Kwadwo Egyir

Kwadwo Egyir
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	1700
Mutuwa	Cape Coast, 24 ga Maris, 1779
Sana'a
Sana'a	slave trader (en) da traditional leader or chief (en)

Kwadwo Egyir, daga baya aka sake masa suna Brempong Kojo (ma'ana fitaccen Kojo) sannan daga bisani aka koma Turawa a matsayin Caboceer Cudjo (ma'ana shugaba Cudjo), an haife shi a shekara ta 1700 a Ekumfi a cikin masarautar Fante da ke gabar tekun Gold, ƙauyen da ke cikin gundumar Ekumfi na Ghana a yanzu, kuma ya mutu a ranar 79 ga Maris 24 a Cape Coast. Ya kasance mai cinikin bayi a hidimar British Gold Coast a Cape Coast .

Tasirinsa na kasuwanci, siyasa da diflomasiyya ya sanya shi zama daya daga cikin manyan mutanen Afirka a gabar tekun Gold a karni na 18. Shi ne ya ƙirƙira kuma ya tsara Jihar Oguaa ta Cape Coast, kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga faɗaɗa mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ta hanyar diflomasiyya da na soja. Tasirinsa a siyasance ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa a majalisar sarakunan Fanti da kuma yin mu'amalar diflomasiyya da masarautar Ashanti .

Ya ba da wasiyyar zuriya harsashin haɗin gwiwar Fante na gaba kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka Cape Coast, babban birnin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, wanda a cikin shekaru hamsin ya zama birni na biyu mafi girma a bakin teku bayan Elmina . Ya ƙirƙiri mafi mahimmancin odar Asafo, wanda ya baiwa manyan Afirka damar ƙarfafa ikonsu.

Magana

Misalin kasuwar bayi na Cape Coast (mai suna Cape Korso) a cikin 1602 na Cornelis Claesz van Wieringen .

A cikin karni na 18, Cape Coast na ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen daular Fetu (ko Efutu). Koyaya, an wargaza wannan masarauta bayan an sha kashi a cikin 1720 a kan ƙungiyar Fante ta farko, ta ba da izinin bullar ƙananan jihohi da yawa, kamar Oguaa, wanda ya nada sarkin Cape Coast.Wannan sauyin mulki ba sabon al'amari ba ne na baya , duk da haka, tun da ya riga ya fara a ƙarshen karni na sha bakwai, a cikin 1694, tare da ballewa na farko, a lokacin da ƙungiyar kawancen Birtaniya ta goyi bayan wasu ƙananan jihohin Efutu .

Rashin ikon Efutu da wargajewar gwamnati a farkon karni na goma sha takwas ya haifar da gurbacewar yanayi wanda ya baiwa mutanen da suka wadatar ta hanyar kasuwanci ta uku su kara karfi da karfinsu. Labarin Kwadwo yayi kama da na yawancin 'yan kasuwan Afirka na zamani da suka kafa sabbin jihohi.

Yawancin caboceers sun yi amfani da wannan mahallin don haɓaka tasirin tattalin arziki da siyasa, irin su John Cabess a Komenda, John Canoe a Cape Three Points da John Currantee a Anomabu . Haka kuma an sami gibin siyasa a gabar tekun Cape. Turawan Ingila sun nemi karfafa tasirinsu a siyasar tsakanin kasashen Afirka ta hanyar danganta kansu da wadannan ‘yan caboceers tare da tallafa musu a matsayin masu mulki.

Tarihin Rayuwa

Labarin matasa da baka

Aiki na Pieter de Marees yana kwatanta Gold Coast.

Kojo ( Twi : Kwadwo) shine sunan da Fante ke ba wa yaran da aka haifa ranar Litinin. Ba a sani ba game da haihuwar Kwadwo da kuruciyarsa. Masana tarihi sun dauka an haife shi ne a shekarun karshe na karni na 17 ko kuma shekarun farko na karni na 18. Masanan sun yi zaton an haife shi a shekara ta 1701, tun lokacin da ya rasu yana da shekaru 78 a duniya, a shekara ta 1779. Koyaya, da alama shi ba ɗan asalin Oguaa ba ne ( Cape Coast ), amma na Ekumfi, a cikin Adanse ( gundumar Ekumfi ta yau ), kuma na al'adun Fante .

