko shiga karkashin kasa, kuma ta zaɓi rushewa. An gudanar da taron karshe a The Guildhall, Durban .

Dalibai suna yaƙi da wariyar launin fata

SALSA, Kungiyar Dalibai ta Afirka ta Kudu, an kirkireshi ne a karkashin jagorancin Gidauniyar Friedrich Naumann; don manufar yin aiki tare da dalibai a jami'o'i daban-daban a Afirka ta Kudu. Ta hanyar taimakon karimci na Gidauniyar Friedrich Naumann, kuma tare da hadin gwiwa tare da Union des jeunesses travaillistes libérales (UJTL), na Parti Démocratique Sénégalais (PDS) da Ƙungiyar Matasan Liberal ta Yammacin Afirka; SALSA ta yi aiki a matsayin taron gama gari don musayar ra'ayoyi da kafa ƙasa ɗaya tsakanin magoya bayan wariyar launin fata da Anti-Aheid Movement.

Tsakanin 1983 da 1987, SALSA tana aiki tare da dalibai a Jami'ar Witwatersrand, Jami'ar Natal, Jami'an Cape Town; an kafa ta ne da farko a Jami'an Durban-Westville; kuma ta hanyar waɗannan ɗaliban masu gwagwarmayar siyasa daban-daban, sun sami damar tabbatar da cewa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka da Jam'iyyar Kasa (Afirka ta Kudu) suna cikin sadarwa ta yau da kullun, duk da kuma ɓoye, game da rashin haramtacciyar ƙungiyoyin wariyar launin fata, sakin Nelson Mandela da sauran fursunonin siyasa; da rushewarmaya.

Tsakanin 1986 da 1989, SALSA ta fara aiwatar da neman hadewar jam'iyyun siyasa masu sassaucin ra'ayi guda uku a Afirka ta Kudu don ƙirƙirar Jam'iyyar Democrat (Afirka ta Kudu) (yanzu Jam'iyyar Democratic Alliance) daga Jam'iyyar Progressive Federal, wacce mutane na dukkan launuka za su goyi bayan ta. A yau wannan jam'iyyar, Democratic Alliance tana riƙe da halayenta a matsayin muryar dimokuradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi a cikin majalisa da kafofin watsa labarai, yayin da ita ce adawa ta hukuma a cikin majalisar ƙasa, kuma tana mulki a Yammacin Cape.

A shekara ta 1987, Gwamnatin Senegal, tare da Gidauniyar Friedrich Naumann sun dauki bakuncin taron a Dakar, Senegal; wanda ya haɗu da shugabannin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka da Afrikaner Broederbond wanda ke wakiltar cibiyoyin sadarwa na ciki na fararen fata, mulkin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. Ta haka ne aka fara sauyawa zuwa dimokuradiyya ba tare da wariyar launin fata ba a Afirka ta Kudu, wanda aka nuna a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu 1990, ta hanyar sakin Nelson Mandela, da sauran fursunonin siyasa, kuma a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 1994, tare da gudanar da babban zabe na farko na kyauta da adalci a Afirka ta Tsakiya ga mutane na kowane launi.

Taron kafa

A cikin shekaru biyu na rashin haramtacciyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka da sauran ƙungiyoyin adawa da wariyar launin fata, kuma shekara guda bayan gudanar da taron 1991 na Majalisar Dinkinobho ta Afirka, a Jami'ar Durban-Westville, fararen Afirka ta Kudu sun kada kuri'a don kawo karshen wariyar launinariya a ranar 17 ga Maris 1992, (duba raba gardama ta wariyar launin fatara ta Afirka ta Kudu, 1992). An gayyaci kungiyoyin siyasa na kowane launi don shiga cikin Yarjejeniyar Demokradiyyar Afirka ta Kudu (CODESA).

