Kwayar cutar Lyssavirus
| Kwayar cutar Lyssavirus | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom | Orthornavirae (mul)  |
| Phylum | Negarnaviricota (mul) |
| Class | Monjiviricetes (mul) |
| Order | Mononegavirales (mul) |
| Dangi | Rhabdoviridae (mul)
|
genus (en)  | Lyssavirus ID ɗin "{{{1}}}" ba sananne bane ga tsarin. Da fatan za a yi amfani da ID mai inganci.,
|
Lyssa (daga Girkanci lyssa "fushi, fushi, rabies" da Latin Viruus) wani nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta ne na RNA a cikin iyalin Rhabdoviridae, tsari Mononegavirales . Dabbobi masu shayarwa, gami da mutane, na iya zama masu ba da gudummawa na halitta.[1] ''Kwayar cutar Lyssavirus'' ta haɗa da wakili mai haifar da cutar rabies.
Halitta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sauran ƙwayoyin cuta da ba a rarraba su ba sune: [2]
- Lyssavirus formosa, Taiwan bat lyssavirusKwayar cutar Lyssavirus ta Taiwan
- Kwayar cutar Lyssavirus kotalahti, kwayar cutar bats ta KotalahtiKwayar cutar ta kwayar cutar ta Kotalahti
- Lyssavirus phala, Phala bat lyssavirusKwayar cutar Phala
Kwayar cuta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsarinsa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Lyssavirions an kewaye su, tare da geometries masu kama da harsashi. Wadannan virions suna da kimanin 75 nm fadi da 180 nm tsawo.[1] Lyssavirions suna da daidaituwa ta helical, don haka ƙwayoyin cuta suna da kusan siffar cylindrical. Virions na ƙwayoyin cuta masu kamuwa da cubic galibi suna da ma'auni na cubic kuma suna ɗaukar siffofi masu kama da Polyhedra na yau da kullun. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span>]
Tsarin ya kunshi ambulaf na waje, yankin tsakiya wanda ya kunshi furotin matrix M, da kuma yankin ribonucleocapsid na ciki, wanda ya kunshe da kwayar halitta da ke da alaƙa da wasu sunadarai. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span>]
Jinin kwayoyin halitta na Lyssavirus ya kunshi mummunan ma'ana, kwayar RNA guda ɗaya wanda ke ƙunshe da sunadarai guda biyar: polymerase L, matrix protein M, phosphoprotein P, nucleoprotein N, da Glycoprotein G. Genomes suna layi, kusan 11 kb a tsawon.[1]
Dangane da shaidar phylogenetic na baya-bayan nan, an rarraba lyssaviruses zuwa manyan nau'o'i bakwai. Bugu da kari, an gano wasu nau'o'i biyar kwanan nan: kwayar cutar jemagu ta Yammacin Caucasian, kwayar cutar Aravan, kwayar cuta ta Khujand, kwayar halitta ta Irkut da kwayar cutar ta Shimoni.[3] Ana iya raba jinsin lyssavirus zuwa ƙungiyoyi huɗu bisa ga tsarin DNA. Phylogroup I ya haɗa da ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar kwayar cutar Rabies, kwayar cutar Duvenhage, kwayar cuta ta Turai ta 1 da 2, kwayar cutar lyssavirus ta Australiya, kwayar halitta ta Khujand, kwayar halittar Bokeloh, kwayar jikin Irkut, da kwayar cutar Aravan. Phylogroup II ya ƙunshi kwayar cutar jemagu ta Legas, kwayar cutar Mokola, da kwayar cutar Shimoni. Yammacin Caucasian bat lyssavirus shine kawai kwayar cutar da ke cikin ɓangaren phylogroup III. Ikoma lyssavirus da Lleida bat lyssavirus misalai ne a cikin phylogroup IV. Yammacin Caucasian bat lyssavirus an rarraba shi a cikin nasa phylogroup saboda shine mafi yawan lyssavirus da aka gano.[4]
| Halitta | Tsarinsa | Daidaitawa | Capsid | Tsarin kwayoyin halitta | Rarrabawar kwayoyin halitta |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kwayar cutar Lyssavirus | Tsarin harsashi | An rufe shi | Linear | Kasuwanci guda ɗaya |