An tabbatar da wannan bayanin ne ta hanyar al’adar baka, inda ta kara da cewa shi dan wata mata ce mai suna Akuwa ta auri wani mutumen Ekumfi-Adanse mai suna Kwadwo Mensa. An ce mahaifiyarsa ta nemi taimakon kudi daga Oguaahene Egyir Panyin (Basaraken Oguaa na Cape Coast) domin ta rabu da mijinta. Ita kuma Egyir Panyin ta bukaci danta Kwadwo, wanda ya dauki sunan Egyir Kwadwo. Mahaifiyarsa ta sake auren Sarkin Efutu, ta mai da Kwadwo angonta . Koyaya, sakamakon rikice-rikice na cikin gida akan masarautar Fetu ya yanke duk wata alaƙa da Cape Coast. Kwadwo ya yi magana kuma ya rubuta Ingilishi sosai, yana tafiyar da harkokin mulkin mallaka da kuma ƙware da harsunan gida daban-daban.

An ba Kwadwo sunaye da laƙabi da kambun girmamawa da dama. Kafin a yi masa lakabi da Caboceer Cudjo, ana kiransa Brempong Kojo. Brempong lakabi ne na girmamawa na Cape Coast wanda Pieter de Marees ya rubuta a ƙarshen karni na 16 kuma WJ Müller, ɗan kasuwa daga Brandenburg ya tabbatar a cikin 1660. A cewar Pieter de Marees, wannan lakabin ya nada mutum mai daraja ko kuma babban ubangiji, yayin da Müller ya fassara shi da "mantaccen mai arziki". Wannan bayanin, hade da al'adar baka da kuma shaidar Thomas Thompson, mai wa'azi na farko na Anglican zuwa Gold Coast, ya ba da haske game da ayyukansa kafin ya shiga jami'an Birtaniya. A cewar masanin tarihi na karni na ashirin, F. Crowther, Kwadwo ba shine shugaban Oguaa ba sai a shekara ta 1751, lokacin da dan uwansa ya gaje shi, amma ya rike mukamin sarkin daular bisa ga tsarin Efutu. An hade ayyukan biyu a tsakiyar karni na 19 don kawo karshen rikice-rikicen da suka biyo baya.

Caboceer na Burtaniya

Wani caboceer yana jagorantar sojojinsa, misali daga 1877.

A cikin 1730s ko 1740s, ya kafa kansa a matsayin mai tasiri na caboceer wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin dillalin bawa a madadin Kamfanin Royal African Company (RAC). Ya bayyana a farkon 1728 a cikin littattafan asusun Cape Coast Castle, inda aka fara biya shi a matsayin manzo na ban mamaki kuma mai fassara.

Ya karɓi albashin fam 7 kowane mako biyu a cikin shekarunsa na farko a aikin, kuma ya sami damar karɓar haraji kan tallace-tallacen da ya kammala a madadin Kamfanin. Ga ’yan Burtaniya, ya zama mai mulkin Cape Coast, duk da cewa kujerar shugaban ta kasance a hannun ɗan’uwansa. Karfin da Turawa suka gane a zahiri ya fito ne daga dukiyar da ya tara.

Mai cinikin bayi

Misalin cinikin bayi na transatlantic, tare da 'yan kasuwa na Turai da Afirka a baya.

Tasirin Kwadwo da Turawa ya samo asali ne daga yadda yake samun riba a matsayinsa na cinikin bayi. Ya fara ne a matsayin dan kasuwa wanda RAC ke aiki da shi, sannan ya shiga da'irar kasuwanci tare da Kamfanonin 'Yan kasuwa na Afirka da 'yan kasuwa na Burtaniya masu 'yanci. Sannan ya shiga kungiyar Fante don bude hanyoyin kasuwanci na cikin gida zuwa masarautar Ashanti .

Ayyukan Kwadwo sun taimaka mana mu fahimci nau'ikan bauta guda biyu daban-daban da suka kasance tare a gabar tekun Cape. A gefe guda, akwai bayin gargajiya na yammacin Afirka da aka sani da bayin haihuwa. Ba a sayar da waɗannan a cikin kasuwancin triangular kuma suna da haƙƙoƙin daidai da daidaikun mutane masu 'yanci. Galibin kwastomomin Kwadwo sun yi amfani da irin wannan baiwar. Kashi na biyu kuma shi ne na bayi da aka sayo daga cikin kasar, wanda aka fi sani da Duncoe ko Donko. An sayar da su a cinikin bayi na transatlantic.

Ofishin jakadanci

Cape Coast Castle a cikin karni na 18.

