Kwallon ƙafa na Rugby

Kwallon ƙafa na Rugby
team sport (en) da ball game (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	Kwallo
Suna saboda	Rugby School (mul)
Ƙasa da aka fara	United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Gudanarwan	rugby player (en)
Uses (en)	rugby ball (en)

Wasan kwallon kafa a Kingston a kan Thames, Ingila a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 1846

Rugby kwallon kafa wani nau'in kwallon kafa ne, wasan kungiya wanda ya bunkasa a karni na sha tara a Ingila, kuma daga baya ya rabu zuwa wasanni na zamani na Ƙungiyar rugby da ƙungiyar rugby.

Rugby kwallon kafa ya fara ne a Rugby School a Rugby, Warwickshire, Ingila, inda aka fara sanya dokoki a rubuce-rubuce (codified) a 1845. Daliban makarantar sun kasance suna wasa kwallon kafa, tare da iyakantaccen sarrafa kwallon da aka ba da izini, tun aƙalla farkon shekarun 1820. Hanyoyin kwallon kafa inda aka ɗauka kwallon kuma aka jefa shi zuwa Zamanin Tsakiya (duba Kwallon ƙafa na zamani). Kwallon ƙafa na Rugby ya bazu zuwa wasu makarantun jama'a na Ingila a karni na 19 da kuma fadin Daular Burtaniya yayin da tsoffin ɗalibai suka ci gaba da buga shi.

Kwallon ƙafa na Rugby ya rabu zuwa lambobin biyu a shekara ta 1895, lokacin da kungiyoyi ashirin da daya daga Arewacin Ingila suka bar Rugby Football Union don kafa kungiyar Rugby Football League ta Arewa (wanda aka sake masa suna Rugby Football Association a 1922) a Huddersfield" id="mwJQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="George Hotel, Huddersfield">Otal din George, Huddersfield, kan biyan kuɗi ga 'yan wasan da suka ɗauki lokaci don yin wasa ("bayar da aka karya"), don haka ya sa rugby league lambar kwallon kafa ta farko don juya masu sana'a da biyan'a. Kungiyar Rugby ta ba da izinin 'yan wasa masu sana'a shekaru ɗari bayan haka, a cikin 1995. Kungiyoyin da ke kula da duniya sune Rugby ta Duniya (ƙungiyar Rugby) da Ƙungiyar Rugby ta Kasa da Kasa (ƙungiyar rugby).

Kwallon ƙafa na Kanada da Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka an taɓa la'akari da nau'ikan kwallon kafa na rugby amma, bayan manyan canje-canje na dokoki, ba yanzu ba haka ba ne. Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa na Kanada, Football Canada, an san ta da Kungiyar Rugby ta Kanada a ƙarshen 1967, fiye da shekaru hamsin bayan wasan ya rabu da dokokin rugby.Dokokin farko na Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Melbourne a 1859 (yanzu dokokin kwallon kafa ta Australiya) an tsara su ne daga abubuwan da 'yan wasan kwallon kafa suka samu a wasan rugby a cikin hunturu da ya gabata.

Hanyoyi

Griffins RFC Kotka, ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar rugby daga Kotka, Finland, suna wasa a Gasar Rugby-7 a 2013

Bayan rabuwa ta 1895 a cikin ƙwallon ƙafa ta rugby, nau'ikan biyu na Rugby League da Ƙungiyar rugby sun bambanta a cikin gudanarwa kawai. Ba da daɗewa ba sha'awar tsakanin kungiyoyin arewa don sauƙaƙa dokoki kuma sun fi kyau ga masu biyan kuɗi ya nuna cewa an canza dokoki na rugby league, gami da rage ƙungiyoyi daga 'yan wasa 15 zuwa 13, cire layin da maye gurbin ruck tare da play-the-ball, wanda ya haifar da wasanni biyu daban-daban.