Juyin Halitta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Nazarin phylogenetic ya nuna cewa asalin rundunonin waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta sune jemagu.[5] Koyaya, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan na jerin lyssavirus daga amphibians da dabbobi masu rarrafe sun kalubalanci asalin dabbobi masu shayarwa na lyssaviruses.[6][7] Mafi yawan bambancin antigenic na lyssaviruses daga Afirka ya haifar da zaton cewa Afirka ita ce asalin waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta. Binciken ƙwayoyin cuta 153 da aka tattara tsakanin 1956 da 2015 daga wurare daban-daban ya ba da shawarar asalin Palearctic (mai yiwuwa 85%) ga waɗannan ƙwayoyin.[8] Kimanin kwanan wata (95% yiwuwar) ga kakanninmu na baya-bayan nan sun kasance masu faɗi sosai - tsakanin shekaru 3,995 da 166,820 kafin yanzu - wanda ke nuna cewa akwai ƙarin aiki da za a yi a wannan yanki. Kodayake jemagu sun samo asali ne a cikin Palearctic, asalin su ya riga ya wuce na lyssaviruses da miliyoyin shekaru, wanda ke jayayya da haɗin gwiwar su.[9] Yawan juyin halitta a cikin kwayar halitta ta N a cikin zuriyar Afirka 2 an kiyasta ya zama 3.75×10−3 maye gurbin kowace shafin a kowace shekara.[10] Wannan adadin yayi kama da na sauran ƙwayoyin RNA.
Tsarin rayuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kwayar cutar ita ce cytoplasmic. Ana samun shigarwa cikin tantanin halitta ta hanyar haɗewar G glycoproteins na kwayar cuta zuwa masu karɓar bakuncin, wanda ke matsakanci endocytosis na clathrin. Replication ya bi mummunan RNA kwayar cuta replication model. Rubuce-rubucen kwayar cutar RNA mara kyau, ta amfani da polymerase stuttering, ita ce hanyar fassarar. Kwayar cutar ta fita daga tantanin halitta ta hanyar budding da kuma motsi na kwayar cuta. Dabbobi masu shayarwa na daji, musamman jemagu da wasu masu cin nama, suna aiki a matsayin rundunonin halitta. Hanyoyin watsawa yawanci ta hanyar raunuka.[1]
| Halitta | Bayani game da mai masaukin baki | Tropism na ƙwayoyin cuta | Bayani game da shigarwa | Bayani game da fitarwa | Shafin sakewa | Shafin taron | Rarraba |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kwayar cutar Lyssavirus | jemagu, Crocidura shrews da wasu masu cin nama | Neurons | Endocytosis mai tsaka-tsaki na Clathrin | Yin shuke-shuke | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Raunin da aka yi wa ciwo |
Gwaje-gwaje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ya zuwa shekara ta 2018 gwajin rigakafin fluorescent kai tsaye (DFA) har yanzu shine ma'auni na zinariya don gano kamuwa da cutar lyssavirus. Tun lokacin sabon karni na sake fasalin PCR (RT-PCR) an haɓaka gwaje-gwaje don rabies amma an yi amfani da su ne kawai azaman gwajin tabbatarwa. Gwaje-gwaje na PCR na ainihi waɗanda ke da ƙwarewa mafi girma da ƙofofin bincike na ainihi kuma suna ba da damar adana samfurori a zafin jiki na ɗaki sun kasance masu alƙawari tun 2005, amma suna buƙatar na'urar PCR ta ainihi da ƙwararrun ma'aikata tare da ƙwarewar ganewar kwayoyin. A cikin kimantawa na kasa da kasa gwajin TaqMan LN34 guda ɗaya zai iya gano Lyssavirus tare da babban hankali (99.90%) a fadin jinsin da babban takamaiman (99.68%) idan aka kwatanta da gwajin DFA. Zai zama gwajin farko na cutar rabies bayan mutuwa inda ya yiwu.[1]
Yaduwar cututtuka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kwayar cutar rabies ta gargajiya ta yadu a yawancin duniya kuma kowane dabba mai shayarwa mai jinin zafi zai iya ɗauka. Sauran lyssaviruses suna da ƙananan bambance-bambance a cikin masu dauke da su. Zaɓaɓɓun rundunonin ne kawai zasu iya ɗaukar kowane ɗayan waɗannan nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta. Har ila yau, waɗannan sauran nau'o'in suna da mahimmanci ne kawai ga takamaiman yanki. An san jemagu a matsayin mai ɗaukar dabba ga duk ƙwayoyin lyssaviruses da aka gano ban da Kwayar cutar Mokola.[11]
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Kwayar cutar da aka yadu da ita
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 3 4 "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- ↑ "Virus Taxonomy: 2025 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Retrieved 22 March 2026.
