Kungiyar kisa
 Kungiyar kisa | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
paramilitary organization (en)  , militia (en) da military unit (en) |
| Suna saboda |
Mutuwa da squadron (en) |
| Yana haddasa |
state terrorism (en) da mass murder (en) |
Kungiyar kisa kungiya ce mai dauke da makamai wacce babban aikinta shine aiwatar da kisan kai, Kisan kiyashi, ko tilasta bacewar siyasa, kisan kare dangi, Tsabtace kabilanci, ko ta'addanci. Sai dai a lokuta masu ban sha'awa waɗanda ta'addanci suka kafa su, gwamnatocin cikin gida ko na kasashen waje suna shiga cikin, tallafawa, ko watsi da ayyukan ƙungiyar kisa.
An rarrabe ƙungiyoyin kisa daga ƙungiyoyin kisan kai [misali da ake buƙata] ta ƙungiyarsu ta dindindin da kuma yawan waɗanda aka kashe (yawanci dubban ko fiye) waɗanda ƙila ba sanannun mutane ba ne. Sauran tashin hankali, kamar fyade, azabtarwa, ƙonewa, ko bama-bamai ana iya aiwatar da su tare da kisan kai.[1] Suna iya haɗawa da rundunar ''Yan sanda na sirri, ƙungiyoyin' 'Yan bindiga, Sojoji na gwamnati,' yan sanda, ko haɗuwa da su. Hakanan ana iya shirya su a matsayin masu tsaro, masu farauta, ma'aikata, ko masu kisan kwangila. Lokacin da 'yan tawagar kisa ba su da iko da jihar, suna iya kunshe da dakarun masu tayar da kayar baya ko aikata laifuka, kamar waɗanda cartels ke amfani da su.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kodayake ba a yi amfani da kalmar "makarantar mutuwa" ba har sai ayyukan irin waɗannan kungiyoyi sun zama sanannun a Amurka ta Tsakiya da ta Kudu a cikin shekarun 1970 da 80, an yi amfani da ƙungiyoyin mutuwa a ƙarƙashin siffofi daban-daban a cikin tarihi. Kalmar ta fara amfani da ita ne ta hanyar tsaron ƙarfe na Fascist a Romania. A hukumance ya shigar da 'yan sanda na Iron Guard a cikin 1936 don kashe abokan gaba na siyasa. An kuma yi amfani da shi a lokacin Yaƙin Algiers ta Paul Aussaresses .
Amfani da Yakin Cold
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A Latin Amurka, ƙungiyoyin mutuwa sun fara bayyana a Brazil inda ƙungiyar da ake kira Esquadrão da Morte (a zahiri "Death Squad") ta fito a cikin shekarun 1960; daga baya sun bazu zuwa Argentina da Chile a cikin shekarun 1970, kuma daga baya aka yi amfani da su a Amurka ta Tsakiya a cikin shekarun 1980. Argentina ta yi amfani da kisan kai ba tare da shari'a ba a matsayin hanyar murkushe masu sassaucin ra'ayi da 'yan adawa da kwaminisanci ga rundunar soja a lokacin "Dirty War" na shekarun 1970s. Misali, Alianza Anticomunista Argentina ta kasance ƙungiyar kisa ta dama da ta fi aiki a lokacin "Dirty War". Gwamnatin soja ta Chile ta 1973-1990 ta kuma aikata irin wannan kisan kai. Dubi Operation Condor don misalai.
A lokacin yakin basasar El Salvador, 'yan tawagar kisa sun zama sanannun bayan kisan gillar da wani dan bindiga ya yi wa Archbishop Óscar Romero yayin da ya ce Mass. a cikin ɗakin sujada a ranar 24 ga Maris 1980. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1980, 'yan majami'ar Amurka guda uku, Ita Ford, Dorothy Kazel, da Maura Clarke, da kuma wani ma'aikaci, Jean Donovan, an yi musu fyade kuma an kashe su da ƙungiyar soja daga baya aka gano cewa suna aiwatar da umarni. Kungiyoyin kisa sun taimaka wajen kashe daruruwan kwaminisanci na ainihi da ake zargi. Firistocin da ke yada tauhidin 'yanci, kamar Uba Rutilio Grande, suma an yi niyya. An gano masu kisan kai a wannan yanayin sojoji ne daga sojojin El Salvador, waɗanda ke karɓar tallafin Amurka kuma suna da Masu ba da shawara na soja na Amurka a lokacin gwamnatin Carter. Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru sun haifar da fushi a Amurka kuma sun haifar da kawo karshen taimakon soja na wucin gadi a ƙarshen shugabancinsa
Honduras kuma tana da 'yan tawagar kisa masu aiki a cikin shekarun 1980, wanda ya fi shahara shi ne rundunar soja ta Battalion 316. Sojojin da gwamnati ke tallafawa sun kashe daruruwan mutane, malamai, 'yan siyasa, da shugabannin kungiyar. Battalion 316 ya sami horo mai yawa daga Hukumar leken asiri ta Amurka.