Hanyar rugby da aka buga a wasannin Olympics ita ce rugby bakwai, bisa ga ƙungiyar rugby, kuma World Rugby ta shirya ta. Kowace kungiya tana da 'yan wasa bakwai a filin wasa a lokaci guda, suna wasa rabin minti bakwai. Dokokin da girman filin wasa iri ɗaya ne da ƙungiyar rugby. Rugby League bakwai da tara iri ne irin wannan gajerun nau'ikan rugby league.

Yaduwar duniya da zamanin sana'a

Kwallon ƙafa na Rugby, a cikin ƙungiya da nau'ikan league, ya faɗaɗa sosai fiye da asalinsa a Ƙasar Ingila kuma yanzu ana buga shi a duk duniya. Kungiyar Rugby ta sami ci gaba mai yawa a duniya ta hanyar gasa ta duniya kamar gasar cin kofin duniya ta Rugby, yayin da ƙungiyar rugby ta haɓaka mabiya yanki masu ƙarfi a ƙasashe da suka haɗa da Australia, Ingila, da Papua New Guinea.

Kwarewar ƙungiyar rugby a cikin 1995 ya nuna babban canji a ci gaban wasanni, wanda ya haifar da karuwar saka hannun jari, watsa shirye-shiryen duniya, da fadada ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru a duk faɗin Turai da Kudancin Hemisphere.

Tarihi

Wasan Calcio Fiorentino a Piazza Santa Maria Novella a Florence, Italiya, wanda Jan Van der Straet ya zana

Kafawar rugby na zamani

A shekara ta 1871, kungiyoyin Ingila sun hadu don kafa Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Rugby (RFU). A shekara ta 1892, bayan an yi zargin ƙwarewa (ramako ga membobin ƙungiyar) a kan wasu kungiyoyi don biyan 'yan wasa don aikin da ya ɓace, an kafa Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Arewa, wacce galibi ake kira Northern Union (NU).[1] Hukumomin kungiyar rugby da ke akwai sun amsa ta hanyar bayar da takunkumi a kan kungiyoyi, 'yan wasa, da jami'an da ke cikin sabuwar kungiyar. Bayan rarrabuwar, an kira kungiyoyi daban-daban "rugby league" da "rugby union".

• Early forms of rugby
• 
  A scrummage in a La soule game in Basse Normandie, France, 1852
• 
  Depiction of a "football" game in London, 1868. Illustration by Godefroy Durand.
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  Scotland first rugby team (wearing brown) for the 1st international, v. England in Edinburgh, 1871
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  The England team in the 1st international, v. Scotland in Edinburgh, 1871
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  Rochdale Hornets team of 1875

Matsayi na duniya na lambobin rugby

Ƙungiyar Rugby

Filin Rugby a cikin Tapa Parish, Estonia

Ƙungiyar Rugby wasa ce ta kwararru da kuma mai son, kuma ƙungiyoyi na farko ne suka mamaye ta: Ingila, New Zealand, Ireland, Wales, Afirka ta Kudu, Australia, Argentina, Scotland, Italiya, Faransa da Japan. Ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyi na biyu da na uku sun haɗa da Belgium, Brazil, Kanada, Chile, Fiji, Georgia, Jamus, Hong Kong, Kenya, Namibia, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Rasha, Samoa, Spain, Tonga, Amurka, Uruguay da Zimbabwe. Rugby Union tana karkashin jagorancin World Rugby (WR), wanda hedkwatarsa ke Dublin, Ireland. Wasanni ne na kasa a New Zealand, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Georgia, Wales da Madagascar, kuma shine mafi mashahuriyar hanyar rugby a duniya. Wasannin Olympics sun yarda da nau'ikan wasan guda bakwai, wanda aka sani da Rugby sevens, a cikin shirin daga Rio de Janeiro a cikin 2016 zuwa gaba.

Gasar farko ta kasa da kasa ita ce gasar cin Kofin Duniya na Rugby . Akwai manyan kungiyoyin kwararru na cikin gida a kasashe da yawa.