Birtaniya ta kuma dauke shi aiki don gudanar da shawarwarin diflomasiyya da jihohin Gold Coast. A cikin 1740, ya tafi Ahanta tare da mutane 50 don gudanar da shawarwari. Amincewa da wannan jihar ya kasance mai rauni bayan lokacin 'yancin kai karkashin John Canoe, kuma ya wakilci dama ga Burtaniya., ya wakilci Biritaniya a cikin tattaunawa da Dutch a Komenda ., a cikin rikici tsakanin Fante da Asante, an aika shi zuwa Mankessim don ganawa da Majalisar Sarakunan Fate Confederacy kuma ya yi shawarwari don sasantawa cikin lumana.

An yarda da kwarewarsa ta diflomasiyya. A lokacin Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai, lokacin da tashe-tashen hankula a gabar tekun Zinariya suka yi yawa, jami'in Bartels ya nuna cewa da sun ƙare da tanadi ba tare da sa hannun Kwadwe ba, kuma abokin aikinsa Priestley ya ƙara da cewa "har ila yau ya kasance ba makawa a tattaunawar Anglo-Fanti da aka gudanar a Cape Coast Castle game da keɓe dukkan matsugunan Faransa a bakin tekun".

Ana iya yin la'akari da ingancin aikin da ya yi a madadin Burtaniya daga maganganun da ke tabbatar da kyautar kyaututtukan da aka ba shi. An yaba da hanyar sadarwarsa na tasiri a cikin yankuna musamman. Ya karɓi takobi "don buɗe hanyoyin kasuwancin Ashanti". An kuma gode masa saboda shiga tsakani na soja, kamar lokacin da ya je yakar mutanen Mouree [Moree]".

Tasirin siyasa

Kirkirar Jihar Oguaa

Misali na Cape Coast a 1665.

A cikin Fabrairu 1751, wani takarda kai da Cape Coast caboceers ya sanya hannu ya yi jawabi ga Kamfanin Royal African: "Mu, manyan caboceers da mazauna garin Cape Coast a Afirka, da kuma na mulkin Fetua [...]". Sa hannun ya karanta "Cudjoe Head Cabb'", ma'ana "Cudjoe, Babban Caboceer". Daga nan Kwadwo ya rike babban matsayi a garin, wanda ke nuni da cewa an kafa jihar Cape Coast tun kafin shekarar 1751. Ya kafa ofisoshin Dey da Fetera, sunayen sarauta na gargajiya na masu ba da shawara, don karfafa tsarin sabuwar masarauta.

A cikin shaidarsa, Thomas Thompson ya bayyana cewa, a cikin 1752, Omanhene (shugaban) na Cape Coast, mai suna Amrah Coffi, wanda shi ne kanin Kwadwo, ya tarbe shi. A cewar Thompson, da farko Kwadwo ya ki mamaye yankin Cape Coast, amma daga baya ya yi ciniki da shi, inda ya gayyace shi ya kafa makarantar Kirista a Cape Coast, ya kuma sanya dansa Frederick Adoy a matsayin mai fassara.

Ko da yake Kwadwo ba Cape Coast Omanhene ba ne, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a Kotun Sarauta da Majalisar Pinin, ya jagoranci muhawara tare da su kafin ya ba Thomas Thompson tare da yanke shawara game da abin da yake so ya haifar a Cape Coast.

Hakika, Kwadwo ya yi kamar yana sha’awar ayyukan mishan na Thomas Thompson, kuma wannan haɗin kai ya ba shi damar aika yara uku na Cape Coast zuwa Landan don karatunsu. Hakika, ya rinjaye shi ya miƙa roƙo ga Society for the Propagation of the Linjila don ta kula da su.

A cikin 1754, Kwadwo ya zama Sarkin Efutu da Cape Coast a gaban Gwamna Tymewell da jami'an katanga. An yi ta harbe-harbe har sau 21 a nadin sarautarsa. Domin tabbatar da halaccin nasa, an jaddada alakar Kwadwo da gidan sarautar Efutu, domin gadon Cape Coast ya kasance ta al'adar Efutu, kuma Kwadwo asalinsa Fante ne.

Kungiyar masu dauke da makamai

A cikin shekarun 1750, Thomas Thompson ya kwatanta mutanen da ke dauke da makamai da suka amsa umarnin Kwadwo. An san su da Werempe kuma suna wakiltar odar Asafo mafi mahimmanci na ƙarni na 18 akan Cape Coast (daga baya aka sake masa suna Ntin ). An kuma san su da Ankobia ko Kojo Nkum (Bayin Kwadwo). Wadannan sojoji sun zauna a wajen Cape Coast, inda suka kafa kauyukan Kakumdu, Mpeasem da Siwdu, wanda aka fi sani da Werempedom . Yanzu waɗannan ƙauyuka sun zama wani yanki na Cape Coast.

