Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam
 Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | harkar zamantakewa |
Interested in (en)  | Hakkokin Yan-adam |
| Hannun riga da | Kungiyoyin adawa da 'yancin kai |
Ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na nufin ƙungiyoyin jama'a masu zaman kansu da ke yin fafutuka da suka shafi al'amuran haƙƙin ɗan adam. Tushen fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya sun haɗa da tsayin daka ga: mulkin mallaka, mulkin mallaka, bauta, wariyar launin fata, rarrabuwar kawuna, kabilanci, da zaluncin ƴan asalin ƙasar.[1]
Muhimmiyar ƙa'ida ta ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ita ce kira ga duniya baki ɗaya: ra'ayin cewa dukkan 'yan adam su yi gwagwarmaya tare da haɗin kai don samar da wani tsari na asali na yau da kullun wanda dole ne kowa ya bi shi.[2]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Duba kuma: Tarihin yancin ɗan adam
Yunkurin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ya kasance kafin ƙarni na 20, wanda ya haɗa da gwagwarmayar yaƙi da bauta. Ƙungiyoyin tarihi galibi suna damuwa da ƙayyadaddun batutuwa, kuma sun fi na gida fiye da na duniya. Ɗaya daga cikin asusun ya bayyana Yarjejeniyar Hague ta 1899 a matsayin mafari ga ra'ayin cewa 'yan adam suna da 'yancin kai ba tare da jihohin da ke sarrafa su ba.[3]
The activities of the International Federation for Human Rights (originally the International Labor Organization)—founded in France by the international labor movement in the 1920s—can be seen as a precursor to the modern movements. Amurka da kasashen Turai sun karbe wannan kungiya cikin gaggawa, watakila a matsayin wata hanya ta tinkarar kiran Bolshevik na hadin kan duniya tsakanin ma’aikata.[4]
Yaƙin mulkin mallaka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wani babban yunƙurin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya ya girma daga juriyar mulkin mallaka. Kungiyar sake fasalin Kongo, wacce aka kafa a 1904, ita ma an bayyana ta a matsayin ginshikin yunƙurin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na zamani. Wannan kungiya ta yi amfani da hotuna wajen tattara bayanan ta'addancin da 'yan Belgium suka yi a yayin da ake neman kera robar a Kongo. An ba da waɗannan hotunan a tsakanin Turawa da Amurkawa masu tausayi, ciki har da Edmund Morel, Joseph Conrad, da Mark Twain - wanda ya rubuta satiriically a matsayin Sarki Leopold:
...Oh da kyau, hotuna suna zazzagewa a ko'ina, duk da duk abin da za mu iya yi don fitar da su da murkushe su. Minbaroi dubu goma da ’yan jarida dubu goma suna yi min magana mai kyau a koda yaushe kuma a fili da gamsarwa suna musun yankan. Sai wannan ɗan ƙaramin kodi, wanda yaro zai iya ɗauka a cikin aljihunsa, ya tashi, bai taɓa furta komai ba, ya buga su bebe!
Hotunan da wallafe-wallafen da suka biyo baya sun haifar da fushin ƙasashen duniya game da laifukan Belgian da aka yi wa Kongo.
Yayin da karni ya ci gaba, Amurkawa na Afirka ciki har da W. E. B. Du Bois, Walter White, da Paul Robeson sun shiga tare da shugabannin kasashen Afirka na waje (daga Haiti, Laberiya, Philippines, da sauran wurare) don yin buƙatun duniya na haƙƙoƙin asali.[5] Duk da cewa tushen wannan yunkuri yana da bangarori da dama (saboda karfi ga dan jari hujja Marcus Garvey da kuma ga bangaren hagu na 'yan uwantaka na Afirka), tabbataccen lokaci na hadin kan kasa da kasa ya zo ne bayan da Italiya ta hade Habasha a 1935.
Yaƙin Duniya na II da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, tawagar 'yan Afirka ta Pan-Afrika ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sanya Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kare hakkin bil'adama a cikin takardun kafuwarta. Du Bois ya kwatanta mulkin mallaka a duk faɗin duniya da ghettos a Amurka kuma ya yi kira da a samar da daftarin aiki na duniya da ke tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na dukan mutane.
Wakilan ƙananan ƙasashe (musamman daga Latin Amurka), da Du Bois da sauran masu fafutuka, ba su ji daɗi da sigar haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka tsara don Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Dumbarton Oaks a 1944. Du Bois ya bayyana a lokacin cewa, a bayyane yake, "Hanya daya tilo zuwa daidaiton 'yan Adam ita ce ta hanyar taimakon malamai".Koyaya, gwamnatin Amurka ta goyi bayan ƙungiyoyin cikin gida masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke son haɓaka ra'ayinta game da haƙƙin ɗan adam, kamar ƙungiyar lauyoyin Amurka da kwamitin Yahudawan Amurka. Wadannan kungiyoyi sun sami amincewar jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ra'ayin kare hakkin dan Adam.[6]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Clapham, Human Rights (2007), p. 19. "In fact, the modern civil rights movement and the complex normative international framework have grown out of a number of transnational and widespread movements. Human rights were invoked and claimed in the contexts of anti-colonialism, anti-imperialism, anti-slavery, anti-apartheid, anti-racism, and feminist and indigenous struggles everywhere
- ↑ Clapham, Human Rights (2007), pp. 19–20. "...the sense of solidarity amongst those who believe they are the victims of a human rights violation can transcend class, gender, and other distinctions. This sense of connectedness is critical to understanding the changing world of human rights
- ↑ Thomas M. Leonard (2006). Encyclopedia of the Developing World: Index. A–E. Taylor & Francis. p. 771. ISBN 978-0-415-97662-6. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
- ↑ Normand and Zaidi, Human Rights at the UN (2008), p. 57.
- ↑ Von Eschen, Race Against Empire (1997), pp. 10–11. "The Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1935 marked an especially critical moment in the articulation of diaspora thought and politics. Paul Robeson claimed it was a watershed for black American consciousness, since it exposed 'the parallel between [black American] interests and those of oppressed peoples abroad
- ↑ Normand and Zaidi, Human Rights at the UN (2008), p. 116.