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Kwayar cutar dengue

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Kwayar cutar dengue
Scientific classification
KingdomOrthornavirae (mul) Orthornavirae
PhylumKitrinoviricota (mul) Kitrinoviricota
ClassFlasuviricetes (mul) Flasuviricetes
OrderAmarillovirales (mul) Amarillovirales
DangiFlaviviridae (mul) Flaviviridae
GenusFlavivirus (mul) Flavivirus
jinsi Dengue virus
,
General information
Rashin lafiya Zazzabin Dengue

kwayar cuta dengue (DENV) ita ce sanadin zazzabin dengue. Yana da kwayar cutar sauro, kwayar cutar RNA mai kyau guda ɗaya na dangin Flaviviridae; jinsin Orthoflavivirus . [1] An gano nau'ikan kwayar cutar guda huɗu, kuma ba a tabbatar da na biyar ba, [1] dukansu zasu iya haifar da cikakken nau'in cutar.[2][3] Duk da haka, fahimtar al'ummar kimiyya game da Kwayar cutar dengue na iya zama mai sauƙi kamar yadda, maimakon ƙungiyoyin antigenic daban-daban, ci gaba ya bayyana. Wannan binciken ya gano nau'ikan kwayar cutar dengue 47. Bugu da ƙari, kamuwa da cuta tare da rashin gwaje-gwaje masu sauri don Kwayar cutar Zika da chikungunya suna rikitar da al'amura a cikin cututtukan duniya.[4]

Kwayar cutar dengue ta karu sosai a cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata, ta zama daya daga cikin mafi munin cututtukan mutane da ke dauke da sauro da kasashe masu zafi ke magance su. Kimanin da aka buga a cikin 2013 ya nuna cewa kusan kamuwa da cuta miliyan 390 ke faruwa a kowace shekara, kuma yawancin kamuwa da cutar dengue ana ci gaba da fahimtar su ba su da alamomi ko kuma ba su da alaƙa.[5]

Dangane da nazarin furotin mai ɓoye, an san aƙalla nau'ikan halittu guda uku (1 zuwa 3). A cikin 2013, an ba da rahoton nau'in serotype na huɗu.[1] Ba a sake yin kwafi ko kuma an ƙara bayar da rahoto a kai ba game da rahoton serotype na biyar na DEN-5 a cikin 2015[2] [3] An kiyasta cewa adadin maye gurbin nucleotide ga wannan ƙwayar cuta ya kai 6.5×10−4 a kowace nucleotide a kowace shekara, ƙimar da ta yi kama da sauran ƙwayoyin cuta na RNA. An kiyasta cewa nau'in halittar Afirka ta Amurka ya samo asali tsakanin 1907 da 1949. Wannan lokacin ya haɗa da Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da yawan jama'a da rikice-rikicen muhalli, abubuwan da aka sani don haɓaka juyin halittar sabbin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta masu ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta. [ana buƙatar ambato]

Binciken Bayesian na dukkan nau'ikan serotypes guda huɗu ya kiyasta cewa kakanninsu na baya-bayan nan ya wanzu game da 340 AD (95% amincewa lokaci: 280 BC-850 AD).

Aedes mosquito and a colorized transmission electron micrograph of dengue virus particles
Sauro na Aedes da micrograph na lantarki mai launi na ƙwayoyin cutar dengue (yellow / red). Hoton da NIAID ya yi; hotunan micrograph ta hanyar CDC; launuka na micrograph da tasirin gani ta NIAID.

Har zuwa 'yan shekaru ɗari da suka gabata, an yadu da kwayar cutar Dengue a cikin sake zagayowar daji a Afirka, Kudu maso gabashin Asiya da Kudancin Asiya tsakanin sauro na jinsin Aedes da wadanda ba mutane ba, tare da gaggawa mai wuya a cikin yawan mutane.[1][2] Yaduwar kwayar cutar Dengue a duniya, duk da haka, ta biyo bayan fitowarta daga sake zagayowar daji kuma rayuwar farko yanzu ta ƙunshi watsawa tsakanin mutane da sauro na Aedes.[3] An kuma lura da Yaduwar tsaye daga sauro zuwa sauro a wasu nau'ikan vector.[4] An gano karnuka sun kamu da kwayar cutar, amma ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don tantance ko karnuka ko wasu dabbobi zasu iya zama tanadi ko kuma kawai masu ba da agaji ne.[5]

Lokacin da sauro ya ci jinin mutum mai kamuwa da cuta, kwayar cutar ta kafa kanta a cikin hanji na sauro sannan ta kamu da wasu ƙwayoyin. Sauro mai kamuwa da cutar sai ya nemi jini, ya ciji wani mutum daban.[6] A wannan lokacin, ƙwayoyin fata na mutum (keratinocytes) sun fara kamuwa da cuta. Daga baya, Kwayoyin dendritic (DC) suna ɗaukar kwayar cutar kuma suna kamuwa da cuta. Motsi na DC yana watsar da kwayar cuta a cikin jiki inda wasu nau'ikan sel zasu iya kamuwa da cuta, da kuma (macrophages, hepatocytes da ƙwayoyin ƙashi). [7]

