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Kwatanta hadurran nukiliya na Chernobyl da Fukushima

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

Har zuwa yau, Hadarin nukiliya a Chernobyl (1986) da Fukushima Daiichi (2011) tashoshin makamashin nukiliya ne kawai haɗarin nukiliyar INES na matakin 7.[1][2] 

Hadarin nukiliya na Chernobyl da Fukushima

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tebur mai zuwa a gasa ya kwatanta hatsarin nukiliya na Chernobyl da Fukushima.

Plant Name Chernobyl Fukushima Daiichi
Location Soviet Union (Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic) 51°23′22″N 30°05′57″E / 51.38946°N 30.09914°E / 51.38946; 30.09914 Japan 37°25′32″N 141°01′18″E / 37.4255°N 141.0216°E / 37.4255; 141.0216
Date of the accident April 26, 1986 March 11, 2011
INES Level 7
Plant commissioning date 1977 1971
Years of operation before the accident 9 years (plant)

  • 2 years (Unit 4)[3]
 40 years (plant)

  • 40 years (Unit 1)
  • 37 years (Unit 2)
  • 35 years (Unit 3)
  • 33 years (Unit 4)
Electrical output plant (net): 3700 MWe (4 reactors)

reactors (net): 925 MWe (Units 1–4)		 plant (net): 4546 MWe (6 reactors)

reactors (net): 439 MWe (Unit 1), 760 MWe (Units 2–5), 1067 MWe (Unit 6)
Type of reactor RBMK-1000 graphite moderated, 2nd generation reactor without containment BWR-3 and BWR-4 reactors with Mark I containment vessels
Number of reactors 4 on site; 1 involved in accident 6 on site; 4 (and spent fuel pools) involved in accident; one of the four reactors was empty of fuel at the time of the accident.
Amount of nuclear fuel in affected reactors 1 reactor—190 tonnes (t, metric tons = 210 U.S. short tons): spent fuel pools not involved in incident[4] 4 reactors—854 tonnes (t, metric tons): 81 t in Unit 1 reactor, 111 t in Unit 2 reactor, 111 t in Unit 3 reactor, 0 t in Unit 4 reactor (defueled), 59 t in Unit 1 spent fuel pool (SFP), 119 t in Unit 2 SFP, 104 t in Unit 3 SFP, and 269 t in Unit 4 SFP[lower-alpha 1]
Cause of the accident Proximate cause was human error and violation of procedures. The unsafe reactor design caused instability at low power due to a positive void coefficient and steam formation. When an improper test was conducted at 1:00 am at low power, the reactor became prompt critical. This was followed by a steam explosion that exposed the fuel, a raging fire, and a core meltdown. The fire lasted for days to weeks, and there is controversy over whether it was the fuel burning, nuclear decay heating or whether the graphite moderator that made up most of the core was involved. See Chernobyl Disaster, Note 1, for more discussion. The plants were not designed with consideration of such a large tsunami concurrently occurring with the ground sinking. Subsequent review did not lead to mitigation. A major earthquake and tsunami caused the destruction of power lines and backup generators. Once the plants were without external power and the generators were flooded, a catastrophic decay heat casualty ensued, leading to major reactor plant damage including meltdowns.
Maximum level of radiation detected 300 Sv/h shortly after the explosion in vicinity of the reactor core.[8] 530 Sv/h inside Unit 2 containment vessel in 2017 according to Japan Times.
Radioactivity released According to IAEA, total release was 14 exabecquerels (14,000 PBq).[9] 5.2 exabecquerels (5,200 PBq) in iodine-131 equivalent [10] As of 2014, a peer reviewed estimate of the total was 340–780 PBq, with 80% falling into the Pacific Ocean.[11] Radiation continues to be released into the Pacific via groundwater.
Area affected  An area up to 500 kilometres (310 mi) away contaminated, according to the United Nations.[12][13][14] Radiation levels exceeding annual limits seen over 60 kilometres (37 mi) to northwest and 40 kilometres (25 mi) to south-southwest, according to officials.[ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span>]
Exclusion Zone Area 30 km 20 km (30 km voluntary) extending north-west to 45 km in the downwind direction to Iitate, Fukushima[15]
Population relocated 335,000 (About 115,000 from areas surrounding the reactor in 1986; about 220,000 people from Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine after 1986) 154,000[16]
Population returned None 122,000[17]
Direct fatalities from the accident Two immediate trauma deaths; 28 deaths from acute radiation syndrome out of 134 showing symptoms; four from an industrial accident (helicopter crash); 15 deaths from radiation-genic thyroid cancers (as of 2005);[18] as many as 4,000 to 90,000 cancer related deaths.[19] 1 confirmed cancer death attributed to radiation exposure by the government for the purpose of compensation following opinions from a panel of radiologists and other experts, medical sources pending for long-term fatalities due to the radiation.
Current status All reactors were shut down by 2000. The damaged reactor was covered by a hastily built steel and concrete structure called the sarcophagus. A New Safe Confinement structure was installed in November 2016, from which the plant will be cleaned up and decommissioned. Cold shutdown declared on 16 December 2011, but decommissioning is likely to take 30 to 40 years. All fuel rods in reactor 4 pool removed. Fukushima disaster cleanup is ongoing.