Gasar Rugby

Rugby league kuma wasa ne na kwararru da na masu son, wanda Rugby League International Federation ke gudanarwa a matakin duniya. Baya ga gasa masu son da na masu sana'a a Amurka, Rasha, Lebanon, Serbia, Turai da Australasia, akwai manyan gasa biyu na sana'a - Australasian National Rugby League da Super League. Kungiyar Rugby ta Duniya ta mamaye Australia, Ingila da New Zealand, kodayake Tonga da Samoa sun yi barazanar wannan iko a kai a kai tun 2017. A Papua New Guinea, wasanni ne na kasa. Sauran kasashe daga Kudancin Pacific da Turai suma suna taka leda a gasar cin Kofin Pacific da Kofin Turai bi da bi.

Gasar farko ta kasa da kasa ita ce gasar cin Kofin Duniya na Rugby League, wacce ake fafatawa sau hudu. Gasar kulob din kasa da kasa ita ce Gwagwarmayar Kungiyar Duniya, wacce ake fafatawa a kowace shekara a watan Fabrairu. A halin yanzu akwai manyan kungiyoyi biyu na cikin gida a duniya:

• Kungiyar Rugby ta Kasa:
  • Ostiraliya (ƙungiyoyi 16)
  • New Zealand (1 ƙungiya)
• Super League:
  • Ingila (ƙungiyoyi 12)
  • Faransa (2 ƙungiya)
  • Wales (a halin yanzu babu ƙungiyoyi, wani bangare na tsarin)

Dokoki

Ana gudanar da layi na rugby. Wani rukuni daga kowanne kungiya yana ɗaga mai kunnawa don yaƙi da kama kwallon ga tawagar su. (OSUWRC 2014)

Ƙungiyar Rugby: Wani rikici tsakanin Crusaders da Brumbies (Mayu 2006)

Dukkanin manyan lambobin rugby - rugby league da rugby union - suna da halaye masu yawa waɗanda suka ware su daga wasu nau'ikan kwallon kafa. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun fasalulluka shine amfani da ball mai siffar oval, wanda ke tasiri ga salon da kwararar wasan. Wata doka mai ma'ana a cikin lambobin biyu ita ce haramtacciyar haramtacciya ta wucewa gaba. Wannan yana nufin cewa ba a yarda 'yan wasa su jefa kwallon gaba ga abokin aiki ba; a maimakon haka, dole ne su wuce kwallon a gefe ko baya. A sakamakon haka, ƙungiyoyi na iya ci gaba ne kawai zuwa layin gwaji na abokin hamayyar ta hanyar gudu tare da kwallon a hannu ko ta hanyar kifar da shi da dabarun. Bugu da ƙari, ya bambanta da ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka da Kanada, 'yan wasa a cikin Ƙungiyar rugby da ƙungiyar rugby ba sa sa kayan kariya ko makamai kamar kwalkwali ko nauyi. Ana sarrafa jiki na Wasanni ta hanyar fasaha, dokoki, da horo, maimakon ta hanyar amfani da kayan kariya masu yawa.

Lambobin rugby guda biyu sun bambanta sakamakon canje-canjen da aka yi wa ka'idojin Rugby League. Kungiyar ta aiwatar da waɗannan canje-canje tare da manufar yin wasa mai sauri da ƙoƙari fiye da Ƙungiyar rugby.

Babban bambance-bambance tsakanin wasannin biyu, ban da ƙungiyar da ke da 'yan wasa 13 da ƙungiyar 15, sun haɗa da tackle da sakamakonsa:

• 'Yan wasan Union suna fafatawa da mallakar bayan tackle: dangane da halin da ake ciki, ko dai ruck ko Maul na iya faruwa. 'Yan wasan League bazai iya yin hamayya da mallaka ba bayan yin tackle: ana ci gaba da wasa tare da wasa-ƙwallon.
• A cikin league, idan ƙungiyar da ke da shi ta kasa zira kwallaye kafin saiti na shida, tana ba da mallakar. Union ba ta da doka ta shida; ƙungiyar na iya riƙe kwallon don adadi mara iyaka na tackles kafin ci kwallo muddin tana riƙe da mallaka kuma ba ta aikata laifi ba.