- ↑ Kuzmin IV, Hughes GJ, Botvinkin AD, Orciari LA, Rupprecht CE (July 2005). "Phylogenetic relationships of Irkut and West Caucasian bat viruses within the Lyssavirus genus and suggested quantitative criteria based on the N gene sequence for lyssavirus genotype definition". Virus Research. 111 (1): 28–43. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2005.03.008. PMID 15896400.
- ↑ Gould AR, Kattenbelt JA, Gumley SG, Lunt RA (October 2002). "Characterisation of an Australian bat lyssavirus variant isolated from an insectivorous bat". Virus Research. 89 (1): 1–28. doi:10.1016/s0168-1702(02)00056-4. PMID 12367747.
- ↑ Banyard AC, Hayman D, Johnson N, McElhinney L, Fooks AR (2011). "Bats and lyssaviruses". Advances in Virus Research. 79: 239–289. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-387040-7.00012-3. ISBN 978-0-12-387040-7. PMID 21601050.
- ↑ Oberhuber, Martina; Schopf, Anika; Hennrich, Alexandru Adrian; Santos-Mandujano, Rosalía; Huhn, Anna Gesine; Seitz, Stefan; Riedel, Christiane; Conzelmann, Karl-Klaus (September 2021). "Glycoproteins of Predicted Amphibian and Reptile Lyssaviruses Can Mediate Infection of Mammalian and Reptile Cells". Viruses. 13 (9): 1726. doi:10.3390/v13091726. PMC 8473393 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 34578307 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Horie, Masayuki; Akashi, Hiroshi; Kawata, Masakado; Tomonaga, Keizo (1 February 2021). "Identification of a reptile lyssavirus in Anolis allogus provided novel insights into lyssavirus evolution". Virus Genes. 57 (1): 40–49. doi:10.1007/s11262-020-01803-y. PMID 33159637. S2CID 226276694.
- ↑ Hayman DT, Fooks AR, Marston DA, Garcia-R JC (December 2016). "The Global Phylogeography of Lyssaviruses - Challenging the 'Out of Africa' Hypothesis". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 10 (12). doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005266. PMC 5231386. PMID 28036390.
- ↑ Teeling EC, Springer MS, Madsen O, Bates P, O'brien SJ, Murphy WJ (January 2005). "A molecular phylogeny for bats illuminates biogeography and the fossil record". Science. 307 (5709): 580–584. Bibcode:2005Sci...307..580T. doi:10.1126/science.1105113. PMID 15681385. S2CID 25912333.
- ↑ He W, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Wang R, Lu S, Ji Y, et al. (October 2017). "Codon usage bias in the N gene of rabies virus". Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 54: 458–465. Bibcode:2017InfGE..54..458H. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2017.08.012. PMID 28818621.
- ↑ WHO Rabnet/CDC Map Production (2008). "Rabies, countries or areas at risk". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 9 October 2010.