A Kudu maso gabashin Asiya, bangarorin biyu sun gudanar da kisan kai ba tare da shari'a ba a lokacin Yaƙin Vietnam.
Amfani da kwanan nan
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ya zuwa 2010, ƙungiyoyin mutuwa sun ci gaba da aiki a Chechnya.
Ta nahiyar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Afirka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Misira
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Iron Guard na Masar wani yunkuri ne na siyasa na fadar ko kuma kungiyar fadar sirri ta Masarautar Masar wacce ta kashe Farouk na abokan gaba na Masar ko kuma wani sashi na sirri tare da lasisi don kashewa, wanda aka yi imanin cewa da kansa ya karɓi umarni daga Farouk. Ya shiga cikin abubuwan da suka faru da yawa.
Ivory Coast
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An bayar da rahoton cewa 'yan tawagar mutuwa suna aiki a wannan ƙasar.[2][3]
Amurka ta yi Allah wadai da wannan [4] amma yana da wuyar dakatar da shi. Bugu da ƙari, babu wata hujja game da wanda ke bayan kisan.
A wata hira da mujallar Pan-African "Jeune Afrique", Laurent Gbagbo ya zargi daya daga cikin shugabannin adawa, Alassane Ouattara (ADO), da zama babban mai shirya tashin hankali na kafofin watsa labarai game da shigar matarsa cikin 'yan kisan kai. Ya kuma samu nasarar kai karar kuma ya ci nasara, a kotunan Faransa, a shari'o'in da aka yi wa jaridu na Faransa da suka yi zargin.[5]
Kenya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, jami'an 'yan sanda na yaki da ta'addanci na Kenya sun furta wa Al-Jazeera cewa suna da alhakin kusan 500 na kisan gillar da ba a yi la'akari da shi ba. An bayar da rahoton kisan kai sun kai daruruwan kisan kai a kowace shekara. Sun hada da kisan Abubaker Shariff Ahmed "Makaburi", abokin Al-Shabaab daga Kenya, wanda ke daga cikin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi 21 na Islama da ake zargi da kashewa da 'Yan sanda na Kenya tun 2012. A cewar jami'an, sun koma kisan bayan 'yan sanda na Kenya ba su iya gurfanar da wadanda ake zargi da ta'addanci ba. A yin haka, jami'an sun nuna cewa suna aiki ne bisa umarni kai tsaye na Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa ta Kenya, wanda ya kunshi Shugaban Kenya, Mataimakin Shugaban, Shugaban Sojojin Tsaro, Sufeto Janar na 'yan sanda, Daraktan Sakataren Tsaro na Kasa, Sakataren Cikin Gida, da Babban Sakataren Harkokin Cikin Gida. Shugaban Kenya Uhuru Kenyatta da mambobin Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa ta Kenya sun musanta yin aikin kisan kai ba tare da shari'a ba. Bugu da ƙari, jami'an sun ba da shawarar cewa hukumomin tsaro na Yammacin Turai sun ba da leken asiri ga shirin, gami da inda da ayyukan manufofin gwamnati suke - suna zargin cewa Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta samar da ƙarin kayan aiki ta hanyar kayan aiki da horo. Wani jami'in Kenya a cikin Babban Sashin Ma'aikata na majalisa ya kuma nuna cewa malamai na Isra'ila sun koya musu yadda za a kashe. Shugaban kungiyar lauyoyi ta kasa da kasa, Mark Ellis, ya yi gargadi cewa duk wani irin wannan shiga da kasashen waje suka yi zai zama karya dokar kasa da kasa. Ƙasar Ingila da Isra'ila sun musanta shiga cikin rahoton mutuwar kwamitin tsaro na ƙasar Kenya, tare da Ofishin Harkokin Waje na Burtaniya yana nuna cewa ya kusanci hukumomin Kenya kan zargin.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Kaufman, Edy; Fagen, Patricia Weiss (27 November 1981). "Extrajudicial Executions: An Insight into the Global Dimensions of a Human Rights Violation". Human Rights Quarterly. 3 (4): 81–100. doi:10.2307/762112. JSTOR 762112. Archived from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
- ↑ "Villagers Tortured to Death in Ivory Coast Park – UN". Planet Ark. 18 March 2005. Archived from the original on 18 March 2005. Retrieved 22 February 2022.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
- ↑ "Soro Guillaume et son escadron de la mort". Afrik.com. 2004-02-17. Archived from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
- ↑ "Ivory Coast". Genocidewatch.org. Archived from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
- ↑ "Les vérités de Gbagbo". Jeuneafrique.com. 2007-09-18. Archived from the original on 5 January 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2010.