Rashin gurɓataccen rediyo

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ranar rahoto Wuri Lokacin Iodine-131 (TBq)
Caesium-137 (TBq)
Tushen
daga zuwa daga zuwa
2002 Chernobyl 25 Afrilu - Yuni 1986 1,600,000 1,940,000 59,000 111,000 NEA
22 Maris 2011 Fukushima 12 - 15 Maris 2011 400,000 3,000 30,000 ZAMG
2 ga Afrilu 2011 12 - 19 Maris 2011 10,000 700,001 1,000 70,000 ZAMG
12 Afrilu 2011 11 Maris - 5 Afrilu 150,000 12,000 NSC
12 Afrilu 2011 11 - 17 Maris 2011 130,000 6,100 NISA [20]
7 Yuni 2011 160,000 15,000 NISA
24 ga watan Agusta 2011 11 ga Maris - 5 ga Afrilu   130,000 11,000 NSC
15 Satumba, 2011  Maris - Satumba 100,000 200,000 10,000 20,000 Kantei
Ranar rahoto Wuri Lokacin Adadin (TBq)
Tushen
12 Afrilu 2011 Chernobyl 25 Afrilu - Yuni 1986 5,200,000 NISA
Fukushima 11 Maris - 5 Afrilu 2011 630,000 NSC [20]
11 - 17 Maris 2011 370,000 NISA [20]
Afrilu 2011 4 ga Afrilu 2011 154 NSC [21]
25 ga Afrilu 2011 24 ga Afrilu 2011 24
6-7 Yuni 2011 11 - 17 Maris 2011 770,000 NISA
7 Yuni 2011 840,000 NISA, bugawa [22]
17 ga watan Agusta 2011 3-16 Agusta 2011 0.07 Gwamnati
23 ga watan Agusta 2011 12 Maris - 5 Afrilu 2011 630,000 NISA
Ranar rahoto Lokacin A cikin teku (TBq)
Tushen
kai tsaye kai tsaye
21 ga Mayu 2011 1 - 6 Afrilu 2011 4,700 Tepco
Ƙarshen watan Agusta 2011 Maris - Agusta 2011 3,500 16,000 JMA
8 ga Satumba 2011 Maris - Afrilu 2011 15,000 Kungiyar Masanin Kimiyya
29 ga Oktoba 2011 21 Maris - 15 Yuli 2011 27,100 IRSN

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Kwatanta Chernobyl da sauran fitowar rediyo
  • Mutuwa saboda bala'in Chernobyl
  • Jerin hatsarori a wurin Mayak