Saita ɓangarorin lambar ƙungiyar sun haɗa da scrum da layi-out. Scrum yana faruwa ne bayan karamin keta dokokin (yawanci sau da yawa a buga, lokacin da mai kunnawa ya buga kwallon gaba). Bayan keta doka, tarin 'yan wasan da ke adawa da juna "scrum" ko tura juna don mallaka. A cikin layi-out, layi na layi daya na 'yan wasa daga kowace kungiya, an shirya su a tsaye zuwa Layin taɓawa, ƙoƙarin kama kwallon da aka jefa daga taɓawa. An kara doka ga layi-outs wanda ke ba da damar jan mai tsalle-tsalle da zarar ƙafafun 'yan wasan sun kasance a ƙasa.

A cikin lambar league, scrum har yanzu yana nan duk da cewa yana da matukar muhimmanci. A cikin league, scrum ya haɗa da 'yan wasa kaɗan kuma ba a yawan hamayya da shi. Ana farawa da sassan saiti gabaɗaya daga yanayin wasa-ƙwallon ƙafa.

Yawancin matsayi na rugby suna da sunaye da buƙatu masu kama da Matsayi na ƙungiyar rugby. Musamman, duk da haka, babu flankers a gasar rugby.

Al'adu

A Ingila, ƙungiyar rugby ana ɗaukar ta a matsayin wasanni na "sama", wanda yawancin mambobin manyan da na tsakiya suka buga. Misali, ɗalibai da yawa a makarantun jama'a da makarantun sakandare suna wasa ƙungiyar rugby, kodayake wasan (wanda ke da dogon tarihin buga shi a makarantun jihohi har zuwa shekarun 1980s) yana ƙara shahara a makarantun sakonni. Sabanin haka, ana ganin gasar rugby a matsayin aikin ma'aikata. Wani banbanci ga ƙungiyar rugby ta sama yana cikin Wales, inda aka haɗa shi da al'adun gargajiya tare da ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙauyuka waɗanda suka haɗa da masu hakar kwal da sauran ma'aikatan masana'antu waɗanda suka yi wasa a kwanakin hutun su.

A Ostiraliya, tallafi ga lambobin biyu ya fi mayar da hankali a New South Wales, Queensland da Babban Birnin Australia (55% na yawan jama'a), kodayake gasar rugby ta fi shahara. Irin wannan shingen aji kamar yadda yake tsakanin wasannin biyu a Ingila yana faruwa a cikin waɗannan jihohin, wanda ya bunkasa ta hanyar ƙungiyar rugby da tallafi a makarantu masu zaman kansu.

Ban da wadanda ke sama sun hada da New Zealand, Wales, Faransa (sai dai Paris), Cornwall, Gloucestershire, Somerset, Scottish Borders, County Limerick (duba Munster Rugby) da Pacific Islands, inda ƙungiyar rugby ta shahara a cikin al'ummomin ma'aikata. Duk da haka, ana ganin gasar rugby a matsayin wasan ma'aikata a arewacin Ingila da kuma jihohin Australia na New South Wales da Queensland.

A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, magoya bayan ƙungiyar rugby wani lokacin suna amfani da kalmar "rugger" a matsayin madadin sunan wasanni (duba Oxford '-er'), kodayake wannan tsohuwar magana ba ta da kuɗi tun daga shekarun 1950 ko a baya. Mutanen New Zealand suna magana ne game da ƙungiyar rugby kawai a matsayin "rugby" ko "union", ko ma kawai "ƙwallon ƙafa", kuma ga ƙungiyar rugby a matsayin "ƙwalla" ko "ƙwallan".