A cikin wannan tarihin tarihi, an sake shirya ɗaliban Liberal na Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar taimakon karimci na Gidauniyar Friedrich Naumann, Gidauniwar Open Society da Asusun Shugaban Anglo American, a cikin 1992 kuma a cikin 1993 don halartar tarurruka kan rubuce-rubucen tarayya don SALSA, a Jami'ar Cape Town, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ryan Coetzee. Wadannan taron shirya taron sun haifar da gudanar da taron kafa tarayya na SALSA a Jami'ar Witwatersrand a shekarar 1994, bayan zaben dimokuradiyya na farko a Afirka ta Kudu.

A wannan taron kafa, SALSA ta zabi Malcolm Lennox, na Jami'ar Witwatersrand, don zama Shugaban Tarayya na farko. An tsara takardar aiki ta farko ta SALSA ne don mayar da martani ga warewar dalibai masu sassaucin ra'ayi a kan majalisun wakilan dalibai da kuma rinjayar SASCO (duba NUSAS) a makarantun.

An halicce shi ta hanyar tarayya, SALSA ta ba da dukkan iko ga kungiyoyin dalibai na yanki da na harabar, kuma waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai masu sassaucin ra'ayi suna da imani cewa za a iya samun sauye-sauyen makarantun ba tare da daidaitawar siyasa ba, cewa siyasa na cibiyoyin ilimi suna lalata dabi'u masu sassaucinni ra'ayi, cewa ƙungiyoyin ɗaliban daban-daban ba su da muhimmanci ba su lalata makarantun a kan kuɗin ilimi a cikin sunan "gwagwarmaya", kuma cewa aikin ƙungiyoyin siyasa na ɗalibai shine su mai da hankali kan batutuwan ilimi.

SALSA ta ci gaba da wannan matsayi tun daga wannan lokacin kuma ta nemi karfafa goyon bayan dalibai masu sassaucin ra'ayi a makarantun su, haɓaka ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai masu sassaƙaƙin ra'ayoyi a wasu makarantun, da kuma yin aiki tare da Jami'o'i da Kwalejin SRC don tabbatar da cewa ɗalibai suna da isasshen wakilci.

Ayyuka

Ilimi da Kafofin Watsa Labarai

Dokar kafa SASO ta bayyana cewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan manufofinta shi ne "taƙaita koyaushe hoto da martabar Black Consciousness a al’adu, zamantakewa da ilimi". Ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin aiwatar da wannan aiki – da kuma haɓaka falsafar da koyarwar Black Consciousness – shi ne jaridar hukuma ta SASO mai suna SASO Newsletter. An fara buga wannan mujalla ne a watan Agusta 1970, tare da bayanin editan da ke bayyana manufarta guda biyu na bayar da bayani da ilmantarwa, kuma ta ci gaba da fitowa har zuwa 1976. Shahararren bangare cikin jaridar shi ne jerin makaloli na Biko, wanda ke rubuta ƙarƙashin sunan karya Frank Talk, da ake kira I Write What I Like.

Domin kasancewar SASO ƙungiyar ɗalibai ce, ta mayar da hankali sosai wajen yaki da "warewar jiki da ta tunani" da kuma "fassara da tsoratarwa" da tsarin Ilimin Bantu ke yi wa ɗalibai bakake. Don haka, SASO ta shirya "makarantun kafa ƙungiya" a cikin jami’o’i, da nufin samar da dandalin da ɗalibai za su iya amfani da manufofin Black Consciousness wajen nazari da muhawara kan batutuwa masu muhimmanci. Hakanan SASO ta shirya ayyukan ilimi da na siyasa a makarantu masu zurfi na bakaken fata.

Ayyukan Al’umma

A taronta na farko na kasa na makarantar kafa ƙungiya a watan Disamba 1969, SASO ta amince da wani shiri da Biko ya gabatar, wanda ya bukaci cewa "aiki a tsakanin jama'a" ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan SASO. A 1970, Majalisar Ɗaliban SASO ta ƙirƙiri kwamiti na musamman kan ci gaban al’umma, kuma a 1971 aka tsara hanyar aiwatar da irin waɗannan ayyuka ta hanyar samfurin Action Training (wanda aka inganta zuwa Community Action and Development a 1972).

