Kwaskwarima ta goma sha huɗu ga Tsarin Mulki na Amurka
 Kwaskwarima ta goma sha huɗu ga Tsarin Mulki na Amurka | |
|---|---|
Doka da constitutional amendment (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Bangare na |
United States Constitution (en) |
| Farawa | 1868 |
| Ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka |
| Applies to jurisdiction (en) | Tarayyar Amurka |
| Part of the series (en) |
list of amendments to the United States Constitution (en) |
| Legal citation of this text (en) | U.S. Const. am. 14 da US Const amend XIV |
Kwaskwarima na goma sha huɗu ( gyara XIV ) ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka an amince da shi a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 1868, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin gyare-gyaren sake fasali. Ana daukan shi a matsayin gyara wanda ya kowanne tasiri, yana sasanci game da haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa da daidaito kariya a ƙarƙashin doka a kowane mataki na gwamnati. Kwaskwarima na goma sha huɗu amsa ne ga al'amuran da suka shafi bayi da aka 'yantar bayan yakin basasar Amurka, kuma an yi hamayya da aiwatar da shi. An bukaci jihohin da aka ci galaba a kan su amince da ita don sake samun wakilci a Majalisa. Gyaran, musamman sashe na farko, yana ɗaya daga cikin sassa mafi adalci na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, wanda ya kafa tushen yanke hukunci na Kotun Koli, irin su Brown v. Board of Education (1954; haramta wariyar launin fata a makarantun jama'a), Loving v. Virginia (1967; kawo karshen bans na auren jinsi), Roe v. Wade ( 1973 );), Bush v. Gore (2000; daidaita zaben shugaban kasa na 2000 ), Obergefell v. Hodges (2015; mika hakkin yin aure ga ma'auratan jima'i ), da kuma Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard (2023; haramta matakan wariya a mafi yawan daukan dalibai a kwaleji).
Sashi na farko na gyaran ya haɗa da Maganar zama ɗan ƙasa, gata ko kariya ga ɓangarori, Sashe na Tsari mai kyau, da Jigon Kariya daidai. Sashen dokar zama ɗan ƙasa ta bayyana waye ɗan ƙasa gabaɗaya, wanda ya maye gurbin hukuncin Kotun Koli a Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), wanda ya ɗauka cewa Amurkawa da suka fito daga bayin Afirka ba za su iya zama ƴan ƙasar Amurka ba. An fassara Fassarar Gata ko Immunities a cikin Sashe na Gidan Kashe (1873) azaman hana jihohi hana haƙƙin tarayya, kamar ' yancin motsi . Maganar Tsari Tsari ta ginu akan Kwaskwari na Biyar don haramta duk matakan gwamnati daga hana mutane rayuwa, 'yanci, ko dukiyoyi ba tare da ingantaccen tsari da tsari ba . Bugu da ƙari, Ƙa'idar Tsari Tsari tana goyan bayan koyaswar haɗawa, ta wanda aka yi amfani da ɓangaren Dokar Haƙƙin ga jihohi. Batun Kariya Daidaitan yana buƙatar kowace jiha ta ba da kariya daidai da doka ga duk mutane, gami da waɗanda ba ƴan ƙasa ba, a cikin ikon ta.
Sashi na biyu ya maye gurbin sulhun Three-fifths Compromise, inda aka raba kujerun Majalisar Wakilai da Kwalejin Zabe ta hanyar amfani da maza na kowace jiha. A kyale jihohi su soke haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a "don shiga cikin tawaye, ko wani laifi," wannan sashe ya amince da ba da izini ga manyan laifuka . Sashe na uku ya haramtawa 'yan takara na tarayya da na jihohi wadanda "sun tsunduma cikin tawaye ko hamayya," amma a cikin Trump v. Anderson (2024), Kotun Koli ta bar aikace-aikacenta ga Majalisa don zaben tarayya da gwamnatocin jihohi don zaben jihohi. Sashe na hudu ya tabbatar da basussukan jama'a da Majalisa ta ba da izini yayin da ta ki biyan diyya ga masu rike da bayi don 'yantar da su . Sashe na biyar yana ba da ikon aiwatar da majalisa, amma ikon Majalisa don daidaita ayyukan masu zaman kansu ya koma ga Tsarin Kasuwanci, yayin da rukunan hana-kwace daga jami'an tsaro ya hana shiga tsakani na tarayya a cikin dokar jihar.