Kalmomin gargajiya "Football wasa ne na maza da hooligans ke buga, kuma Rugby wasa ne na hooligans da maza ke buga," wani shugaban Jami'ar Cambridge ne ya fara yi shi a cikin shekarun 1890 kamar yadda "A bayyane yake cewa ɗayan wasan maza ne da hooligants ke buga; ɗayan wasan hooligan ne da maza suka buga. "

Raunin da ya samu

Kimanin kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na 'yan wasan rugby sun ji rauni a kowane kakar.

Kasancewa wasanni masu mahimmanci, ƙungiyar rugby tana da mafi girman adadin da aka sanar na rikice-rikice kuma a waje da Ingila tana da mafi yawan raunin bala'i tsakanin wasanni na ƙungiya. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2014 ya gano cewa a lokacin wasan wasan an bayar da rahoton rikice-rikice a matakin da ya fi girma, kuma a lokacin horo a matakin da ke ƙasa, amma har yanzu a matakin da mafi girma fiye da yawancin 'yan wasan kowane wasa da ke karɓa.

Kwallon Rugby

A cikin ƙungiyar rugby, Rugby ta Duniya tana tsara girman da siffar kwallon a ƙarƙashin Dokar 2 (wanda aka fi sani da Dokar E.R.B); ƙwallon ƙungiyar rugby na hukuma yana da nau'i-nau'i kuma an yi shi da bangarori huɗu, yana da tsawon layi na 280-300 millimeters, kewayon (ƙarshen zuwa ƙarshe) na 740-770 millimeters. An yi shi da fata ko kayan roba masu dacewa kuma ana iya bi da shi don sa ya zama mai tsayayya da ruwa kuma ya fi sauƙi a riƙe shi. Kwallon rugby bazai na da nauyin fiye da gram 460 ko ƙasa da 410 kuma yana da matsin iska na 65.71-68.75 kilopascals, ko 0.67-0.70 kilogram a kowace murabba'in centimetre, ko 9.5-10.0 lbs a kowace murab'a.   Ana ba da izinin ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙarƙashin yanayin cewa 'yan wasa ko ƙungiyoyi ba sa neman fa'ida ta hanyar canza kwallon. Ana iya amfani da ƙananan ƙwallo a wasanni tsakanin 'yan wasa matasa.

Kofin Duniya

Kofin Duniya na Rugby League shine Kofin Duniya ya farko na kowanne daga cikin lambobin rugby kuma an fara gudanar da shi a Faransa a shekara ta 1954. Gasar kasa da kasa ce da Kungiyar Rugby ta Duniya ta shirya a cikin shekaru hudu. Taron ya ƙunshi manyan kungiyoyi 16 a duniya tare da masu nasara daban-daban guda uku har zuwa yanzu. Ostiraliya ta lashe gasar cin Kofin Duniya na Rugby League na 2017, wanda aka buga a Ostiraliya, New Zealand da Papua New Guinea, kuma ta goyi bayan wannan ta hanyar lashe gasar ta 2021. An fara gudanar da gasar cin Kofin Duniya na Rugby League na Mata a shekara ta 2000 kuma New Zealand ta lashe gasar farko. Kofin Duniya na Wheelchair Rugby League, wanda aka fara gudanarwa a shekara ta 2008, ƙungiyoyin da ke amfani da keken hannu ne suka buga shi kuma Ingila ta lashe gasar ta farko.

A cikin ƙungiyar rugby, gasar cin Kofin Duniya na Rugby, wacce aka fara gudanarwa a New Zealand da Ostiraliya a 1987, tana faruwa a kowace shekara huɗu. Gasar cin kofin duniya ce da World Rugby ta shirya. Afirka ta Kudu ta lashe gasar cin Kofin Duniya na Rugby na 2023, wanda aka buga a Faransa. An fara gudanar da gasar cin Kofin Duniya na Rugby na Mata a shekarar 1991 kuma Amurka ta lashe gasar farko.