Ayyukan kai wa al’umma sun shahara wajen tsofaffin membobin UCM da NUSAS, kuma a cikin SASO, an motsa su ne saboda damuwa da halin talauci da bakaken fata ke ciki. Amma kuma suna da alaƙa ta musamman da manufar Black Consciousness ta tabbatar da kansu da dogaro da kai. Bugu da ƙari, an ɗauke su a matsayin hanyar ilimantar da jama’a, motsa su, da samun amincewar su. Ayyukan da aka aiwatar sun haɗa da "ayyuka na jiki" (inda ɗalibai ke gyara makarantu ko gina gidaje a lokacin hutu), yakin wayar da kai kan rubutu da karatu, tarukan koyar da ƙwarewa, da aikin sa kai a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya. A cikin shekarun gaba, ayyukan kai wa al’umma na SASO sun samu haɗin guiwa da ƙungiyoyin Black Consciousness na daban, musamman BPC da Black Community Programmes.

Zanga-zanga

SASO ta kalli Black Consciousness a matsayin "yanayin tunani da hanyar rayuwa" fiye da kayan aikin gwagwarmayar siyasa, don haka tun da fari ta kasance cikin shakku game da amfani da zanga-zanga da jerin gwanon jama'a. Ta danganta irin waɗannan zanga-zanga da gwagwarmayar ‘yan ra’ayin mazan jiya na NUSAS – kuma a cewar wani ƙuduri da Majalisar Ɗalibai ta yanke a 1970 – ta ɗauke su a matsayin "wanda aka tsara don jaridun fararen fata da jama’ar su" kuma "bai cika ba" domin babu ƙoƙarin da ya daɗe da tsarin da zai canza halin da ake ciki. Wannan ƙuduri ya bada shawarar cewa ɗalibai bakake su shiga ne kawai cikin zanga-zanga da ke "da nufin kai tsaye ga jama’ar bakake".

Amma a lokacin hunturu na 1972, SASO ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a wata gagarumar zanga-zangar ɗalibai da ta rufe wasu jami’o’in bakake a faɗin ƙasar. Zanga-zangar ta fara ne da zaman dirshan da ɗalibai suka yi a Turfloop a watan Mayu 1972, bayan jami’ar ta kore ɗan gwagwarmayar SASO, Onkgopotse Tiro, saboda jawabin da ya gabatar a bikin yaye ɗalibai inda ya soki tsarin wariyar launin fata da Ilimin Bantu. Ɗalibai bakake a faɗin ƙasa sun fusata da yadda jami’a da ‘yan sanda suka mayar da martani da karfi, har suka killace jami’ar tare da korar ɗaliban da ke zanga-zanga.

Makarantar kafa ƙungiyar SASO ta yankin da ke Alice, kusa da Jami’ar Fort Hare, ta gudanar da taron gaggawa inda suka fitar da sanarwar da ake kira Alice Declaration, wanda ke kira da cewa "dukkan ɗalibai bakake su tilasta rufe jami’o’i ta hanyar kaurace wa karatu".

A cewar Julian Brown, wannan zanga-zangar ta 1972 ta nuna sauyin matsayi daga manufar SASO ta farko kuma ta bayyana sabon salo na rungumar zanga-zangar fili da ta fafatawa kai tsaye. Wata babbar alama ta wannan sauyi ita ce gangamin da SASO da BPC suka haɗa kai don gudanarwa a watan Satumba 1974 a Durban da Turfloop. Wannan gangami na nuna goyon baya ne ga gwagwarmayar ’yancin kai ta Mozambique (Frelimo), bayan labarin cewa Portugal za ta ba Mozambique ‘yanci a shekarar da ta biyo baya. Wannan gangami ya jawo hankalin jama’a sosai, amma ‘yan sanda suka tarwatsa su, sannan gwamnati ta fara gallaza wa shugabannin Black Consciousness da ƙungiyoyinsu: da yamma dai-dai, ofisoshin SASO da ke Durban da gidajen shugabanni da dama ciki har da Biko, sun sha dirar mikiya daga ‘yan sanda. Da yawa daga cikinsu an kama su a matsayin wani yunkuri na kama dukkan masu rajin Black Consciousness.