Rayuwar kwayar cutar Dengue a cikin sel, duka a cikin ƙwayoyin arthropod da na dabbobi masu shayarwa, ya zama ruwan dare ga ƙwayoyin cuta guda (+) -RNA. Bayan ɗaurewa ga takamaiman masu karɓa a kan tantanin halitta virion yana samun endocytosed. Endosomes yawanci suna samun acid kuma suna zama lysosomes wanda ke narke abubuwan da ke ciki. Amma yanayin acidic yana haifar da canji a cikin ambulaf na virion, yana sa membrane ya haɗu da membrane na endosome, yana sakin Capsid na kwayar cuta tare da kwayar cutar RNA a cikin cytosol na tantanin halitta.[8][9]

An rufewa RNA na kwayar cuta kuma, don haka, ba za a iya rarrabe shi daga mRNA na mutum ba. Ana fassara shi ta ribosomes na tantanin halitta zuwa polyprotein tare da amino acid 3,391. [10] Wannan polyprotein ya rabu da kansa don samarwa, bayan matakai da yawa, sunadarai uku na tsari (C, E, prM) da kuma sunadarai guda bakwai (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5). [11][12] Dukkanin sunadarai marasa tsari sun zama dole don ƙirƙirar hadaddun kwayar cuta (RC) wanda ke yin kwafin RNA mai kwayar cutaa don samar da ƙarin polyprotein da sabbin virions. [13][14] Sabbin virions suna motsawa zuwa vesicles na exocytic ta hanyar hanyar ɓoyewa kuma, a can, suna samun siffarsu ta girma kafin a sake su daga tantanin halitta. Ɗaya daga cikin kwayoyin da suka kamu da cutar na iya saki har zuwa tsakanin 1,000 da 10,000 sababbin virions.[15][16]

Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa yayin da kwayar cutar ta kamu da ƙwayoyin ɗan adam, matakai na homeostatic kamar su autophagy da ER stress response, ba tare da ambaton apoptosis ba, ana haifar da su dangane da nau'in tantanin halitta mai kamuwa.[17] Motsawar autophagy da damuwa na ER yayin kamuwa da cuta yana inganta haihuwar kwayar cuta.[18][19] Kokarin samar da cikakkun taƙaitaccen tsarin rayuwa na dengue a matakin salula an buga su a cikin labaran bita daga kungiyoyin bincike daban-daban. [20][21]