Sashi na 1: Dan kasa da hakkokin jama'a
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Fage
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sashi na 1 na Kwaskwarimar ta Goma sha Hudu ta fayyace ma'anar zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka bisa ƙa'ida kuma yana kare haƙƙoƙin jama'a daban-daban daga tauyewa ko hana su ta kowace dokar jiha ko matakin jiha . A cikin Shelley v. Kraemer (1948), Kotun Koli ta ce dole ne a yi amfani da yanayin tarihi na Kwaskwarimar Kwaskwarima na 14 don magance wariyar launin fata na jihohin kudanci a cikin fassararsa. [1] Wakili John Bingham ne ya rubuta da farko, Sashe na 1 shine mafi yawan shari'ar da ake yi na gyaran fuska, kuma wannan gyare-gyaren shine mafi yawan shari'a na Kundin Tsarin Mulki. [2] [3]
Maganar zama ɗan ƙasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Maganar zama dan kasa ta yi watsi da hukuncin Kotun Koli na hukuncin Dred Scott na cewa Bakaken Amurkawa ba za su iya zama ’yan kasa ba. Sashe na kundin tsarin mulki ya tsara Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1866 ta ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa ga duk waɗanda aka haifa a cikin Amurka, ban da yaran jami'an diflomasiyya na ƙasashen waje.[4] Idan aka kwatanta da dokokin jus sanguinis na Turai waɗanda ke ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa ta hanyar iyayen mutum, masana tarihi sun tsara Maganar zama ɗan ƙasa ta Amurka a matsayin ƙarin ƙa'idodin daidaito na Kwaskwarima na goma sha huɗu. [5]
Muhawarar da Majalisa ta yi kan batun zama dan kasa ya nuna karara na kin amincewa da ra'ayin Sanata Edgar Cowan na kyamar mutanen Romaniya, yana mai tabbatar da cewa ba za a iya soke matsayin dan kasa na haihuwa daga yaran da aka haifa ga kananan kabilu marasa galihu ba. [6] [7]
A cikin Elk v. Wilkins (1884), Kotun Koli ta fassara Maganar zama ɗan ƙasa a matsayin ba da izinin haihuwa ga duk waɗanda aka haifa a cikin ikon Amurka da kuma barin Majalisa ta kafa wasu hanyoyin da za a bi don zama ɗan ƙasa . [8] Daidai da ra'ayoyin marubucin sashe, Sanata Jacob M. Howard, Kotun Koli ta amince da cewa saboda ra'ayoyin Indiya ba a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnatin tarayya ba, 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka da aka haifa a irin wannan ƙasa ba su da damar zama dan kasa na haihuwa. [9] [10] [11] Dokar Dawes ta 1887 ta ba da zama ɗan ƙasa ga ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka waɗanda suka karɓi kadarori masu zaman kansu a matsayin wani ɓangare na haɗakar al'adu, yayin da dokar zama ɗan ƙasar Indiya ta 1924 ta ba da zama ɗan ƙasa ga duk 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka da aka haifa a cikin iyakokin ƙasar. [12]
Tallafawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Shawara ta Majalisa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na yakin basasar Amurka da zamanin sake ginawa, Majalisa ta yi ta muhawara akai-akai game da haƙƙin tsoffin bayi da aka 'yantar da su ta shelar 'yantar da su ta 1863 da Kwaskwarima na goma sha uku na 1865, wanda ƙarshensa ya soke bautar a hukumance. Damuwa da cewa jihohin kudanci za su yi amfani da mazaunansu na Afirka ta Kudu don kara yawan wakilcin su na majalisa yayin da suke cin zarafi ga 'yancin jama'a na wadannan 'yantattun 'yan Republican, 'yan Republican sun nemi su hana irin wannan cin zarafin.
Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1866 ta ba da tabbacin zama ɗan ƙasa ba tare da la'akari da kabila, launi, ko bautar da aka rigaya ba. Har ila yau, lissafin ya ba da tabbacin fa'ida daidai da samun damar yin amfani da doka, yana kai hari ga ka'idodin Black Codes na nuna wariya da aka yi a baya don hana motsi, aiki, kare kai, da haƙƙin haƙƙin doka na Baƙin Amurkawa. Yayi watsi da bukatar 'yan Republican masu matsakaicin ra'ayi, Shugaba Andrew Johnson ya ki amincewa da kudirin a ranar 27 ga Maris, 1866. A cikin sakon veto, Johnson ya tsara fadada zama dan kasa ga Amurkawa Afirka a matsayin wariyar launin fata don barin jihohi goma sha ɗaya na kudancin ba tare da wakilcin majalisa ba. [13] Bayan makonni uku, an yi watsi da veto na Johnson kuma matakin ya zama doka. Rashin sanin ikon da kundin tsarin mulki ya ba su na zartarwa da aiwatar da doka, musamman idan 'yan Democrat na Kudancin Kudancin sun sake dawo da Majalisa, ƙwarewar ta haifar da tsarawa don gyara tsarin mulki don kare waɗannan 'yancin ɗan adam.
Gyaran da aka yi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A martani ga Shugaba Franklin D. Roosevelt 's Dokar Gyara Tsarin Shari'a na 1937, Sanata William Borah ya ba da shawarar gyara tsarin mulki wanda zai soke tare da sake fasalin Kwaskwarima na Goma Sha Hudu, kwatankwacin 1933 Kwaskwari na Ashirin da Farko na gyara Kwaskwarimar Sha Takwas . Sauyar Batrah da za ta cire mahimmancin haƙƙin mallaka, ta ƙunshi sashe na farko da ke da hukuncin zabe na 3 da 4. cikin Maris 1937 . [14]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Saks, J. Harol; Rabkin, Sol (Spring 1960). "Racial and Religious Discrimination in Housing: A Report of Legal Progress". Iowa Law Review. 45: 488–524.
- ↑ Finkelman, Paul (28 July 2003). "John Bingham and the Background to the Fourteenth Amendment" (PDF). Akron Law Review. 36: 671–692.
- ↑ "14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Primary Documents in American History". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on May 3, 2024. Retrieved May 3, 2024.
- ↑ United States House of Representatives (9 March 1866). "Rights of Citizens" (PDF). Congressional Globe: 1290–1296.
- ↑ Epps, Garrett (2018-10-30). "The Citizenship Clause Means What It Says". The Atlantic (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-04-02.
- ↑ United States Senate (30 May 1866). "Reconstruction" (PDF). Congressional Globe: 2890–2902.
- ↑ Ho, James C. (Summer 2006). "Defining "American": Birthright Citizenship and the Original Understanding of the 14th Amendment" (PDF). The Green Bag. 9 (4): 367–378.
- ↑ Magliocca, Gerard N. (2007). "Indians and Invaders: The Citizenship Clause and Illegal Aliens". University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law. 10: 499–526. SSRN 965268.
- ↑ United States Senate (2 February 1866). "Protection of Civil Rights" (PDF). Congressional Globe: 497–507 and 569–578.
- ↑ United States Senate (30 May 1866). "Reconstruction" (PDF). Congressional Globe: 2890–2902.
- ↑ LaFantasie, Glenn W. (2011-03-20). "The erosion of the Civil War consensus". Salon (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-04-02.
- ↑ Stroud, Elizabeth L. (26 February 2025). "The Struggle for Native American Citizenship: From Elk v. Wilkins to the Indian Citizenship Act". Journal of Gender, Race & Justice. University of Iowa College of Law. Retrieved 2 April 2025.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Ho, Daniel E.; Quinn, Kevin M. (Spring 2010). "Did a Switch in Time Save Nine?". Journal of Legal Analysis. 2 (1): 69–113. doi:10.1093/jla/2.1.69.