Bayani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 183.3 kg/assembly;[5] 400 assemblies in reactor 1, 548 assemblies in reactors 2&3, 0 assemblies in reactor 4, total of 1496 assemblies in reactors 1-4;[5][6] 292 assemblies in Unit 1 spent fuel pool (SFP), 587 assemblies in Unit 2 SFP, 514 assemblies in Unit 3 SFP, 1331 assemblies in Unit 4 SFP, total of 2724 assemblies in spent fuel pools 1-4.[7]

Bayanan da aka ambata

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Haɗin waje

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "The INES scale". laradioactivite.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-09-07.[permanent dead link]
  2. ↑ "Fukushima Daiichi Accident - World Nuclear Association". world-nuclear.org. Retrieved 2023-09-07.
  3. ↑ "PRIS - Reactor Details". www.iaea.org. Retrieved 2016-07-14.
  4. ↑ "Chernobyl Accident And Its Consequences - Nuclear Energy Institute". www.nei.org. Nuclear Energy Institute. Archived from the original on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017. - note that figures were converted into US tons
  5. 1 2 Fukushima: Background on Reactors. February 2012. Archived from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2014. - 183.3 kg / assembly
  6. ↑ International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (August 2015). "The Fukushima Daiichi Accident: Technical Volume 2/5 - Safety Assessment" (PDF). International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). p. 74. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
  7. ↑ International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (August 2015). "The Fukushima Daiichi Accident: Technical Volume 1/5 - Description and Context of the Accident" (PDF). International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). p. 66. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
  8. ↑ B. Medvedev (June 1989). "JPRS Report: Soviet Union Economic Affairs Chernobyl Notebook" (Republished by the Foreign Broadcast Information Service ed.). Novy Mir. Archived from the original on 2011-03-24. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
  9. ↑ "Chernobyl's Legacy: Health, Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts and Recommendations to the Governments of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine. The Chernobyl Forum: 2003–2005 Second revised version" (PDF). IAEA. April 1, 2006. Retrieved Apr 25, 2019.
  10. ↑ "Chernobyl Accident 1986". World Nuclear Association. Jun 1, 2013. Retrieved Apr 25, 2019.
  11. ↑ Steinhauser, Georg; Brandl, Alexander; Johnson, Thomas E. (2014). "Comparison of the Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear accidents: A review of the environmental impacts". Science of the Total Environment. 470-471: 800–817. Bibcode:2014ScTEn.470..800S. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.029. PMID 24189103.
  12. ↑ "ANNEX J. Exposures and effects of the Chernobyl accident" (PDF). United Nations UNSCEAR. 2000. Retrieved 2019-06-27.[permanent dead link]
  13. ↑ "Figure XI. Surface ground deposition of caesium-137 released in Europe after the Chernobyl accident [D13]" (PDF). United Nations UNSCEAR Report. 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-10-12. Retrieved 2025-11-26.
  14. ↑ "Figure VI. Surface ground deposition of caesium-137 released in the Chernobyl accident [I1, L3]" (PDF). United Nations UNSCEAR Report. 2000.[permanent dead link]
  15. ↑ "Fukushima: Radiation Exposure". World Nuclear Association. February 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
  16. ↑ "Reconstruction Agency". www.reconstruction.go.jp. Archived from the original on 15 May 2016. Retrieved 2016-05-25.
  17. ↑ "Fukushima Residents Return Despite Radiation". www.scientificamerican.com. Retrieved 2019-10-06.
  18. ↑ "Health effects due to radiation from the Chernobyl accident (Annex D of the 2008 UNSCEAR Report)" (PDF). UNSCEAR. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-04. Retrieved 2025-11-26.
  19. ↑ "WHO | Chernobyl: The true scale of the accident".
  20. 1 2 3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named nisa-ines-2011-04-12
  21. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named jaif_64
  22. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named nhk-06_33
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