Kwayar halitta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

kwayar halitta DENV tana da kimanin tushe 11000 na ma'ana mai kyau, RNA mai layi ɗaya (ssRNA) wanda ke ƙididdige sunadarai uku na tsari (Capsid protein C, membrane protein M, envelope protein E) da sunadarai bakwai marasa tsari (NS1, NS2a, NS2b, NS3, NS4a, NS4b, NS5). Har ila yau, ya haɗa da gajerun yankuna marasa lambar a kan iyakar 5' da 3'.[1]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. 1 2 3 Rodenhuis-Zybert IA, Wilschut J, Smit JM (August 2010). "Dengue virus life cycle: viral and host factors modulating infectivity". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 67 (16): 2773–86. doi:10.1007/s00018-010-0357-z. PMC 11115823 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 20372965. S2CID 4232236. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Life10" defined multiple times with different content.
  2. ↑ Normile D (October 2013). "Tropical medicine. Surprising new dengue virus throws a spanner in disease control efforts". Science. 342 (6157): 415. Bibcode:2013Sci...342..415N. doi:10.1126/science.342.6157.415. PMID 24159024.
  3. ↑ Taylor-Robinson, Andrew W. (2016-03-03). "A Putative Fifth Serotype of Dengue - Potential Implications for Diagnosis, Therapy and Vaccine Design". International Journal of Clinical & Medical Microbiology (in Turanci). 2016. doi:10.15344/2456-4028/2016/101. ISSN 2456-4028.
  4. ↑ Vogels CB, Rückert C, Cavany SM, Perkins TA, Ebel GD, Grubaugh ND (January 2019). "Arbovirus coinfection and co-transmission: A neglected public health concern?". PLOS Biology. 17 (1). doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000130. PMC 6358106. PMID 30668574.
  5. ↑ Bhatt S, Gething PW, Brady OJ, Messina JP, Farlow AW, Moyes CL, Drake JM, Brownstein JS, Hoen AG, Sankoh O, Myers MF, George DB, Jaenisch T, Wint GR, Simmons CP, Scott TW, Farrar JJ, Hay SI (April 2013). "The global distribution and burden of dengue". Nature. 496 (7446): 504–7. Bibcode:2013Natur.496..504B. doi:10.1038/nature12060. PMC 3651993. PMID 23563266.
  6. ↑ Abduljalil JM, Abd Al Galil FM (April 2022). "Molecular pathogenesis of dengue virus infection in Aedes mosquitoes". J Insect Physiol. 138. Bibcode:2022JInsP.13804367A. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2022.104367. PMID 35131236 Check |pmid= value (help).
  7. ↑ Martí MM, Castanha PM, Barratt-Boyes SM (May 2024). "The Dynamic Relationship between Dengue Virus and the Human Cutaneous Innate Immune Response". Viruses. 16 (5): 727. doi:10.3390/v16050727. PMC 11125669 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 38793609 Check |pmid= value (help).
  8. ↑ Smit JM, Moesker B, Rodenhuis-Zybert I, Wilschut J (February 2011). "Flavivirus cell entry and membrane fusion". Viruses. 3 (2): 160–171. doi:10.3390/v3020160. PMC 3206597. PMID 22049308.
  9. ↑ Cruz-Oliveira C, Freire JM, Conceição TM, Higa LM, Castanho MA, Da Poian AT (March 2015). "Receptors and routes of dengue virus entry into the host cells". FEMS Microbiol Rev. 39 (2): 155–70. doi:10.1093/femsre/fuu004. PMID 25725010.
  10. ↑ Hodge K, Kamkaew M, Pisitkun T, Chimnaronk S (August 2019). "Flavors of Flaviviral RNA Structure: towards an Integrated View of RNA Function from Translation through Encapsidation". BioEssays. 41 (8). doi:10.1002/bies.201900003. PMC 7161798. PMID 31210384.
  11. ↑ Bera AK, Kuhn RJ, Smith JL (April 2007). "Functional characterization of cis and trans activity of the Flavivirus NS2B-NS3 protease". J Biol Chem. 282 (17): 12883–92. doi:10.1074/jbc.M611318200. PMID 17337448.
  12. ↑ Roby JA, Setoh YX, Hall RA, Khromykh AA (July 2015). "Post-translational regulation and modifications of flavivirus structural proteins". J Gen Virol. 96 (Pt 7): 1551–69. doi:10.1099/vir.0.000097. PMID 25711963.
  13. ↑ Aktepe TE, Mackenzie JM (August 2018). "Shaping the flavivirus replication complex: It is curvaceous!". Cell Microbiol. 20 (8). doi:10.1111/cmi.12884. PMC 7162344. PMID 29933527.
  14. ↑ van den Elsen K, Quek JP, Luo D (May 2021). "Molecular Insights into the Flavivirus Replication Complex". Viruses. 13 (6): 956. doi:10.3390/v13060956. PMC 8224304 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 34064113 Check |pmid= value (help).
  15. ↑ Apte-Sengupta S, Sirohi D, Kuhn RJ (December 2014). "Coupling of replication and assembly in flaviviruses". Curr Opin Virol. 9: 134–42. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2014.09.020. PMC 4268268. PMID 25462445.
  16. ↑ Pierson TC, Diamond MS (April 2012). "Degrees of maturity: the complex structure and biology of flaviviruses". Curr Opin Virol. 2 (2): 168–75. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2012.02.011. PMC 3715965. PMID 22445964.
  17. ↑ Ghosh Roy S, Sadigh B, Datan E, Lockshin RA, Zakeri Z (May 2014). "Regulation of cell survival and death during Flavivirus infections". World Journal of Biological Chemistry. 5 (2): 93–105. doi:10.4331/wjbc.v5.i2.93. PMC 4050121. PMID 24921001.
  18. ↑ Datan E, Roy SG, Germain G, Zali N, McLean JE, Golshan G, Harbajan S, Lockshin RA, Zakeri Z (March 2016). "Dengue-induced autophagy, virus replication and protection from cell death require ER stress (PERK) pathway activation". Cell Death & Disease. 7 (e2127): e2127. doi:10.1038/cddis.2015.409. PMC 4823927. PMID 26938301.
  19. ↑ McLean JE, Wudzinska A, Datan E, Quaglino D, Zakeri Z (June 2011). "Flavivirus NS4A-induced autophagy protects cells against death and enhances virus replication". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 286 (25): 22147–59. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.192500. PMC 3121359. PMID 21511946.
  20. ↑ Zakeri Z, Ghosh-Roy S, Datan E, McLean JE, Zandi K, Germain G (2015). "Cell death and virus infection – a short review". 20 Years of Cell Death. 1 (1): 292–325. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.35359.97447.
  21. ↑ Neufeldt CJ, Cortese M, Acosta EG, Bartenschlager R (February 2018). "Rewiring cellular networks by members of the Flaviviridae family". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 16 (3): 125–142. doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2017.170. PMC 7097628. PMID 29430005.
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