Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki
| Kwaskwarimar Daidaita Hakki | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Asali | |
| Mawallafi |
Alice Paul (mul)  da Crystal Eastman (mul) |
| Asalin suna | Equal Rights Amendment |
| Characteristics | |
| Muhimmin darasi | Haƙƙoƙin Mata |
| Tarihi | |
Kwaskwarimar Daidaitaccen Haƙƙi (ERA) wani gyare-gyare ne da aka gabatar ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka wanda zai haramta nuna bambancin jima'i a bayyane. A halin yanzu ba wani bangare ne na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ba, kodayake an daɗe ana muhawara game da matsayinsa na tabbatarwa. Alice Paul da Crystal Eastman ne suka rubuta shi kuma an gabatar da shi a Majalisa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1923. Tare da hauhawar motsi na mata a Amurka a cikin shekarun 1960, ERA ta sami karuwar goyon baya, kuma, bayan da wakilin Martha Griffiths ya sake gabatar da ita a 1971, Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka ta amince da ita a wannan shekarar, kuma Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka a 1972, don haka ta miƙa ERA ga majalisun jihohi don tabbatarwa, kamar yadda Mataki na biyar na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya tanada. Shekaru bakwai, 1979, an haɗa shi da dokar da Majalisa ta yi. Mafi rinjaye na Majalisa daga baya sun tsawaita lokacin zuwa 1982. Dukkanin lokutan sun wuce tare da ERA uku ba tare da jihohi 38 da suka dace ba don tabbatarwa. Duk da haka, akwai ci gaba da kokarin tabbatar da gyaran.
Manufar ERA ita ce tabbatar da daidaitattun hakkoki na doka ga duk 'yan ƙasar Amurka ba tare da la'akari da jima'i ba. A farkon tarihin Daidaitaccen Hakki, mata masu matsakaicin matsayi sun fi tallafawa, yayin da waɗanda ke magana da ma'aikata galibi ana adawa da su, suna jayayya cewa ya kamata mata su riƙe nauyin gida fiye da maza kuma cewa mata masu aiki suna buƙatar kariya ta musamman game da yanayin aiki da lokutan aiki. Masu goyon baya sun tabbatar da cewa zai kawo karshen bambancin doka tsakanin maza da mata a cikin batutuwa da suka hada da saki, dukiya, da aiki. Masu adawa sun yi jayayya cewa zai cire kariya daga mata kuma ya bude mata don a shiga soja.
Rubutun ƙuduri
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kudurin, "Yin gabatar da gyare-gyare ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka dangane da daidaito ga maza da mata", ya karanta, a wani bangare.[1]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tarihin farko (1920s-1940s)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A ranar 25 ga Satumba, 1921, Jam'iyyar Mata ta Kasa ta sanar da shirye-shiryenta na kamfen don gyare-gyare ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka don tabbatar da daidaiton hakkokin mata da maza. Rubutun gyaran da aka gabatar ya karanta.
Paul ya ba da sunan wannan sigar Lucretia Mott Amendment, bayan wata mata mai adawa da abolitionist wacce ta yi yaƙi don haƙƙin mata kuma ta halarci Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Mata ta Farko. [3] Dokta Frances Dickinson, dan uwan Susan B. Anthony ne ya goyi bayan wannan shawarar.
Bayan gabatar da shi a 1923, an sake gabatar da Kwaskwarimar Daidaitaccen Hakki a kowane Majalisa na gaba, amma bai sami ci gaba sosai ba.[4][5]
A cikin 1943, Alice Paul ta ci gaba da sake fasalin gyare-gyaren don nuna kalmomin Kwaskwarimar goma sha biyar da goma sha tara. Wannan rubutun daga baya zai zama Sashe na 1 na sigar da Majalisa ta zartar a shekarar 1972. [6]
Gyaran daidaito na Jiha
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Jihohi ashirin da biyar sun amince da kundin tsarin mulki ko gyare-gyaren kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya ba da cewa ba za a hana daidaito a ƙarƙashin doka ba saboda jima'i. Yawancin waɗannan tanadi suna nuna harshen da ya dace na ERA, yayin da kalmomin da ke cikin wasu suna kama da Ma'anar Karewa ta Goma sha huɗu.[7] Kundin Tsarin Mulki na California na 1879 ya ƙunshi tanadin daidaito na farko a cikin rikodin. An rubuta shi a takaice, yana iyakance daidaitattun hakkoki da aka ba da su ga "shiga ko neman kasuwanci, sana'a, sana'o'i, ko aiki". Kusan ƙarshen karni na 19 wasu jihohi biyu, Wyoming (1890) da Utah (1896), sun haɗa da tanadin daidaito a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin su. An rubuta waɗannan tanadi don tabbatar da daidaito na siyasa da na farar hula tsakanin mata da maza. Jihohi da yawa sun kirkiro kuma sun karɓi gyare-gyaren haƙƙin kansu a cikin shekarun 1970 da 1980, yayin da ERA ta kasance a gaban jihohi, ko bayan haka.
Wasu gyare-gyaren daidaito na haƙƙin mallaka da tanadin daidaito na kundin tsarin mulki na asali sune: [7] [8]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Proposed Amendment to the Constitution of the United States" (PDF). govinfo.gov.
- ↑ "Who Was Alice Paul?". Alice Paul Institute. Archived from the original on April 8, 2017. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
- ↑ "Lucretia Mott". National Park Service. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
- ↑ "English: A newspaper article from 1923 talking about the ERA" (PDF). The Baltimore Sun. December 11, 1923.
- ↑ "English: Newspaper article from 1922 talking about the ERA" (PDF). The New York Times. January 16, 1922 – via Wikimedia Commons.
- ↑ "Equal Rights Amendments, 1923–1972". Hanover College. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Gladstone, Leslie (August 23, 2004). "Equal Rights Amendment: State Provisions" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 17, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2015.
- ↑ "VoteERA.org Equal Rights Amendment Women's Full Equality". Archived from the original on 2018-04-14. Retrieved 2025-08-07.