Faɗin tasirin siyasa

Tasirin siyasar Kwadwo ya wuce garin Oguaa. Ya kafa alaƙa da jihohin Cape Coast da ke makwabtaka da su, musamman Fante Bórbór, har aka nada shi sarkin wasu masarautu da yawa:

[...] shortly before Mr. Bell resigned, Cudjoe was made king and captain of Fantee and since then king of Ayan [Eyan], a country behind Murram and Abrah [Abora], which made him a man of far greater importance than he had ever been in all Fante country, having obliged themselves by oath to stand by his side in all disputes whatsoever.

Kwadwo ya taka rawar gani sosai a Majalisar Sarakunan kasar, musamman a shekarar 1752 a Efutu, da kuma a shekarun 1760 lokacin rikici da Ashanti. Tasirinsa ya yi daidai da bullar wata jihar bakin teku, Anomabu, wanda Currantee ya jagoranta: mutanen biyu sun hada kai akai-akai don bin manufar hadin gwiwa kan Kamfanin Yammancin Indiya .Asalin Currantee da Kwadwo sun yi , kuma mutanen zamani irin su Thomas Thompson sun gabatar da su a matsayin manyan mutane biyu masu mahimmanci a Tsakiyar Gold Coast a farkon 1750s.

ylRa'ayin Turai game da "jinin rashin wayewa".

Kwadwo ya auri wata mata daga zuriyar Efutu mai suna Akwaaba Abba. Ta haka ya zama surukin sarkin Efutu mai mulki, ya ba shi ƙarin haƙƙinsa a lokacin da mulkin Fetu ya faɗi. Zuriyar Kwadwo ba ta da tabbas, domin, bisa ga al’adar Fante, mutanen da ake kira ‘ya’ya maza da mata ba lallai ba ne ta hanyar zuriyar kai tsaye, amma sun haɗa da bayin gida da zuriyarsu.

A cikin Nuwamba 1751, Kwadwo ya nada dansa Frederick Aday (ko Adoy) a matsayin magajinsa a kan Cape Coast Fort Council kuma ya tura shi Landan don yin karatu a ƙarƙashin wani yanki na Haikali. Ya koma Cape Coast a cikin 1770s kuma an nada shi Sakataren Fort a 1774. Wani daga cikin 'ya'yansa, Philip Quaque (ko Kwaku Sofu), an aika zuwa Landan kuma aka nada shi a cikin Cocin Anglican . Ya ba shi amana ga Thomas Thompson a 1752.

Sa’ad da Philip Quaque ya dawo, ya sauka a Cape Coast don ya yi wa’azi a ƙasashen waje. Sabanin fata na United Society Partners a cikin Bishara, kuma duk da alkawarinsa, Kwadwo ya ƙi tallafa wa ɗansa a cikin ayyukansa kuma ya goyi bayan jama'a, waɗanda ke son kiyaye al'adunsu da imaninsu. Da yake fuskantar wannan bi da bi, Quaque ya nuna rashin jin daɗinsa a cikin wasiƙa:

To keep me quiet, Cudjo claimed that the visionary dream he'd had some time before, when he was seriously ill, had ordered him to get rid of all these sorts of things, except for taking care of his house and family.

Mutuwa da zuriya

Kwadwo ya rasu ranar 24 ga Maris, 1779. Kwesi Atta, zuriyar matrilineal, ya hau kujerar sarautar daular. A wajen jana'izar sa, an ce an yi hadaya ta dan Adam bisa ga al'adar Fante, kuma rikicin ya biyo baya.

Al’adar baka ta yi ikirarin cewa shi ne ya kafa Cape Coast, amma binciken tarihi ya fayyace wannan batu. Duk da haka, jihohi daban-daban da ke kewaye da Cape Coast suna bin yunƙurin da Kwadwo ya ɗauka a siyasance.

Ga Turawan Ingila da Fetu, mutuwar Kwadwo na nufin rasa wani mutum mai karfi a kasuwancin Gold Coast na Burtaniya . Lokacin da ya biyo baya, tsakanin 1780 zuwa 1803, ya ga mummunar tabarbarewar dangantakar Anglo-Afrika, tare da bullar bautar bayi da tawayen Birtaniya a Cape Coast.