Matakin Tilastawa da Abin da ya Biyo Baya

Bayan kama-kamar da ta biyo bayan zanga-zangar goyon baya ga FRELIMO a shekarar 1974, gwamnatin Afirka Ta Kudu a watan Janairun 1975 ta gurfanar da mutanen da aka kira SASO Nine da laifin karya dokar Ta’addanci ta 1967. Bayan shari’a mai ɗaukar hankali, dukkaninsu aka same su da laifin "karfafa da yada ƙiyayya tsakanin fararen fata da bakaken fata mazauna Jamhuriya" kuma aka yankewa daurin gidan yari, wanda hakan ya bar SASO – da kuma BPC – ba tare da shugabanni ba. A wannan lokaci, an takaita ayyukan siyasar Biko sosai saboda umarnin hana ayyukan sa.

Takurawa daga gwamnati kuma ta ƙara tsananta bayan tarzomar Soweto ta 1976, inda ƙungiyoyin Black Consciousness suka taka muhimmiyar rawa. Bayan tashin hankali, a ranar 19 ga Oktoba 1977, gwamnati ta haramta SASO da wasu ƙungiyoyin Black Consciousness, inda ta sa haramci ga ƙungiyar da kuma alaƙa da ita. Babu wata ƙungiyar da ta maye gurbin ta kai tsaye, duk da haka an miƙa ra’ayoyin Black Consciousness ga sabbin ƙungiyoyin zamani, ciki har da Azanian People's Organisation (Azapo). Yawancin waɗanda aka tuhume a shari’ar SASO daga bisani suka rike manyan mukamai a Azapo – Cooper da Nefholovhodwe dukkansu sun shugabanci Azapo, haka kuma tsohon mai fafutuka na SASO, Mosibudi Mangena. Sai dai kuma, wasu tsofaffin ‘yan SASO sun shiga ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da Congress: tashin hankalin da kuma takurawa daga gwamnati sun tura dalibai da dama zuwa ƙasashen waje don samun horo tare da dakarun ANC, Umkhonto weSizwe, yayin da a cikin Afirka Ta Kudu kuwa, ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da Congress suka ƙara rinjaye a tsarin shirya al’umma (wanda ake kira civics), harakokin ƙwadago, da kuma tsarin dalibai ta hannun Congress of South African Students.

Mambobi Masu Fice

Shugabannin ƙasa na SASO sun haɗa da:

• Steve Biko (shugaba na farko)
• Barney Pityana (tsohon shugaba)
• Rubin Phillip (tsohon mataimakin shugaba)
• Nkosazana Dlamini (tsohuwar mataimakiyar shugaba)
• Ben Langa (tsohon sakataren janar)
• Abram Tiro (tsohon mai shirya taruka)
• Mosioua Lekota (tsohon mai shirya taruka)

Ƙara karatu

• Badat, Saleem (2002). Black Student Politics: Higher Education and Apartheid from SASO to SANSCO, 1968–1990 (in Turanci). Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-93248-6.
• Badat, Saleem (2009). Black Man, You Are On Your Own (in Turanci). Steve Biko Foundation. ISBN 978-1-920222-39-0.
• Halisi, C. R. D. (2000). Black Political Thought in the Making of South African Democracy. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-33589-2.
• Karis, Thomas G.; Gerhart, Gail M. (1997). From Protest to Challenge: A Documentary History of African Politics in South Africa, 1882–1990. 5: Nadir and Resurgence, 1964–1979. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-8179-1891-4. OCLC 329131.

Mahaɗa

• Constitution of the South African Students' Organisation
• South African Student Organisation at South African History Online