LO-NOx mai ƙonewa
 LO-NOx mai ƙonewa |
|---|
LO NOx burner wani nau'in burner ne wanda ake amfani dashi a cikin bututun ruwa don samar da tururi da wutar lantarki.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Binciken farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A kusa da shekara ta 1986 John Joyce (na Bowin Cars sananne), mai kirkiro mai tasiri na Australiya, ya fara koyo game da oxides na nitrogen (NO) da rawar da suke takawa wajen samar da hayaki da ruwan sama. Gabatarwarsa ta farko ga rikitarwa na batun ta smog asali ne daga aikin Fred Barnes da Dokta John Bromley daga Hukumar Makamashi ta Yammacin Australia.[1]
Mafi yawan bincike da ci gaba da suka dawo sama da shekaru ashirin sun kasance game da manyan masana'antu masu ƙonewa da hanyoyin da suka rikitarwa waɗanda, a ƙarshe, ba su samar da abin da mutum zai ɗauka low NOx (2 ng / J ko ~ 4 ppm a 0% O2 a kan busasshiyar tushe ba). [2]
A zahiri a wannan lokacin, 15 ng / J NO2 ya bayyana an dauke shi ƙananan NO2. Saƙon da ya bayyana wanda ya gudana ta hanyar duk bayanan da ya yi nazari, shine tasirin akan kafa NOx.
"Buka ita ce Uwar Invention"
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, Hukumomin Lafiya da Muhalli a sun nuna damuwa game da ingancin iska na cikin gida da kuma yadda musamman tsofaffin masu zafi na iskar gas ke ba da gudummawa ga mafi girma fiye da matakan da aka yarda da (NO2). Sakamakon haka a cikin 1989 Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Makarantar New South Wales ta fara bincike mai zurfi game da nitrogen dioxide a makarantu a duk faɗin New South Wales. A matsayin ma'auni na wucin gadi Hukumomin Lafiya sun ba da shawarar cewa matakin 0.3 ppm NO2 ya zama iyakar sama ga ɗakunan ajiya. Ƙungiyar Gas ta Australiya ta rage yawan fitarwa na cikin gida na NO2 don masu dumama iskar gas daga 15 zuwa 5 ng / J kuma wannan ya kasance iyakar yanzu. Gwamnatin New South Wales, ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a, ta sake kimanta wasu hanyoyin dumama ɗakunan ajiya, don tabbatar da yanayi mai aminci da lafiya ga ɗalibai.
A cikin wannan mahallin ne, kamfanin John Joyce na Bowin Technology ya fara babban shirin bincike da ci gaba da nufin rage fitar da hayaki na nitrogen diox daga masu dumama gas. Fasahar Bowin ta sanya kanta aikin warware matsalar fitarwa a tushen ta: mai ƙone gas. Wannan ya kasance duk da imani na dogon lokaci da masana gas suka yi, cewa ingantaccen gas mai cin kasuwa ba zai iya isar da raguwar nitrogen oxides (NOx) ba.
A shekara ta 1989, kiran nan da nan don rage matakin nitrogen dioxide na cikin gida (NO2), ya haifar da labarai da aka yada a ko'ina da kuma kafofin watsa labarai a New South Wales, suna nuna tasirin da wannan sinadarin ke da shi ga mutanen da ke fama na numfashi, kamar su asthmatics da waɗanda ke da matsalolin huhu.
A cikin zafi na muhawara game da ingancin iska na cikin gida an shawarci cibiyoyin Jiha daban-daban a Ostiraliya da su sauya zuwa masu dumama gas da dumama lantarki.
Sabanin haka, New South Wales, ta hanyar hadin gwiwar kamfanin Australian Gas Light Company, Hukumomin Lafiya da Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ta New South Wales sun tsara jagororin ingancin iska na farko. Wadannan jagororin sun zama tushen ƙuntatawa na Australian Gas Appliance Code don fitar da nitrogen dioxide NO2 daga masu zafi marasa amfani, yanzu an karɓi Australia ko'ina.
John Joyce ya fahimci cewa babu wani bangare na kasashen waje da ya nuna bambanci tsakanin NO da NO2 a cikin jagororin muhalli ko lambobin su. Bugu da ƙari ya bayyana cewa jimlar buƙatun matakin nitrogen oxides sun kasance a wurin ba tare da la'akari da ko hayaki ya kasance mai gudana ko a'a ba.
Sakamakon haka John Joyce ya koyi cewa wani bangare 'maras lahani' na hayakin NOx, (NO), a gaban hydrocarbons (kamar man fetur na aerosol, yiwuwar iskar gas da shigar da hayaki na motar), ya canza zuwa NO2. An gano wannan a cikin binciken makarantar New South Wales A cikin ma'anar kimiyya ya zama al'ada don lissafin duka NO + NO2, lokacin da ake auna oxides na matakan nitrogen a cikin hayaki. Saboda haka yanzu ana amfani da kalmar "total NOx"[3]
Gas mai sanyaya iska da hayaki na photochemical
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Gas na halitta ta hanyar abun da ke ciki yana da fa'ida ta musamman akan sauran burbushin burbushin halittu dangane da carbon dioxide, ƙwayoyin cuta da sulfur dioxide da aka samar yayin canzawa zuwa makamashi mai amfani. A farkon shekarun 1990 kasashe da yawa suna cikin aiwatar da maye gurbin mai da kwal tare da iskar gas don bukatun makamashi da wutar lantarki.
Don kula da wannan fa'idar a matsayin man fetur mai "mai kyau", masu amfani da iskar gas ta Australiya suna rage asarar iskar gas (matsarar methane) a cikin isar da su, kuma suna sanya ka'idoji masu tsauri a kan masana'antun kayan aiki da masu shigarwa game da zubar da iskar.
Duk da haka masana muhalli suna ganin samar da oxides na nitrogen a matsayin babbar barazana a cikin samar da iskar gas da hayaki na photochemical. Hadin gwiwar tare da hydrocarbons daga fitarwa da motoci da hasken rana na iya samar da low matakin ozone. A cikin stratosphere (kimanin kilomita 25 sama), ozone yana da taimako ta hanyar shan wani ɓangare mai tsanani na radiation na rana, amma a matakin ƙasa yana lalata kayan aiki da ciyayi. Yana fusata makogwaro, huhu da idanu, kuma motsa jiki mai tsanani ko aiki na iya zama mai raɗaɗi. Bugu da ƙari, tasirin nitrous oxide a matsayin iskar gas mai ɗumi yana ƙaruwa ta hanyar tsawon rayuwarsa fiye da carbon dioxide, methane da CFC.
Ainihin adadin da aka kafa low matakin ozone an ƙayyade shi ta hanyar hydrocarbons, yayin da wadatar oxides na nitrogen ke tasiri ga adadin da yake samarwa. A wannan lokacin muhawara ta muhalli tana da ban mamaki yayin da masana'antu ke zargin fitar da juna a matsayin mai yuwuwa.