Zuriya da gado

Lokacin da Kwadwo ya rasu, ya bar zuriya mai sarkakiya wadda ta hada da zuriyar matan bayi. Kowannensu yana da haƙƙin gado bisa ga al'adar Fante. Hakika, matan bayi da suka haifi ɗa sun sami damar gadon gado. Samfuri:Tree list

• Kwadwo Egyir
  • Samfuri:Tree list/branching
  • Akwaaba Abba (first wife)
    • Ekua Eduabin (first daughter)
      • Araba Akwaaba
      • Amba Twiba
      • Ajua Esson
  • Samfuri:Tree list/branching
    • Twiba (slave wife)
    • Effua Botey (second daughter)
      • Mirba
      • George Sagoe
      • Juliana Sagoe
      • Charlotte Sagoe
      • Akosua Krakaba
  • Samfuri:Tree list/branching
  • Unknowns (slave wives)
    • Kweku (first son)
      • Abba Bessim (interregne at the death of kweku)
    • Kobina Egyir (third daughter)
    • Philip Quaque (second son)

Samfuri:Tree list/end Rikicin gadon sarautar da ya biyo bayan mutuwar Kwadwo ya samo asali ne daga rudani kan matsayinsa. Wannan rudani dai ya kasance a hannun magabatansa har yau. Yana da wuya a tabbatar da tabbacin wanda Omanhene (sarki bisa ga al'adar Akan ) shine babban mai mulkin Cape Coast a wannan lokacin. Duk da haka, an san cewa Kwadwo ɗan fari ne ga Mame Ekua, wanda ya auri Omanhene na Fetu ya ba shi ɗa, (kuma surukin Kwadwo) Egyir Enu. A cewar Thomas Thompson na zamani, Egyir Enu ne ya gaji sarautar Cape Coast. Duk da haka, tambayoyin maye kuma sun haɗa da alaƙar Kwadwo ta aure da diyar farkon auren Omanhene na Fetu. Yawancin rikice-rikice sun ta'allaka ne akan gadon uba da matrilineal.

Dokokin Patrilineal da Matrilineal na gado sun samo asali daga al'adu daban-daban da suka taru a Cape Coast a farkon karni na 18. Tsarin matrilineal ya yi daidai da tsarin dangi da daular da har yanzu Fante ke amfani da shi, yayin da tsarin patrilineal ya yi daidai da tsarin jihar Akan da Efutu ke amfani da shi. A Cape Coast, an kiyaye tsarin biyu don kawo karshen rikicin da ya biyo bayan mutuwar Kwadwo. A cikin karni na 19, an narkar da wannan tsarin mulki na biyu.

Manyan mata

Matsayin mata a Cape Coast ya kasance mai muhimmanci musamman tun daga karni na sha takwas zuwa yau, musamman bayan rasuwar Kwadwo. Al’adar gado ta tanadi ayyuka biyu na ƙaramar hukuma, kowanne da nasa tsarin magaji. An gaji kujerar Oguaahene (shugaban Oguaa) ta hanyar zuriyar patrilineal, yayin da kujerar sarkin daular ta samu gado ta hanyar zuriyar matrilineal. Sakamakon haka, a lokacin kasancewar Kwadwo, manyan mata na Cape Coast sun sami lambar yabo ta Kamfanin Kamfanonin Kasuwanci na Afirka da aka kafa a 1750 ta Majalisar Burtaniya. Ba kamar RAC ba, an ba su damar ɗaukar ayyuka na hukuma.

Amincewa da babban darajarsu ya ba su damar samun kayan alatu, masaku daga Indiya da sauran kayayyakin da aka samu a matsayin kyauta daga kwamitin Afirka. Lallai, Thomas Melvil (Gwamnan Kwamitin 'Yan Kasuwan na Gold Coast daga 1751 zuwa 1756) ya bukaci a ba da kyaututtuka musamman ga manyan mata don tabbatar da cewa an kiyaye alaka da al'ummar Cape Coast baki daya. Ya bukaci "Tuna Jafan da shudi, da huluna da aka yi wa ado da zinariya, da azurfa da fuka-fukai, da wasu tsumma". Muhimman misalan irin wannan sun faru ne bayan mutuwar Kwadwo, domin a yi amfani da mukaman manyan mata da kuma samun tagomashi.

Duba kuma

• Gold Coast (Mallakar Burtaniya)
• Cape Coast Castle
• Cape Coast
• Philip Quaque